NEW BOOKS
1127
tating its execution and by eliminating the danger of breakage, that it seems worthy of public record. Another change adopted, follo\iing naturally from the first, is the use of a cone-shaped asbestos chimney placed upon the alcohol lamp, to render the flame steady and to render possible the heating of the beaker entirely over (instead of partly i ~ t the ) flame, thus avoiding all deposition of soot. An aluminum beaker of 300 cc. capacity (coininonly catalogued as 2j0 cc.) is used and during the heating is held by a Chaddock clamp o r beaker-holder, without rubber covering. With genuine butters the manipulation is, in a general way, similar to that of the glass tube as described in my former paper ; but with renovated butters the beaker is held in a nearly horizontal position, to prevent loss by spattering, and a light glass rod-weighed with the beaker of courseis used for breaking u p the lumps of curd that tend to form. I n this way the curd is entirely freed of water with little o r no discoloration. T e n grams of butter are sufficient for a charge. and a cream testing balance sensitive to I O nignis. is sufficientl!. accurate for the weighing, if protected from air currents. Following are a few fairly representative results taken froin the many I have obtained on both creamery and renovated butters. Creamery Butters. Reriovnted Butters. AI. Beaker Method. bfficial Method. A I Beaker Method. Official Yethod.
14.40
14.35
13.55 rS.60 18.jj
13.32
13.20 13.40 16.30
I S 64 18.63
'3.33 16.25
12.9
r2.gj
11.30
11.25
12.60
13.40
12.66
13.41
16.70
12.jj
16.55
IZ.Sj
10.40
10.2j
13.14
G . E. PATRICK. D A I R Y L A B O R A T O R Y . BVREAL'OF C H E M I S T R Y .
Washington, D. C. Published by permissiou of t h e Secretary of Agriculture.
NEW BOOKS
I
THE ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION THEORY. PROF. A . ABEGG. Translated by Dr. Carl von Ende. 180pages. Price $ I . 2 j . IYiley & Sons, New York.
This little book gives a resumd of the electrolyte dissociation theory. T h e introduction gives the evidences for dissociation in solution, then follows a chapter on equilibria among the ions. Seventy-five pages are devoted to equilibrium among several electrolytes and to hydrolysis. Nonaqueous solutions, influence of temperature and pressure on dissociation and the ionization tendency of the elements make up the last chapters. W e find here the useful and favorable side of the electrolytic dissociation theory presented in a logical order. T h e serious discrepancy
NEIV BOOKS
11.8
lxt\veen tlie dissociation o i strong electrol!.tes ant1 tile requirements of tlie Ian. of mass action are coiisitlerccl at the entl of tlie chapter oii ccluliliria among several electrolytes anti the various attenipts t o account for this ,. are given. 1lie itlea. that tht. iiietliods of (leteriiiiiiiiix tlie aiiiottnt ( ~ f dissociation are at fault. tloes not harmonize \\it11 the previous attempts t o shoiv that the various nietliotls o f tleteriiiining the tlissuciation give concordant rcsults. The last chapters touch on some of tlie tlifficulties eiicoLuitere,l by tlie theory in i i o i i - a ( j i i e o ~ isol~itions. ~ man!. cases of instantaneous reactions are 1~1io\v17 although the solutions sho\v 110 iiieas~iral)le conductivities. It is pointed out that the ions have a great capacity for reaction so onl!. small tlissociatioii is neetletl and in vie\\. of the great intlueiicc of \vater on tlie rate of a clieiiical reaction. it i b nec i n these cases that this substance is reall!. alisent. To tlie t h e tliror!. it is suggestctl that "\\'c' a r c iiot accustc~metlto tearing tlo\vii a liahitahle Iioiise and Inittiiiji ourselves out oii tlie street lwcause a fe\v rooms are ill!. lighted. inl less it l)c \$;e caii m o v e into ;i lictter oiic." :Is collateral reatliiig for a course of lectures or for students in analytical cliriiiistr!. this little lmok slioul(! f i i i t l ;i placcx. T h e tqiiations are tlevclolietl ver!. simpl!. antl thc lieginner \vi11 find here esplanations of inan!. things jvliicli \\~oultlother\\.iw lie "rule of thunilj." 1 f tlie lieginner lacks n sufficient kno\vlctlgc of electrocliemistr!. tci comprelicntl sonic' nf tlie points, it is prohahle that too iiiucli c1ct:iil \vo~il(lcaiiw him t o losc interest or niiss the maiii relations. I f i t al)pears to sonic that iuidue proiiiiiieiice is given to tlie favorable sitlc o f the t!lC(Jl-! :it first. it is to lie ren?cmberetl that this is niore or l c s ciist~iiiiar!.. Tilt9 1)c.giiint.rlearns for tsample that the volume of a gas is iii~-ersel!. ;)rop(irtional tci the prc'ssiirc to find later that this liolds t~iil!. f i i r rc>tricterl doiliains u f ;I coiiiparatiwly . T h e translation sceiiis t o have 1:ei.n \vc!l done. I t is inore i i s ~ m lV J I I X t h e t : ~ m "cc.11" !liaii :i Iitcrnl traiislat.ion ( ~ fthe gernian "kette : * GTO. --I. ~IULL{'l''l'. F.~LI.;CTROCHE~LIISTK~. Price $41,2j, IViley
H. I ~ A S X E E I . . Trailslated by Dr. E. S. 3Ieriatn. A Sons, Kew York.
I S ] pages.
The author considers that theoretical chemistry antl elcctro~lieiiiistr~ are so intiniately related that a krion.leclge of one presiippuses a kiiowletlge of the other. I n treating the subject from this standpoint the author has emphasizetl the fact that the tlevelopmeilt oi electrochemistry has iiiaterially affected our clicmical theories ant1 that it is a n im;mrtant aitl in the investigation of chemical problems IYork, current antl energ!. are the first subjects treated. Seventy pages are devoted to a consitleration of chemical equilibrium, the theor!- of elect rol y t ic tl i ssoc i a t ion an tl coli tlu ct i vi t >.. The treat i i i en t )f these subj ec t s is necessarily brie f , The hegiriner i i i u st take m u c h i()r graii t et1, 1iarticularl y in the tlevelopnietit o f erluatinns. Init there is here a gc~otlrevie\\ for the
