I/EC
New Books
Crystallization J. W. MULLIN. 268 pages. Butterworth, Inc. 7235 Wisconsin Ave., Washington 14, D. C. 1961. $11.00. Reviewed by W. C. SAEMAN, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., New Haven 4, Conn. C O V E R A G E IN this book is limited to commonplace and easily available information about crystallization, and discussion of more obscure, but equally important, aspects is absent. Where the author elaborates on more specific aspects, the accent is on laboratory procedure. Also, the academic rather than the industrial aspect is emphasized. Conse quently, the book does not meet the author's stated objective—i.e., to serve as a manual for process chemists and engineers. It does, however, have limited usefulness for introducing the novice to a list of select and representative references. Commonplace concepts such as density, viscosity, heat capacity and content, freezing, boiling, and melt ing points, and heat of solution and evaporation are discussed, but impor tant industrial concepts such as set tling rate, density of suspension, kinetics of elutriation, or desupersaturation rate are not. Industrial crystallizer control is not mentioned. Instead, chapter 8 on crystal sizing is limited to sieving and sampling. Also, obsolete designs are included, such as the Howard crystallizer [U. S. Patent 1,559,703, (Nov. 3, 1925)] which lacks impor tant features for competitive use, and in this reviewer's opinion need not be included in a modern text. Also, the book contains notable er rors in viewpoint—e.g., it should be pointed out that industrial crystallizers do not operate under equilibrium conditions, and neither yields, purity, or composition of product can be definitely determined from phase equilibrium. Final per formance can be evaluated only by operation of the crystallizer system. The author perpetuates an ar bitrary basis of scale-up, found in the literature, which is based on di mensional analysis derived from mix
ing technology. This disregards the fact that in scale-up this concept must be subordinated to other more impor tant considerations. It is difficult to reconcile such statements: that scale-up should be attempted under a constant hydraulic regime (sic) and, on the other hand, that this condition cannot be maintained within the scope of the dimensionless ratios proposed. For further clarifi cation of scale-up, the reader is re ferred to a more recent article [I/EC 53, 12-22 (1961)]. The book does not differentiate between advantages and disadvan tages of the different equipment shown. Diagrams of Krystal equip ment, dating back several decades, still show a preference for operation with classified suspensions, even though this method severely handi caps performance. Industrial Krys tal units are usually operated with mixed suspensions, and the newer Swenson DTB design is supplanting the older design using tangential mixing. Despite differences in ap pearance, both these designs use a common underlying theory. The author does not mention this, even though it is discussed in the refer ences he cites.
Industrial Organic Nitrogen Compounds MELVIN J. ASTLE. 392 pages. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York 22, Ν. Υ. 1961. $14.00. Reviewed by ROGER W. SANFTNER, Old Green wich, Conn. • OR SYNTHESIS chemists in the general field of organic nitrogen compounds, this book is a useful addition to the literature. How ever, nonindustrial investigators are cautioned that many of the sub jects treated are not normally con sidered industrial. Also, much of the material relating to commercial processes is buried in general pres entations, and frequently more space is devoted to laboratory preparative methods than to commercial routes. Generally speaking, the material is adequately presented. The author has tried to emphasize descriptive
material, and excluded theoretical and mechanistic presentations. This should be welcomed by synthesis chemists. The title of the book suggests that author and publisher were not in full accord relative to the intended audience. Professor Astle states that the book is an "attempt to sum marize the chemistry of most types of organic nitrogen compounds," whereas the publisher touts the book as a "comprehensive survey of all compounds of present and potential commercial significance." Actually, it reflects the author's description, and confusion will result unless it is recognized that the book is precisely what the author intended. For the industrial chemist, the book will be valuable probably be cause the author did not arbitrarily exclude content based on subjective definitions of what might constitute an industrial composition or route. The capricious requirements of the market place and economics all too often necessitate re-evaluations of products and processes. Future use fulness of the work would have been limited severely had not Dr. Astle wisely obviated the constraints of present commercial technology. This is emphasized in the section dealing with nitriles where it is stated that the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene as a route to acrylonitrile "is being adopted in all new plants being built." Although the book represents con siderable effort, it is unfortunate that the author did not provide incisive analysis of the subject matter, but merely chose to assemble the scope and depth of this body of litera ture. Selectivity is evident in the cited references, but criteria for inclu sion and omission are not indicated. Therefore, the book represents a comprehensive but not a complete survey of the field. It is regrettable that a book appearing in 1961 should include only references terminating in 1958. The index is rather weak, and users of the work will be frustrated by this oversight. How ever, the book does fill a gap in the literature and probably will become a familiar text in libraries. VOL. 53, NO. 12
·
DECEMBER 1961
77 A
I/EC
Presents the latest EDITORIAL
INFORMATION on
Chemicals & Materials
PROCESS EQUIPMENT Instruments
Inert-Gas •
Generators
Produce gas
• Are fireproof
economically and
explo-
sion-proof •
improve
•
increase
products production
INERT GAS doesn't burn and won't support combustion. That's why it is used to exclude oxygen, prevent explosive hazards, and protect sensitive materials in process or packaging operations. Whereas this type of protection was once at a very minimum or used in selected operations, the trend today toward higher purity products reaching the consumer makes it almost mandatory that some positive protection against contamination or deterioration be used. T h e inert gas generator has provided a positive means for ensuring this protection. Protection of the product leads back to protection of the process. Where explosive materials are used or developed during processing, danger to the process and equipment become real. Here the inert gas generator does double duty. It protects against explosive conditions and it protects the material being processed. Generators produce gas consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. Carbon dioxide is inert to many substances. Where it does react, it can be removed by adsorption. ,. ; jNitrogen, almost totally unreactive, is highly desirable where oxygen must be excluded. Water vapor, like carbon dioxide, can be removed by adsorption if need be. Exact proportioning and complete combustion leave no excess air or unburned fuel. Variations in fuel composition may be compensated for by operating with an airgas adjustment, slightly reducing or slightly oxidizing. 78 A
This M o d e l 6 MIHE, c a p a c i t y 6 0 0 0 standard cubic f e e t per hour, is used in a chemical plant that processes plastics
Here's how a typical Kemp inert-gas generator works. Fuel gas enters a regulator, then the carburetor. Air is drawn through the air filter and precision mixed with the fuel gas in the proportioning mechanism. This can be adjusted quickly and easily to get the most efficient mixture. A turbo compressor raises the mixture to a positive pressure. After passing a firecheck, the mixture is burned in the
These Inert Gases Can Be Used Directly from the Producer °F.
Cost per 1000 Cu. Ft., Cents
+ 100 + 40 - 40
10.3 12.5
+ 100 - 40
13.2 13.4
+ 100 + 40 - 40
19.2 19.7 21.9
+ 100 - 40
22.6 22.8
Dew Point, Gas
Low pressure inerts High pressure inerts Low pressure nitrogen High pressure nitrogen
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
9.8
..,
combustion chamber. T h e products are then cooled through a heat exchanger. A separator trap removes condensed water. This is followed by a flow meter. At the discharge point, a relief valve automatically opens to the atmosphere when the demand is less than 20% capacity. A manual purge valve can vent the producer during start-up and adjustment periods. Kemp inert gas generators are available in many models and types. Typical of the gas-fired series is Model M I H E with a capacity of from 500 to 140,000 cubic feet per hour. This series is priced from about $3000 to $55,000. Automatic controls and special additional equipment can be added to the basic unit. Dept. IEC, C. M. Kemp 201 Mfg. Co., Glen Burnie, Md.
Prices quoted are those submitted by the manufacturer. They are subject to change without notice. Prices are f.o.b. point of manufacture.
Rolling Diaphragm
Actuators
T h e RKL Rollomotor is an airoperated, rolling diaphragm actuator which gives extremely fast response to small changes in air pressure. It is used for the sliding stem operation of valves, speed reducers, automatic proportioning pumps, and other equipment that can be controlled by a reciprocating motion. Use of the rolling diaphragm allows long strokes up to 12 inches, high pressures, and the use of smaller diameter piston. Prices vary with size and intended use. Dept. IEC, RKL Controls, Inc., Hainesport Industrial Park, Hainesport, N. J. 202
Pump Moves Corrosive Slurries High pressure handling of corrosive slurries is the primary job of a newly designed Kemlon pump, Model 150-7. T h e diaphragm-type unit will handle slurries at pressures up to 3000 p.s.i. Capacities
*t.\: • - ar-
flow control of combustible materials. The ball valve's Teflon seat sublimes under fire conditions, leaving no residue in the valve cavity. This permits the floating ball design to shift against the chamber and form a perfect metal-to-metal seal that withstands a maximum pressure of 1000 p.s.i. without leakage. Available in forged steel, carbon or stainless, or forged brass and in eight sizes from 1 / 4 inch through 2 inches. Prices on request. Dept. IEC, Clayton Mark if Co., 1900 Dempster St., Evanston, III. 206
Bi-Valves 8a// Valve with Metal-to-Metal Seal In the Ludeman Rotoflo valve, the eccentric cam action of the stem lifts the ball away from the seat before it is turned, eliminating the sliding friction that wears and scores the seat of other ball valves. It also permits the use of hard metal-to-
range from lVa to 6 gallons per minute. Unit offers positive metering over wide pressure range. All surfaces in contact with slurry are Teflon and inert metals. Price for standard simplex model is $2785. Dept. IEC, Keystone Engineering Co., P.O. Box 14366, Houston 21, Texas. 204
T h e Bi-Valve is a new type of valve. Featuring self-conforming, positive seating and absolute shutoff, Bi-Valves are designed around a swivel principle which permits the disks to conform individually to seat faces even with severe pipe strain or distortion due to temperature swings. Made of steel, these valves come in sizes from 2 inches
Ball Valves for Vacuum Systems
metal seating surfaces which assure tight shutoff and permit the valve to be used at high temperature and under radioactive conditions. Sizes range from 1 to 8 inches. Prices vary with pressure rating and material of construction from $75 to about $14,000. Dept. IEC, General Kinetics Corp., 197 Van Brunt St., Englewood, N. J. 203
Two new designs of ball valves for service in vacuum processing systems have been introduced. Both combine the best features of several types of other valves. They provide the quick-opening of the plug valve, the full conductance of the gate valve, and the tight sealing shutoff of the globe or needle valve. One design permits top entry, for fast easy access. T h e other type is designed for line entry. Both valves have double gasket stem seals. They are both available from stock in sizes from V 4 inch up to 3 inches. They come in carbon steel, stainless steel, or bronze. Both types are available with either flanged or screwed ends. Prices on request. Dept. IEC, F. J. Stokes Corp., 5500 Tabor Rd., Philadelphia 20, Pa. 205
Fire-Safe
Ball
Valve
T h e Petro ball valve incorporates a new dimension of versatility with the addition of fire-safe properties and higher performance ratings for
up in all pressure classes. Maintenance time and costs are drastically reduced using these valves. Disks can be changed without removing the valve from the line. Galling and seizing on seating surfaces is negligible. Prices on request. Dept. IEC, Chapman Valve Mfg. Co., Indian Orchard, Mass. 207 (Continued VOL. 53, NO. 12
·
on page 80 A) DECEMBER 1961
79 A
Proven in World War 2 as the lifeline for blood plasma...
Pump Adjusts While
Running
Strikontrol proportioning pumps for controlled volume pumping of chemical solutions, slurries, and liquefied gases are being offered af ter three years of testing. A totally enclosed hypocycloidal arrangement of gears provides power transmis
vacuum. It will act as an oil-free air compressor. There are no glands so leakage and aeration through them are eliminated. Flow is reversible and controlled by a three-position switch. Prices for three models are: HR, $395; Model HRE, $650; and Model HRM, $595. Dept. IEC, Schuco Scientific Div., Schueler if Co., 75 Cliff St., New York 38, Ν. Υ. 210
Impervious Graphite Control Valve
PURE LATEX TUBING NOW...the supply line for liquids, slurries and gases in laboratories the world over
sion and capacity adjustment from 0 to 100%. Pumps are offered in capacities from 1.83 to 1472 g.p.h. Spring loaded double ball check valves provide metering accuracy to ± 0 . 5 % . Prices on request. Dept. IEC; Jaeco Pump Co., Villanova, Pa. 208
Valve
Actuator
Actuation of large valves has been a problem. Manual operation by means of a handwheel is often diffi cult and slow. Now there is a ver satile, large capacity actuator avail able that is equipped with a ball bearing screw assembly for high ef ficiency. This actuator can be op erated by manual, electric, or pneu matic power. Rotary motion from a handwheel or motor and speed reducer is translated into linear motion of the ball nut. A yoke attached to the nut and connecting linkage rotates the valve-plug stem through 90 degrees. Prices on re quest. Dept. IEC, Meter and Valve Div., Rockwell Mfg. Co., 400 North Lexington Ave., Pittsburgh 8, Pa.
209
Available in black or amber in 24 standard sizes
RUBBER LATEX PRODUCTS, INC. Specialists in Pure Latex Tubings Since 1941
CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO
Flow Inducer T h e Watson-Marlow H. R. flow inducer can be applied to the trans fer of virtually any fluid, liquid, slurry, cream, or gas, without modi fication other than connections. T h e inducer is basically a peristal tic pump. Flow rate it will handle varies from a few cubic centimeters per minute to about 500 g.p.h. It can be used to generate and hold
Circle No. 40 on Readers' Service Card
80 A
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Designed especially for corrosive service, or where thermal shock is a factor, this new single seated con trol valve uses impervious graphite in the split-body construction. This material is unaffected by all corro sives except a few highly oxidizing agents. It is immune to the effects
of thermal shock and is noncontaminating to material in process. It is recommended for operating temperatures to 340° F. at pressures to 75 p.s.i. Teflon to graphite is used for seating to ensure positive closure. Valves are supplied com plete with Fisher Governor topworks. Prices on request. Dept. IEC, Falls Industries, Inc., Solon, Ohio. 211
Belt Filter Uses Proved Design Elements A new belt filter design, which finally solves the related problems of smooth application of the me dium to the filter drum and uni form, controlled belt tracking, has been introduced in a full range of sizes and materials. KnoWn as the D O Webtrol filter, the new unit applies dependable web tracking control and web spreading equip ment to a new version of the basic
Oliver vacuum drum filter design. A bowed roll spreads and smooths the fabric, holding the medium flat against the filter drum under uni form tension. A sensitive edgeposition device operates through a modern feed-back circuit to adjust continuously a tracking roll lo cated so that it can position the belt directly on the filter drum. Prices vary with size and materials. Dept. IEC, Dorr-Oliver Inc., Stamford, Conn. 212
Proportioning
NEW AIRCO ACETYLENIC ALCOHOLS, GLYCOLS, AND DERIVATIVES VERSATILE STARTING POINTS FOR ORGANIC CHEMICAL SYNTHESES
Pump
Series 300 proportioning pumps can be adjusted while running. A new control mechanism in which the output of two cams are com bined to vary the stroke of zero to maximum is the outstanding fea ture. T h e simplex model has ca
PRODUCT
STRUCTURAL FORMULA CH 3 I CH3-C-C = I OH
METHYL BUTYN0L
ETHYNYL CYCL0HEXAN0L
pacities from 1 to 812 g-p.h. Du plex models range from 2 to 1624 g.p.h.; maximum working pressure is 10,000 p.s.i. Series 300 has in terchangeable liquid ends to allow for a variety of pumping applica tions. E-Z Clean cartridge valves simplify maintenance. Dept. IEC, American Meter Co., 13500 Philmont Ave., Philadelphia 16, Pa.
213
Stabilizers in chlorinated solvents. Viscosity reducers and stabilizers. Electroplating brighteners. Inter mediate in synthesis of hypnotics and isoprenoid chemicals such as Vitamin A, ionone and perfume alcohols. Solvents for alcoholsoluble nylon and polyamide resins.
C _H
CH3 I CH3-CH2-C-C = I OH
METHYL PENTYN0L
SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS
C-H
Corrosion inhibitor for mineral acids. Stabilizer in chlorinated organics. Synthesis of hypnotics, other pharma ceuticals and perfumery materials.
C = C-H
< ^
OH
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-C = C I OH
HEXYN0L
CH2-CH3 ETHYL 0CTYN0L
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH- C H - C = I OH
DIMETHYL HEXYNEDI0L
CH3 I
CH3 I
OH
OH
C-H
Corrosion inhibitors for mineral acids; high temperature oil well acidizing inhibitors. Inhibitors for acid pickling and cleaning baths, electrolytic cleaning baths and in electrolytic refining of metals.
Synthesis of peroxide catalysts and cross-linkers. Component in wire drawing lubricant formulations. Cou pling agent in resin coatings.
CH3-C-C=C-C-CH3 I I
Helifern Available in nine sizes ranging in capacity from 1 to 500 g.p.m., the Helifern is said to p u m p anything that flows. T u b u l a r construction
DIMETHYL HEXANEDIOL
CH3 CH3 I C H 3 - C - C H 2 - CH2 - C - C H 3 I I OH OH
Synthesis of peroxide catalysts and cross-linkers, cyclic musk compounds and allethrin.
M 50 AVAILABI Ε ΛΙΓΧΟ ΛΙ KYL ACCTYLfiE-.-r.TTHYL ACETYI ΓΝΕ ANC ΓΤΙΙΥΙ ACETYL ΓΝΓ
Produced in commercial quantities only by Airco. Warehouse stocks are immediately available through Airco's nationwide distribution network. Ask your Airco man or write for detailed technical bulletins. eliminates casting, making the pump lightweight and easier to service. Prices available on request. Dept. IEC, Fernholtz Mfg. Co., 8466 Melrose Place, Los Angeles 46, Calif. 214 (Continued
AIR
REDUCTION
CHEMICAL
& CARBIDE
CO.
A DIVISION OF AIR REDUCTION COMPANY. INCORPORATED · 150 EAST 42ND STREET. NEW YORK 17, NEW YORK · MURRAY HILL 2-6700 AREA CODE 212
Vinyl Resins Copolymers
Calcium Carbide Pipeline Acetylene
on page 82 A) Circle Να. 7 απ Readers' Service Card VOL. 5 3 , N O . 12
·
DECEMBER 1 9 6 1
81
A
Continuous
Mixers
F o u r t e e n s t a n d a r d i z e d sizes of the n e w Falls c o n t i n u o u s m i x e r s are available in single shaft a n d d o u b l e shaft models. T h e s e m o d e l s p r o vide a w i d e r a n g e of selection from s t a n d a r d s . C u s t o m u n i t s can be de signed to meet precisely t h e in t e n d e d a p p l i c a t i o n . T h e s e mixers can h a n d l e v i r t u a l l y any m i x from
A d d i t i o n a l N e w Equipment
Literature
Packless, Low Cost Chemical
Multi-Fintube
Pump
is offered for automatic delivery and positive metering of corrosion control chemicals and other fluids. Dept. IEC, Clayton Monte, Calif.
Mfg.
Co.,
El 217
Rockwell Permaturn Valves are a new
concept in tapered plug valve design. They use a high lubricity plastic coat ing that substantially reduces turning and provides lifetime maintenance-free operation. Dept. IEC, Meter and Valve Div., Rockwell Mfg. Co., IfiO North Lexing ton Ave., Pittsburgh 8, Pa. 218 Series V-4200 Valves are specially designed valves for liquid metals and metal vapors. They can handle metal and metal vapors at temperatures as high as 2200° F. and pressures to 1000 p.s.i. Dept. IEC, Valcor Engineering Corp., 365 Carnegie Ave., Kenilworth, N. J.
basic iron ore t r e a t m e n t to fine chemical powders processing at con t i n u o u s capacities from 150 p o u n d s p e r h o u r to 100 tons p e r h o u r . T h e y can be f u r n i s h e d i n stainless steel, c a r b o n steel, a l u m i n u m , a n d alloys. T h e y can be j a c k e t e d a n d m a d e to m e e t specific codes. Dept. IEC, Engineering Dept., Falls In dustries, Inc., Solon, Ohio. 215
Handles Hydrogen
Peroxide
N e w series of p u m p s h a n d l e s hy drogen peroxide and other liquid m o n o p r o p e l l a n t s a n d fuels. Series provides delivery rates r a n g i n g from 0.1 to 20 g.p.m. at pressures u p to 3000 p.s.i. Design is m u l t i c y l i n d e r
219 Vacuum or Vacuum-Pressure
Pump
is a compact unit designed to provide quiet, reliable source for 1 c.f.m. vac uum and pressure. Dept. IEC, Celman Instrument Co., 106 No. Main St., Chelsea, Mich. 220 Model PMV-756 is a new high effi ciency, low cost portable high speed disperser. Unit features wide range, heavy duty, variable speed drive with hydraulic speed changer for fast speed control. Dept. IEC, Special Machinery Pointer St., Newark, N. J.
Co., 79 221
Horizontal Zone Refining Attachment
permits changing from floating zone to horizontal zone refining operation to crystal-growing operations in less than a half hour. Dept. IEC, Laboratories,
Lepel High Frequency Inc., Woodside, Ν. Y. 222
Model FH Gas-Liquid Heater provides more uniform heat distribution and lower surface temperatures while sup plying heat for continuous process op eration at temperatures up to 600° F.
>&
Dept. IEC, Lytron, Inc., 42 St., Cambridge 40, Mass.
swash p l a t e w i t h a c o m m o n d r i v e n valve. P u m p s p r o v i d e v o l u m e t r i c efficiencies of b e t t e r t h a n 9 5 % over t h e i r o p e r a t i n g r a n g e . Prices o n request. Dept. IEC, Clevite Ord nance Div., Clevite Corp., 540 E. 105 St., Cleveland 8, Ohio. 216 82 A
Continuous
Discharge
Brookford 223
Exchanger.
À
Roto-Fin Heat Exchanger. Designed for high-volume heating or cooling of bulk materials, the unit is a series of flat, dual-purpose hollow fins or cells, lapped consecutively around the inside of the drum to form an Archimedes spiral. Folder 2911. Dept. IEC, LinkBelt Co., Prudential Plaza, Chicago 1, III. 226 Titanium Heat Exchangers.
A new
brochure, "New Economies in Cooling Chlorine," shows that these exchangers have good service life, can return about 30% on investment after taxes, have a payout time about half that of conventional equipment, and require only one eighth the space needed for glasstube exchangers. Dept, IEC, Titanium Metals Corp. of America, 233 Broadway, New York 17, Ν. Υ. 227 Pumps. Type GBH, close-coupled, end-suction centrifugal pumps are de signed for a wide variety of OEM ap plications, cooling towers, air condition ing systems, boiler feed, and condenser circulation. Capacities to 1600 gallons per minute and heads to 330 feet. Bull. 108. Dept. IEC, The Aurora Pump Div., The New York Air Brake Co., Aurora, III. 228 Diaphragm Pumps. Data and selec tion sheet covers the expanded line of hydraulically operated pumps which consists of nine models covering 36 pumps. Capacities, to 600 gallons per hour; discharge pressure, 1500 p.s.i. or more. Dept. IEC, Benson Laboratories, Inc, 141 Eileen Way, Syosset, L. I., Ν. Υ. 229 Giant Vacuum Pump. Designated Type PMC-50000, this pump is the largest of its kind in the vacuum field and was developed specifically for fast, clean evacuation of large space cham bers used in space simulation studies. Bull. 6-1. Dept. IEC, Consolidated Vacuum Corp., Rochester, Ν. Υ. 2 3 0
Centrifuge,
Model B214, handles up to 18,000 g.p.h. and is practical for efficient twoor three-phase separations. Unit is also available as a clarifier. Dept. IEC, De Laval Separator Poughkeepsie, Ν. Y.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Heat
new heat exchanger incorporates a bundle of fintubes into a high pressure, hairpin-type shell. One unit with its higher heat transfer can replace as many as four conventional units. Suitable for pressures to 6000 p.s.i.g. in the tubes and 1800 p.s.i.g. in shells. Bull. 112. Dept. IEC, Brown Fintube Co., 300 Huron St., Elyria, Ohio. 225
Co., 224
A T E o r e information is as near as your mailbox!
Just circle the number of the
item in which you a r e interested on the Readers' Information C a r d , following this section
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
