Comment pubs.acs.org/est
New Discoveries to Old Problems: A Virtual Issue on Air Pollution in Rapidly Industrializing Countries
A
publications in this Virtual Issue. The chemical constituents of organic carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, trace metals, and elemental carbon (EC, i.e., soot) have been commonly identified in urban fine PM. Although major sources and chemical composition of fine PM do not significantly differ among polluted cities in industrializing countries, the physical and chemical mechanisms contributing to the evolution and growth of fine PM in megacities of industrializing countries (e.g., Beijing, China) are not well understood and have inspired extensive studies. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) represent a major component of atmospheric particulate matter. The photochemical production of SOA in Beijing, which plays an important role in the formation of haze episodes, is different from SOA formation in megacities in Europe and North America. In Beijing, aqueous-phase processing has a dominant impact on the formation of more oxidized SOA, whereas photochemical processing plays a major role in the formation of less oxidized SOA.4 Sources of PM and precursor gases (e.g, NOx, NH3, VOCs) are also highlighted in several other publications of this Virtual Issue.6,8,20,21 As precursor gases of ground-level ozone and photochemical oxidants associated with urban smog, VOC emissions in megacities of industrializing countries are an increasing concern because of the high population density and large number of vehicles. Exposure to VOCs is also a human health concern due to their potential acute and chronic health outcomes. To design effective management strategies for VOCs emissions, there is a need to identify their local and distant emission sources, as well as their anthropogenic and biogenic sources. The source apportionment of VOCs in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil reflected one of the efforts to identify the major sources of ambient VOCs under unique environmental conditions in this megacity, with 20 million people and over 8 million vehicles.21 Results indicate that driving conditions and fleet composition play a more important role than the ethanol content in gasoline in contributing to VOC emissions. In a field campaign of air quality and health impact in heavily polluted Tehran City, Iran, land use regression models were established to predict ambient alkylbenzene emissions across the city.20 The model simulations identified that traffic-related emissions and sewage treatment plants were major local sources of alkylbenzenes in Tehran. Over the past two years, there has been an increase in the number of publications related to PM and its human health effects. However, due to sparse measurements of PM2.5 concentrations across industrializing countries, it has been impossible to assess the risk of fine PM on human health in industrializing regions. To address this problem, satellite remote sensing techniques were developed to retrieve ground-level PM2.5 concentrations with high spatial resolu-
lthough severe air pollution is now a rare occurrence in North America and Western Europe, it is a daily occurrence in most industrializing countries. In 2016, the World Health Organization released an urban air quality database (http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/ databases/cities/en/) indicating that almost all inhabitants of large cities in low- and middle-income countries face excessively high air pollution. This results in more than 3 million premature deaths each year. A key finding of this research was the identification of the highest urban air pollution levels in low-and middle-income countries in Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia Regions, which include India and Iran. Extensive research has been conducted on the sources and formation of air pollution in the industrialized countries over the past five decades. Pioneering studies in air pollution in industrialized countries have provided insights into the major causes of air pollution but have not adequately addressed more severe air pollution in many industrializing countries due to differences in geography, climate, population intensity, emission sources, and government institutions. For example, the emissions from the residential sector and biomass burning emissions from cooking, heating, and in agriculture have made considerable contributions to air pollution in China, India, and other rapidly industrializing countries. Harmful pollutants in the atmosphere include a range of criteria air pollutants. While ambient air pollution from anthropogenic activities is primarily attributable to fossil fuel burning, emissions from industries, and agricultural activities, the secondary pollutants, such as fine particular matter (PM2.5) and surface ozone (O3), are also important. In recent years, the scientific communities in both industrializing and industrialized countries have focused on the impact of these air pollutants on human health. The results of these studies have helped to fill knowledge gaps and enhance the understanding of the formation mechanisms, sources, precursors, and different health end points of these air pollutants. Together, these data are critical for informing regulatory policy and decision-making in the mitigation of air pollution in both industrializing and industrialized countries. Within this context, this Virtual Issue includes 25 articles and letters published in Environmental Science & Technology and Environmental Science & Technology Letters in recent two years that have focused on air pollution in rapidly industrializing countries. They are grouped under different categories of “Field measurement”, “Processes and mechanisms”, “Health”, “Source apportionment”, and “Emission”. These publications cover a broad spectrum of topics including chemical and physical characterization of air pollutants (criteria gases, particulate matter, carbonaceous compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and toxic pollutants), emission and sources, risk assessment, and secondary aerosols. PM 2.5 is a major human health concern in rapidly industrializing countries and that is reflected in many of the © 2017 American Chemical Society
Published: October 17, 2017 11497
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04885 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11497−11501
10.1021/acs. est.7b00397
10.1021/acs. est.6b05724
10.1021/acs. est.5b01413
10.1021/acs. est.5b02527
10.1021/acs. est.5b01236
8
9
10
11
12
10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00041
5
10.1021/acs. est.5b00836
10.1021/acs. est.6b04498
4
7
10.1021/es5050024
3
10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00044
10.1021/acs. est.5b00859
2
6
10.1021/es506071n
1
DOI
authors
11498
Apte, Joshua S.; Marshall, Julian D.; Cohen, Aaron J.; Brauer, Michael
Chen, Renjie; Qiao, Liping; Li, Huichu; Zhao, Yan; Zhang, Yunhui; Xu, Wenxi; Wang, Cuicui; Wang, Hongli; Zhao, Zhuohui; Xu, Xiaohui; Hu, Hui; Kan, Haidong
Xie, Yuanyu; Wang, Yuxuan; Zhang, Kai; Dong, Wenhao; Lv, Baolei; Bai, Yuqi
Ma, Qingxin; Wang, Tao; Liu, Chang; He, Hong; Wang, Zhe; Wang, Weihao; Liang, Yutong
Budisulistiorini, Sri Hapsari; Riva, Matthieu; Williams, Michael; Chen, Jing; Itoh, Masayuki; Surratt, Jason D.; Kuwata, Mikinori
Riva, Matthieu; Tomaz, Sophie; Cui, Tianqu; Lin, Ying-Hsuan; Perraudin, Emilie; Gold, Avram; Stone, Elizabeth A.; Villenave, Eric; Surratt, Jason D.
Wang, Junfeng; Onasch, Timothy B.; Ge, Xinlei; Collier, Sonya; Zhang, Qi; Sun, Yele; Yu, Huan; Chen, Mindong; Prévôt, André S. H.; Worsnop, Douglas R.
Eng, Anita; Su, Ky; Harner, Tom; Pozo, Karla; Sinha, Ravindra K.; Sengupta, B.; Loewen, Mark
Xu, Weiqi; Han, Tingting; Du, Wei; Wang, Qingqing; Chen, Chen; Zhao, Jian; Zhang, Yingjie; Li, Jie; Fu, Pingqing; Wang, Zifa; Worsnop, Douglas R.; Sun, Yele
Song, Wei; Chang, Yunhua; Liu, Xuejun; Li, Kaihui; Gong, Yanming; He, Guixiang; Wang, Xiaoli; Christie, Peter; Zheng, Mei; Dore, Anthony J.; Tian, Changyan
Just, Allan C.; Wright, Robert O.; Schwartz, Joel; Coull, Brent A.; Baccarelli, Andrea A.; Tellez-Rojo, Martha ́ Moody, Emily; Wang, Yujie; Lyapustin, Alexei; Kloog, Itai Maria;
Schuster, Jasmin K.; Harner, Tom; Fillmann, Gilberto; Ahrens, Lutz; Altamirano, Jorgelina C.; Aristizábal, Beatriz; Bastos, Wanderley; Castillo, Luisa Eugenia; Cortés, Johana; Fentanes, Oscar; Gusev, Alexey; ́ Hernandez, Maricruz; Ibarra, Martiń Villa; Lana, Nerina B.; Lee, Sum Chi; Martinez, Ana Patricia; Miglioranza, Karina S. B.; Puerta, Andrea Padilla; Segovia, Federico; Siu, May; Tominaga, Maria Yumiko
Table 1. List of Selected Publications title
2017
2017
2015
2015
2015
ES&T
ES&T
ES&T
ES&T
SO2 Initiates the Efficient Conversion of NO2 to HONO on MgO Surface
Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5
Fine Particulate Matter Constituents, Nitric Oxide Synthase DNA Methylation and Exhaled Nitric Oxide
Daily Estimation of Ground-Level PM2.5 Concentrations over Beijing Using 3 km Resolution MODIS AOD
Evidence for an Unrecognized Secondary Anthropogenic Source of Organosulfates and Sulfonates: Gas-Phase Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Sulfate Aerosol
Observation of Fullerene Soot in Eastern China
ES&T
2016
ES&T Letters
Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass
2017
ES&T
2015
2015
ES&T
ES&T
2015
ES&T
2016
year 2015
journal ES&T
ES&T Lett.
Effects of Aqueous-Phase and Photochemical Processing on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Evolution in Beijing, China Assessing Dicofol Concentrations in Air: Retrospective Analysis of Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling Network Samples from Agricultural Sites in India
A Multiyear Assessment of Air Quality Benefits from China’s Emerging Shale Gas Revolution: Urumqi as a Case Study
Using High-Resolution Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth To Estimate Daily PM2.5 Geographical Distribution in Mexico City
Assessing Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Air across Latin American Countries Using Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers
49
49
49
51
51
49
3
3
51
49
49
49
vol.
13
19
20
7
8
11
4
4
2
4
14
6
iss.
pages
8057−8066
11859−11865
12280−12288
3767−3775
4415−4423
6654−6664
121−126
150−155
762−770
2066−2072
8576−8584
3680−3686
Environmental Science & Technology Comment
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04885 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11497−11501
11499
10.1021/acs. est.5b03281
10.1021/acs. est.6b00634
21
22
10.1021/acs. est.7b02238
20
10.1021/acs. est.6b00768
17
10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00143
10.1021/es503977y
16
19
10.1021/acs. est.6b03731
15
10.1021/acs. est.5b05989
10.1021/acs. est.5b03709
14
18
10.1021/acs. est.5b04975
13
DOI
Table 1. continued
Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources during Severe Haze Episodes: Evidence from 15N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved Aerosol Ammonium
Vehicular Emission Ratios of VOCs in a Megacity Impacted by Extensive Ethanol Use: Results of Ambient Measurements in São Paulo, Brazil
Brito, Joel; Wurm, Florian; Yáñez-Serrano, Ana Maria; de Assunçaõ , João Vicente; Godoy, José Marcus; Artaxo, Paulo
Pan, Yuepeng; Tian, Shili; Liu, Dongwei; Fang, Yunting; Zhu, Xiaying; Zhang, Qiang; Zheng, Bo; Michalski, Greg; Wang, Yuesi
Land Use Regression Models for Alkylbenzenes in a Middle Eastern Megacity: Tehran Study of Exposure Prediction for Environmental Health Research (Tehran SEPEHR)
Increasing Ammonia Concentrations Reduce the Effectiveness of Particle Pollution Control Achieved via SO2 and NOx Emissions Reduction in East China
Interprovincial Reliance for Improving Air Quality in China: A Case Study on Black Carbon Aerosol
Sulfate Formation Enhanced by a Cocktail of High NOx, SO2, Particulate Matter, and Droplet pH during Haze-Fog Events in Megacities in China: An Observation-Based Modeling Investigation
Atmospheric Mercury Footprints of Nations
Burden of Disease from Rising Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions in Southeast Asia
Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013
PM2.5 Population Exposure in New Delhi Using a Probabilistic Simulation Framework
title
Amini, Heresh; Schindler, Christian; Hosseini, Vahid; Yunesian, Masud; Künzli, Nino
Fu, Xiao; Wang, Shuxiao; Xing, Jia; Zhang, Xiaoye; Wang, Tao; Hao, Jiming
Li, Yun; Meng, Jing; Liu, Junfeng; Xu, Yuan; Guan, Dabo; Tao, Wei; Huang, Ye; Tao, Shu
Xue, Jian; Yuan, Zibing; Griffith, Stephen M.; Yu, Xin; Lau, Alexis K. H.; Yu, Jian Zhen
Liang, Sai; Wang, Yafei; Cinnirella, Sergio; Pirrone, Nicola
Koplitz, Shannon N.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Myllyvirta, Lauri; Reid, Colleen
Brauer, Michael; Freedman, Greg; Frostad, Joseph; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Martin, Randall V.; Dentener, Frank; Dingenen, Rita van; Estep, Kara; Amini, Heresh; Apte, Joshua S.; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Barregard, Lars; Broday, David; Feigin, Valery; Ghosh, Santu; Hopke, Philip K.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Liu, Yang; Ma, Stefan; Morawska, Lidia; Sangrador, José Luis Texcalac; Shaddick, Gavin; Anderson, H. Ross; Vos, Theo; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Burnett, Richard T.; Cohen, Aaron
Saraswat, Arvind; Kandlikar, Milind; Brauer, Michael; Srivastava, Arun
authors
2015
2016
ES&T
ES&T
2017
2016
ES&T
ES&T
2015
ES&T
2017
2017
ES&T
ES&T Lett.
2016
ES&T
2016
2016
ES&T
ES&T
year
journal
50
49
51
4
50
50
49
51
50
50
vol.
15
19
15
6
7
14
6
3
1
6
iss.
8049−8056
11381−11387
8481−8490
221−227
4118−4126
7325−7334
3566−3574
1467−1476
79−88
3174−3183
pages
Environmental Science & Technology Comment
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04885 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11497−11501
Comment
10
4961−4970
tion.2,10,14 These satellite derived data were used to estimate global mortality due to human exposure to ambient PM2,5,12 as well as the global burden of disease.14 In accordance with PM2.5 levels across the globe, per-capita and total mortality attributable to exposure to PM2.5 are highest in the Asian countries (63 deaths per 105 population; 2.3 million total deaths), among which China and India are subject to the highest risk and mortality. Even if PM2.5 levels declined 20− 30% by the mid-2020s, the attributable mortality rate would still be maintained at the 2010 level due to the lag effect.12 Toxic chemicals such as POPs, emerging contaminants, heavy metals, and mercury in air have long been a focus of ES&T and ES&T letters publications and are included in this Virtual Issue. A field campaign using passive air samplers was conducted to measure and assess the spatial distribution of polychlorinated-p-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs) across Latin American Countries.1 High levels of PCDD/Fs were found at several urban sites in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, ranging from 1610 to 2560 fg/m3. These values are an order of magnitude higher than those measured in Europe. Recent publications have highlighted the importance of trade (both international and regional) in local air pollution in industrializing countries. In an investigation of the global mercury emission footprint using a multiregional input−output model, the high mercury emissions from China, India, and Indonesia were partly attributed to the demands of industrialized countries, including the United States, Japan, and Germany, for importation of goods and services.16 This approach was also used to simulate the consumption induced black carbon emission and transport due to interprovincial trade in China.18 The publications (Table 1) selected for this Virtual Issue reflect the major scope and concerns of ES&T and ES&T Letters on this topic. As leading international scientific journals in environmental sciences and technology, we publish state-ofthe-art research on air pollution that reflects the interests of scientists in industrializing countries worldwide. We particularly encourage researchers to submit to ES&T and ES&T Letters high-quality research manuscripts in air pollution in industrializing countries. Five decades ago, when ES&T was founded, the smog in Los Angeles rivaled what we now encounter in the biggest cities of rapidly industrializing countries. Research that we published was instrumental to the policies and pollution control devices that now make it possible to see the mountains from downtown Los Angeles. It is our sincere hope that we can engage the international research community to help bring blue skies to Beijing, New Delhi, Tehran, and cities in other rapidly industrializing countries.
2016 Elevated Concentrations of Lead in Particulate Matter on the Neighborhood-Scale in Delhi, India As Determined by Single Particle Analysis Shen, Hongru; Peters, Thomas M.; Casuccio, Gary S.; Lersch, Traci L.; West, Roger R.; Kumar, Amit; Kumar, Naresh; Ault, Andrew P.
Jianmin Ma*,† Staci Simonich‡ Shu Tao†
■
† Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China ‡ Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
25
10.1021/acs. est.5b06202
ES&T.
50
5631−5640 11 2016 A Large Underestimate of Formic Acid from Tropical Fires: Constraints from Space-Borne Measurements Chaliyakunnel, S.; Millet, D.B.; Wells, K.C.; Cady-Pereira, K.E.; Shephard, M.W. 24
10.1021/acs. est.5b06385
ES&T
50
pages iss.
2 50
vol. year
2016
journal
ES&T
title
Limitation of the Use of the Absorption Angstrom Exponent for Source Apportionment of Equivalent Black Carbon: a Case Study from the North West IndoGangetic Plain
authors
Garg, Saryu; Chandra, BoggarapuPraphulla; Sinha, Vinayak; Sarda-Esteve, Roland; Gros, Valerie; Sinha, Baerbel
DOI
10.1021/acs. est.5b03868 23
Table 1. continued
814−824
Environmental Science & Technology
*E-mail:
[email protected]. 11500
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04885 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11497−11501
Comment
Environmental Science & Technology Notes
(15) Koplitz, S. N.; Jacob, D. J.; Sulprizio, M. P.; Myllyvirta, L.; Reid, C. Burden of Disease from Rising Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions in Southeast Asia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (3), 1467−1476. (16) Liang, S.; Wang, Y.; Cinnirella, S.; Pirrone, N. Atmospheric Mercury Footprints of Nations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (6), 3566−3574. (17) Xue, J.; Yuan, Z.; Griffith, S. M.; Yu, X.; Lau, A. K. H.; Yu, J. Z. Sulfate Formation Enhanced by a Cocktail of High NOx, SO2, Particulate Matter, and Droplet pH during Haze-Fog Events in Megacities in China: An Observation-Based Modeling Investigation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (14), 7325−7334. (18) Li, Y.; Meng, J.; Liu, J.; Xu, Y.; Guan, D.; Tao, W.; Huang, Y.; Tao, S. Interprovincial Reliance for Improving Air Quality in China: A Case Study on Black Carbon Aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (7), 4118−4126. (19) Fu, X.; Wang, S.; Xing, J.; Zhang, X.; Wang, T.; Hao, J. Increasing Ammonia Concentrations Reduce the Effectiveness of Particle Pollution Control Achieved via SO2 and NOX Emissions Reduction in East China. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2017, 4 (6), 221− 227. (20) Amini, H.; Schindler, C.; Hosseini, V.; Yunesian, M.; Künzli, N. Land Use Regression Models for Alkylbenzenes in a Middle Eastern Megacity: Tehran Study of Exposure Prediction for Environmental Health Research (Tehran SEPEHR). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (15), 8481−8490. (21) Brito, J.; Wurm, F.; Yáñez-Serrano, A. M.; de Assunçaõ , J. V.; Godoy, J. M.; Artaxo, P. Vehicular Emission Ratios of VOCs in a Megacity Impacted by Extensive Ethanol Use: Results of Ambient Measurements in São Paulo. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (19), 11381−11387. (22) Pan, Y.; Tian, S.; Liu, D.; Fang, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Zheng, B.; Michalski, G.; Wang, Y. Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources during Severe Haze Episodes: Evidence from 15N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved Aerosol Ammonium. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (15), 8049−8056. (23) Garg, S.; Chandra, B. P.; Sinha, V.; Sarda-Esteve, R.; Gros, V.; Sinha, B. Limitation of the Use of the Absorption Angstrom Exponent for Source Apportionment of Equivalent Black Carbon: a Case Study from the North West Indo-Gangetic Plain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (2), 814−824. (24) Chaliyakunnel, S.; Millet, D. B.; Wells, K. C.; Cady-Pereira, K. E.; Shephard, M. W. A Large Underestimate of Formic Acid from Tropical Fires: Constraints from Space-Borne Measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (11), 5631−5640. (25) Shen, H.; Peters, T. M.; Casuccio, G. S.; Lersch, T. L.; West, R. R.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, N.; Ault, A. P. Elevated Concentrations of Lead in Particulate Matter on the Neighborhood-Scale in Delhi, India As Determined by Single Particle Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (10), 4961−4970.
Views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS. The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
REFERENCES
(1) Schuster, J. K.; Harner, T.; Fillmann, G.; Ahrens, L.; Altamirano, J. C.; Aristizábal, B.; Bastos, W.; Castillo, L. E.; Cortés, J.; Fentanes, O.; et al. Assessing Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Air across Latin American Countries Using Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (6), 3680−3686. (2) Just, A. C.; Wright, R. O.; Schwartz, J.; Coull, B. A.; Baccarelli, A. A.; Tellez-Rojo, M. M.; Moody, E.; Wang, Y.; Lyapustin, A.; Kloog, I. Using High-Resolution Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth To Estimate Daily PM2.5 Geographical Distribution in Mexico City. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (14), 8576−8584. (3) Song, W.; Chang, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, K.; Gong, Y.; He, G.; Wang, X.; Christie, P.; Zheng, M.; Dore, A. J.; et al. A Multiyear Assessment of Air Quality Benefits from China’s Emerging Shale Gas Revolution: Urumqi as a Case Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (4), 2066− 2072. (4) Xu, W.; Han, T.; Du, W.; Wang, Q.; Chen, C.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Fu, P.; Wang, Z.; et al. Effects of Aqueous-Phase and Photochemical Processing on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Evolution in Beijing, China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (2), 762−770. (5) Eng, A.; Su, K.; Harner, T.; Pozo, K.; Sinha, R. K.; Sengupta, B.; Loewen, M. Assessing Dicofol Concentrations in Air: Retrospective Analysis of Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling Network Samples from Agricultural Sites in India. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (4), 150−155. (6) Wang, J.; Onasch, T. B.; Ge, X.; Collier, S.; Zhang, Q.; Sun, Y.; Yu, H.; Chen, M.; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Worsnop, D. R. Observation of Fullerene Soot in Eastern China. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (4), 121−126. (7) Riva, M.; Tomaz, S.; Cui, T.; Lin, Y.-H.; Perraudin, E.; Gold, A.; Stone, E. A.; Villenave, E.; Surratt, J. D. Evidence for an Unrecognized Secondary Anthropogenic Source of Organosulfates and Sulfonates: Gas-Phase Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Sulfate Aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (11), 6654−6664. (8) Budisulistiorini, S. H.; Riva, M.; Williams, M.; Chen, J.; Itoh, M.; Surratt, J. D.; Kuwata, M. Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (8), 4415−4423. (9) Ma, Q.; Wang, T.; Liu, C.; He, H.; Wang, Z.; Wang, W.; Liang, Y. SO2 Initiates the Efficient Conversion of NO2 to HONO on MgO Surface. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (7), 3767−3775. (10) Xie, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Dong, W.; Lv, B.; Bai, Y. Daily Estimation of Ground-Level PM2.5 Concentrations over Beijing Using 3 km Resolution MODIS AOD. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (20), 12280−12288. (11) Chen, R.; Qiao, L.; Li, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, W.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Z.; Xu, X.; et al. Fine Particulate Matter Constituents, Nitric Oxide Synthase DNA Methylation and Exhaled Nitric Oxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (19), 11859−11865. (12) Apte, J. S.; Marshall, J. D.; Cohen, A. J.; Brauer, M. Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (13), 8057−8066. (13) Saraswat, A.; Kandlikar, M.; Brauer, M.; Srivastava, A. PM2.5 Population Exposure in New Delhi Using a Probabilistic Simulation Framework. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (6), 3174−3183. (14) Brauer, M.; Freedman, G.; Frostad, J.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Dentener, F.; Dingenen, R. van.; Estep, K.; Amini, H.; Apte, J. S.; et al. Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (1), 79−88. 11501
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04885 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 11497−11501
