T H E JOL-RA’AL OF I i Y D U S T R I A L A N D E K G I N E E R I S G C H E N I S T R I ’ but w h e n t h e m e t a l has b e c o m e cooled and is subjected t o sudden shock or t o vibrational stresses, it breaks very easily. The lower the temperature a n d the higher the a t m o s p h e r e the e a s i e r will t h e b r e a k s occur. This has led t o t h e t e r m ‘cold-shortness’ as a p p l i e d t o the effect of phosphorus on steel.” Page 1 2 1 , paragraph 2 : Direct Steel Castings. “In this p r o c e s s the m e t a l is t a k e n d i r e c t from the f u r n a c e t o a h e a t e d mixer w h e r e the p r o p e r m a t e r i a l s are added t o m a k e the required quality o f s t e e l . The metal c a n be k e p t liquid as long as desired in the m i x e r , and its c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s adjusted by the a d d i t i o n of different m a t e r i a l s . T h e m i x e r is k e p t full by t r a n s f e r r i n g m e t a l from the f u r n a c e . When t he m e t a l is w a n t e d f o r casting the mixer is tapped and the metal run i n t o ladles, from w h i c h i t is p o u r e d i n t o t h e molds as in other c a s t i n g s . ” Page 193, paragraph 7 : “ C e m e n t i t e is the c a r b i d e
I
443’
of iron, and is e x p r e s s e d by t h e following f o r m u l a : Fe,C, w h i c h means ferrite-which is pure iron--g atoms for every ,one atom of c a r b o n . I t is the s e c o n d c o n s t i t u e n t in i m p o r t a n c e in steel-ferrite being first-and is very hard and b r i t t l e . P r a c t i c a l l y all the c a r b o n is present in this form, and i t usually crystallizes in t h i n flat plates. C e m e n t i t e d o e s not exist in p u r e iron, w h i c h c o n t a i n s no c a r b o n , and of itself c o n t a i n s a b o u t 6 . 6 per cent. of c a r b o n , which is about o n e - f i f t e e n t h of it.’’ I have n e v e r b e f o r e read in any b o o k s u c h a conglomerated mass of facts and m i s i n f o r m a t i o n . The binding and paper of this book are g o o d ; the p r i n t clear and well d e f i n e d ; the i l l u s t r a t i o n s are excellent.
I t is t o b e regretted that the p u b l i s h e r s s h o u l d have p e r m i t t e d such a b o o k t o y o out without t h e exercise K IL L I .i M I3 R A D Y . of g r e a t e r e d i t o r i a l skill.
NEW PUBLICATIONS.
1
B Y D. D. BEROLZHEIMER. Librarian American Chemical Society.
METAL AND ORE PRODUCTION.
In an advance chapter of “Xncral Resources of the United States,” by IX7aldeniar Lindgren, of the United States Geological Survey, covering the metal production of the United States for 1900, the Survey- has adopted the commori-sense plan of reducing all values to a single unit of measure, namely, the short ton of 2 , 0 0 0 pounds The comparative figures for 1908 and 1909 are issued in this form, covering the production of the different metals, and also the crude metallifercius ores. They show a t a glance the quantities of metals and ores produced and their relative auantitative importance. Jlr. Lindgren also includes, in this statement, the large quantities of imported ores, unrefined bullion, etc., which are refined in this country, thus adding to the figures of production from domestic ores as stated in the usual tables. I n 1909, for instance, the total production of domestic ores of gold, as stated in the gold chapter of “Mineral Resources,” was $99,673,400. The total production, however, including gold refined from foreign ores, matte, etc., was $126,099,632. Comparison of the 1908 and 1909 figures thus stated shows in most items a marked increase Pig iron increased from 17,678,080 tons, valued at $248,733,369, in 1908 t o 28,638,883 tons, valued a t $411,544,773, in 1909. Of copper 568,981 tons, valued a t $150,210,984, were produced in 1908, as against 695,510 tons, valued a t g180,832,600, in 1909. The platinum production in 1908 iras 0.026 ton, valued a t $14,250, which increased in 1909 to 0.039 ton, valued a t $28,440. The chapter also states the production of crude ores from domestic ores, a showing which has not been attempted in any prior year, and also gives figures on the concentrates of several metals It is interesting to note t h a t while the production of crude zinc and zinc-lead ores in the United States in 1909 was 10,679,608 tons, the production stated in zinc concentrates was only 715,300 tons. The crude ore mined in 1908 was 85,627,624 tons and in 1909 it was 112,0j6,302 tons. An estimate is made of the volume of gold-bearing placer gravel washed in 1909, which is stated t o be 80,000,000 cubic yards in the United States, with a n average, value of 1 2 cents a cubic yard, and 4,418,oou cubic yards in Alaska, with an average value of $3.66 a cubic yard.
CLAY PRODUCTS I N FAVOR. The year 1909 was a record breaker for clay products-bricks, tile, pottery, etc.-The value of the output being S166,32I , ? 13, as compared n i t h $133,197,762 in 1908. The value \vas higher than that of 1907 ($158,942,369). The United States Gcological Survey has just issued an advance chapter of “Mineral Resources of the United States” for ~gog-“Clay-\Vorking Industries,” by Jefferson Xiddleton-which shows the year t o have been a remarkably prosperous one in this important industry. In brick and tile products every item except fancy brick, sewer pipe, and stove lining increased in value. I n the pottery industry every item showed an increase. The imports of pottery showed a gain of less than I per cent., although the domestic product gained 23.53 per cent. and the exports of highgrade domestic pottery likewise increased. The exports of all clay products increased 2 2 . 2 4 per cent. Every State and Territory except Alaska, but including Porto Rico, is a producer of burned clay, and 42 States showed gains. The following are the I O States ivith highest recorded production for 1909: Brick and tile
State.
...................... Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S e w Jersey., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S e w York... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Vest Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J16.929,885 19,403,944 9,380,958 13,505,895 10,250,227 6,744,295 i ,367,061 4,846,506 4,312,590 1,159,627
Pottery. $13,416,356 1,782,769 7,791,136 * 838.555 1,887,209 900,928 73,122 51,990 124,575 2 , 350,47 0
The great growth shown in some of the clay-working industries during the last decade is interesting, Common brick increased tram $38,621,514 in 1900 to b57,251,115in 1909: vitrified paving brick from $4,764,124 to $11,269,586; front brick from $3,864,670 to $9,712,219, drain tile from $2,976,281 t o $9,799,158; sewer pipe from $j,842,562 t o $10,322,324; and fireproofing from $1,820,~14to $4,466,7~8.
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION FOR 1909. The chapter on natural gas from “Mineral Resources of the United States for 1909’’ can now be had of the United States
446
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L AA’D E X G I A - E E R I X G C H E M I S T R Y .
Geological Survey by application t o the Director a t Washington. The industry surpassed in 1909, both in the quantity and value of the gas produced, the record of any previous year, the estimated value being $63,206,941, as against $54,640,374 in 1908. Although the returns are unusually late, it is believed t h a t as a result of cooperation with the Census Bureau they are more complete than those of any previous year. The report discusses the production in considerable detail and gives the output by States covering a long period of years. In 1909 Pennsylvania led with a n output valued a t $20,475,207, West Virginia came next with $17,538,565, Ohio was third with $9,966,938 and Kansas was fourth with $8,293,846. No other State produced as much as $z,ooo,oooworth. INCREASE I N GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION.
A report on the production of gold and silver in the United States in 1909, by H. D. McCaskey, of the United States Geological Survey, has just been issued as a n advance chapter of the Survey’s volume “Mineral Resources.” The figures agree with those of the Director of the Mint, being the result of cooperation between the two bureaus, and are therefore final for both. The gold production was valued a t $99,673,400 and the silver a t $28,455,200, an increase over the figures for 1908 of $5,1 13,400 for gold and $404,600 for silver. The report includes figures and detailed statements of production by States, and comparisons of the total output for the last three decades. It also includes the statistics of imports and exports as well as tables of ore production. SEVEN MILLION DOLLARS FOR MINERAL WATERS. The sales of mineral water in the United States during 1909, according t o the United States Geological Survey, represented a value of $6,894,134, a slight increase over the figures for 1908. The quantity sold was 64,674,486 gallons and the average retail price was 11 cents a gallon. I n addition t o this quantity over 6,000,000 gallons were estimated t o have been used in the manufacture of soft drinks. The tables given in the report show a steady increase in the production of mineral waters for the last 2 5 years, the figures for 1885 being 1,312,845 gallons. The value of the imports of mineral water in 1909 was $1,085,177, with a n average of 31 cents a gallon. The report shows the production by States with names of springs and other details. QUALITY OF ILLINOIS RIVER WATERS. The United States Geological Syrvey has just published another edition of its exhaustive report on the quality of the waters of IlIinois (Water Supply Paper 239). While this report is of first interest t o the people of Illinois, it contains much information on steam pollution, the treatment of impure waters for municipal engineering and other industrial uses, the cost of differing degrees of purification for different purposes, and similar subjects having a general application and interest. The volume is now available for distribution and can be obtained on request t o the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. NATURAL GAS I N TRINIDAD. The island of Trinidad, according t o the United States Geological Survey, is well supplied with natural gas, large supplies of which are reported t o be going t o waste. This gas, if piped t o Port of Spain, would undoubtedly be a great source of revenue. The gas is under great pressure, the discharge from a cubic well a t Guayaguayan being said to be about ~,ooo,ooo
June,
191I
feet a day. Every oil well drilled on the island thus far has produced large quantities of gas in addition t o the oil.
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Effect of Bleaching Powder upon Bacterial Life in Water. JOSEPH W.ELLMS. Engineering Record, Vol. 63, N o . 17, pp. 471-473. The Refining of Iron and Steel in Induction Type Furnaces. C. F. ELWELL. Proc. A m . Inst. Elec. Eng., Vol. X X X , N o . 4, pp. 621-630. Technico-Chemical Researches on Kichxia Rubber. FRAXK & MARCKWALD. Gummi Zeilung, Vol. X X V , N o . 24. (German.) Castor-oil Products in the Textile Industry. J. GAERTH. Seifcafabrikant, Vol. X X X I , N o . 15, pp. 358-360. (German,) The Manufacture of Thiosulfate. E, SCHUETZ.Zeilschrijt fuer angewandtc Chemie, Vol. XXIV, No. 16. 1911. (German.) The Determination of Total Fatty Acids in Oils, Fats and Soaps. P. SIXMICH. Zeitschrift juer Untersuchung der dVahrungsurtd Genussmittel, Vol. X X I , No. I . (German.) The Rate of Alcoholic Fermentation. ARTHCR SLATOR. Journal of the Institute o i Brewing, X701. XVII, S o . 2 , pp, 147-1 j 9 . 1911. The Determination of the Iodin Number of Fats and Oils by means of the Bromin Thermal Test. C. STIEPEL.Seijenfabrikant, Vol. X X X I , So. 1 5 , pp, 349-352. (German.) The Identification of Rape Oil: Its Separation when Mixed with Olive or other Edible Oils. TORTELLI A N D FORTISI.Gazetta chimica italiana, XLI, April, 1911, pp. 173-182. The Yeast Cell. HAROLD W A G E R . Jourxal o j the Zmstitute Brewing, Vol. XVII, S o . I, pp. 2 - 2 2 , 1911.
of
Theoretical and Practical Treatise on the Resistance of the Materials Used in Concrete and Re-enforced Concrete. By N. DE TEDESCO,A N D A. MAUREL. Ch. Beranger, Pans. Svo., 656 pp. $5.00. 1911. (French,)
Improvements in Cotton Bleaching. WALTER S. WILLIAMS. Metallurgical and Chemical Industry, Vol. I X , 30. 5, pp. 247-250.
The Status of the Question of Indicators in Volumetic Analysis. By A. THIEL. Stuttgart. L. Svo., 116 pp. $1.00. 1911. (German.)
The Comparative Efficiency of Certain Tanning Materials. ROBERTW. GRIFFITH. Journal American Leather Chemists’ Association, Vol. VI, No. 5 , pp. 211-219.
June,
1911
T H E J O G R S A L OF lA\’DCSTRIAL
Origin of the Thermal Waters in the Yellowstone National Park. A R N O L D HAGUE. Science, April 14, 1911, p. jj3. JourPurchase of Fuel under Specifications. G. CECIL JONES. nal of the Institute of Brewzizg, 1-01, Xl-11, No. 3, pp. 182-209. An Efficient and Rapid Mercury Still. CHAS F. RXIPP. Science, Vol. X S S I I I , A-0. 852, pp. 667-669. 1911.
A S D ESGISEERING CHELWISTRY.
449
Recent Researches on Starch. C. G. MATTHETVSA N D F. E. LOTI‘. Journal o j the Institute o j Brewi?zg, x-01, XVII, S o . 3, PP. 219-271. Mercerizing Yarns for Knit Goods Cotton. hTTHEWS. l701. 7 5 , NO. j,PP. 192-193,
XERRITT J.
Fuel Control in the Boiler House. R. R. LAKSDALE. Journal of the Imtitute of Breming, Vol, XVII, S o . I , pi). 23-24, 191I .
An Improvement in the Method of Malt Analysis. JAXES O’SULLIVAS. Journal of the Institute of Breziug, Vol. S V I I I , KO, I , pp,.3j-48. 1911.
Electrolytic Corrosion in Re-enforced Concrete. C. E. MAGSCJSSOS ASD G. H. SMITH. Proceedimgs American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. X X X, S o . j , pp. 939-963.
Manufacture of Aerated Waters. WALTERA. RILEY. Journal of the Institute of Brexing, 1701, XVII, No, 2 , pp. I 17-14j. 1911.
R E C E N T INVENTIONS.
I
Reported by C. L. Parker, Solicitor of Chemical Patents, McGill Building, Washington. D. C.
986,271. Process of Refining and Agglomerating Ores and the Like. This invention relates primarily to the treatment of those ores which can be smelted only with difficulty, first on account of their physical condition and secondly on account of the injurious foreign substances which they contain. To this class belong more particularly the friable iron ores. According to this invention the revolving furnace, shown in the accompanying illustration, is heated by a water gas flame whereby new results are achieved. By the employment of a water gas flame, not only can all the results heretofore obtained be effected in a simple and certain manner, but it is also possible (owing to the peculiar formation of the flame) to so perform the operations in the furnace that oxidation or reduction and fusion shall take p1ace:at will.
erably admitted wholly or partially a t different places. The wide pipe m serves for the admission of the water gas which can become ignited a t the mouth of this pipe even without any previous admixture of air, while the quantity of air which is necessary for complete combustion or the excess air requisite for oxidation is admitted through the air pipe n a t a place situated farther back. By regulating the quantities of gas and air admitted, as well as by the manner in which and the place whereat the gas and air are mixed together, every possible desirable result can be obtained. This adaptability of the furnace constitutes its chief value, since it enables materials to be treated which have no homogeneous or uniform composition. The furnace is to be used in the same manner whether iron ores, copper ores or by-products containing a high percentage of copper are to be treated, the lead, zinc, sulphur, arsenic and antimony being similarly separated. These separated products may be recovered for use according to the special economic conditions in each case. As will be seen by reference to the illustration that the waste gases may be cooled by means of a water spray so the volatile metallic oxids are precipitated in the form of mud and may be removed in that condition. The inventor is Hugo Dicke, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, assignor to Jacob Eduard Goldsmid, of Frankfort-on theMain, Germany.
986,489. Process of Dissociating Acetylene.
I
W In the patentee’s apparatus shown in the accompanying illustration, a is the revolving drum which is lined with an acid or basic refractory material, and into which the ore is charged as its upper end through the chute b. The ore first passes through the drying zone c and then enters the oxidizing zone d. Here, the sulphur, arsenic, zinc and the like are oxidized and also volatilized, while the residual ore begins to fuse together in lumps and nodules. Any zinc which has not yet been volatilized as zinc oxid passes into the reducing zone e where it is volatilized as metallic zinc. Any lead that may be present is also reduced and melted here, and runs off through the annular passage f (which is provided with apertures g) into molds h. The ore passes out from the lower end of the furnace not only in a physical condition adapted for blast-furnace treatment, but also purified, and in it lower stage of oxidation. For the purpose of keeping the oxidizing and reducing zones effectually separated from each other, the gas and aidare pref-
This invention is a process of dissociating acetylene by heat, a t approximately atmospheric pressure. The patentee of this process found that acetylene a t practically atmospheric pressures, if suddenly heated to a temperature a t or in excess of that correspondng to a dull red heat, dissociates
