Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys

be created for nickel and is continuing exploration in Canada and the rest of thefree world. Approxi- mately $9,000,000 was expended for explorations ...
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MATERIALS OF C O N S T R U C T I O N

Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys THE

supply of nickel has been more than sufficient to meet the demand since the latter part of 1957, and the outlook for the future is one of continued plentiful supply. The large new source of nickel in Manitoba, Canada, gives further assurance of nickel availabilit) for both civilian and military use. Inco envisages no limit on the demand that can be created for nickel and is continuing exploration in Canada and the rest of the free world. Approximatels $9,000,000 was expended for explorations in 1958. Further development and application can find comfort in production capacity figures. Continued exploration, expanded nickel mining operations. and improved metallurgical and mining techniques will result in an ever-increasing supply.

Estimaie of the Production Capacity of Nickel, Free World, 1961 Produring Area

Millions of Pounds

Canada Inco Sudbury 310 Inco Manitoba 75 Falconbridge 55 27.5 Sherritt Gordon Cuba Nicaro 54 Freeport 50 New Caledonia and Southeast Asia Le Nickel 55 Japanese refiners 35 United States Hanna 18 Others 2 Miscellaneous 7.5 Total 689.0

The Inco Manitoba projects will have a production capacity of some 75,000,000 pounds per year by 1961, raising the total capacity of Inco mining facilities to 385,000,000 pounds per year. It is estimated the total free world capacity a t that time will be double that of the free world consumption of 1958. The estimated production capacity in 1961 of Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Ltd., Sherritt Gordon Mine, Ltd., Freeport Sulphur Co., The &I. A. Hanna Co., and SocittC Le Nickel as shown in the accompanying tabulations, are taken from published statements by those

companies; in the case of the U. S. Government’s Nicaro Plant data are based on government reports, and in the cases of others, are taken from trade reports ( 7 A ) . The Freeport Sulphur Co. has indicated that its new Moa Bay nickel project will begin production in the latter part of 1959. Creation of large markets in preparation for 1961 is a major task confronting producers. Prospects of such nickel production will enable many specifications to be revised, and provide an opportunity for development of uses which have been latent for several vears. Applications, Chemical and Process Industries Proper selection of materials can save many dollars in industry both in replacement materials and labor. Corrosion is a major factor in the selection of rhe proper alloy. Corrosion mechanisms and materials selection methods are discussed by LaQue (79B). New equipment developments in 16 important chemical engineering operations (6B) include precipitation-hardening stainless steels, 976 nickel steels?and Ni-0-Ne1 nickel-iron-chromium alloy. Binder reports nickel-chromium alloys containing 60 to 80% nickel are superior to stainless steels in reducing and in strong alkaline conditions. Inconel nickel-chromium alloy has been used to greatest extent for corrosion-resisting purposes and has shown good resistance to many reducing and oxidizing environments. It is considerably more resistant than stainless steels to stresscorrosion cracking in boiling magnesium chloride solutions (4B). Drahos outlines forms of corrosion encountered in centrifugal pumps, causes, and prevention by selecting optimum material of construction. H e considers the economics of selecting materials including stainless steels and nickelbased alloys ( 7 7B). Replacing corroded plain steel tubing of steam coils by 18-8 stainless steel, wrought iron, and Monel nickel-copper alloy is considered ( 2 4 B ) . High nickel-base alloys (Nicrocoat No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3) are furnished in powder form and may be mixed with vehicle for spraying: dipping, or brushing. Bonding temperatures vary from

2150OF. for No. 1 to 1800° F. for No. 3. Applied after fabrication of steel part, this furnace-bonded coating gives complete protection from abrasion and corrosion. The fuel tanks of the ocean-racing ketch Kamalii (76B) are of hlonel nickelcopper alloy. Fresh water is supplied by an electric-driven pressure pump working with a 15-gallon pressure tank made from Monel alloy. Fresh water is carried in three nickel-copper alloy tanks. The steering system consists of a Monel alloy quadrant attached to a bronze rudder stock. Dickinson reports minimum Rockwell hardnesses of C 24 and A 62 maintained with unprecedented consistency in K Monel age-hardenable nickel-copper alloy by General Dynamics Corp. K Monel alloy is a nonmagnetic metal of nickel: copper, and aluminum, used in many modern industries because it has excellent resistance to the corrosive action of most acids, alkalies. and brine. It can have mechanical properties comparable to those of heat-treated alloy steels, if properly aged (70B). Haynes 25 cobalt-base chromiumtungsten-nickel alloy appears to be the best corrosion-resistant container material for a single-unit Zircex hydrochlorinator-dissolver unit. Second choice is Type S-816, Lvhich shows even poorer corrosion resistance than the 3 mils per month reported for Haynes alloy 25. The process should be run in nvo steps, for which Inconel nickel-chromium alloy. Haynes 25, S-816, Illium R. and Has-

A. J. MARRON i s a member of the Development and Research Division of The International Nickel Co. He received his B.S. from Bloomfield College and attended Seton Hall University Graduate School. He holds a New Jersey Engineers’ license in Steam and Refrigeration. Previous experience was obtained at Pfister Chemical Works, Ridgefield, N. J.; P. Ballantine & Sons, Newark, N. J.; and E. R. Squibb & Sons, New Brunswick, N. J. He i s a member of ASTM and NACE.

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telloy alloy B appear promising for construction of the hydrochlorinator (24B). Braun, Fink, and Ericson say Monel nickel-copper alloy is uniformly resistant to hydrofluoric acid a t concentrations between 10 and 70%; 70-30 copper-nickel offers comparable resistance except a t 30y0 concentration, where maximum attack occurs. Neither the Monel alloy nor 70-30 copper-nickel suffers embrittlement upon exposure to hydrofluoric acid. Welding of Monel alloy is preferable to brazing with silver solder, which may cause embrittlement

(5B). Among early alloys introduced to the chemical industry were the high-molybdenum. nickel-base Hastelloy alloys, developed for their resistance to mineral acids. More recently, Haynes alloy 25: developed for sheet applications at 1700" to 1800" F., was found outstanding for special corrosion applications. I t was the best commercial alloy for handling red fuming nitric acid, but was limited by weld attack in the vapor phase (78). Elimination of chromium and substituting nickel for cobalt resulted in the optimum composition of 55y0 nickel and 45y0 tungsten for handling this acid. Barber covers corrosion problems in manufacturing phosphoric acid from elemental phosphorus (2B). Relative corrosion rates of 11 metals (nickel-ironchromium-allo~-, \72B, 17-14 coppermolybdenum: FA-20, Durimet 20 alloy, Type 201, Chlorimet 3 alloy, Hastelloy B alloy, Monel nickel-copper alloy Type 430 and 17-1 pH) are computed with respect to Type 316 stainless steel. Manning reviews corrosion by acetic acid (208) including use of various materials of construction for storage and handling of refined glacial acetic acid and dilute acetic acid. Various types of stainless steel, the Monel, Inconel! and h-i-0-Sei alloys. nickel and the Hastelloy alloys B. C? and D were considered. About %350,000 \rorth of nickel and nickel-clad steel tanks irere furnished for Hooker Chemical's new chloralkali plant ai Sorth \-ancouver, B.C. (7B). Equipment includes nickel-clad steel caustic holding tank, first-effect evaporator of solid nickel, second- and thirdeffect evaporators of nickel-clad steel: solid nickel salt receiver tanks and salt separator tanks, solid Monel nickelcopper alloy barometric condenser, and nickel-clad steel cylindrical coolers with cooling coils of hlonel alloy tubing. Heymann and Kelling discuss corrosion of metals and alloys in uranium hexafluoride. Alone1 nickel-copper allo>and nic,kel had excellent properties a t 80" C. (75B). Xlilford describes a fluoride volatility process which appears promising for recovering uranium from nuclear reactor fuel elements of the

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zirconium type. Fluorinator is fabricated from L nickel. Where hearing was accomplished by "autoresistance," Inconel nickel-chromium alloy was used because of its high electrical resistivity, coupled with its corrosion resistance to fused fluoride salts being transferred. Absorbers and uranium hexafluoride cold traps are fabricated from Monel alloy. Uranium hexafluoride lines that cannot be run through ducts are heated by No. 20 Xichrome alloy wire Lvith asbestos insulation and hlonel alloy braids (23B). The corrosion resistance of nickel base alloy-s in aqueous uranyl sulfate and water containing chloride ions was evaluated (3B). Resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in water containing chlorides is generally better in alloys with higher nickel content. After 500 hours in 300" C, water containing 100 p.p.m. chloride ion, Incoloy nickelchromium-iron alloy exhibited some stress-corrosion cracking whereas Ni-0Ne1 alloy did not. An electroless nickel plate on carbon steel protected against chloride stress-corrosion cracking. Fink reports studies of the austenitic stainless steels and Inconel nickelchromium alloy in dynamic corrosion loops for pressurized-water reactors

(7JB). Connors and Seyer solve some corrosion problems in a light-hydrocarbon liquids plant (LIB). Corrosion in butaneisomerization units is reported to be mainly the result of action of hydrochloric acid on impurities in feed and catalyst. Use of Hastelloy alloy B and Monel nickel-copper alloy equipment has controlled corrosion. Pretreater bedsupport tra)'s were made of Hastelloy alloy B. Piping from pretreater to reactors and from reactors to guard chambers was fabricated of trelded Hastelloy alloy B. hlonel alloy tubes Irere used in effluent condensers and the design of condensers was changed to utilize Monel alloy-faced, double-tube sheets. Mason and Schillmoller also discuss solutions for corroding isomerization units (22B). In the liquid phase butane process, because of the corrosive nature of catalyst, reactors, vessels, pumps, and transfer lines in catalyst, reactors, vessels. pumps. and transfer lines in catalvst service are clad or lined with nickel or alloy B (nickelmolybdenum-iron alloy). -4 new process for polymerization of propylene or mixed prop)-lene-butenes feed uses phosphoric acid as a catalyst, but in supported liquid form rather than in conventional fixed bed (17B). Screening experiments showed that one commercial nickel-molybdenum-iron alloy had good corrosion resistance under acid strength and temperature conditions used.

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

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Ellis and Varjavandi discuss packed fractionating columns (738). Gauze packings possess a rather high fractionating efficiency due to large active surface area per unit volume. Gauze trays made of 40-mesh nickel were used for vapor liquid contacting. Goodloe packing is made of 0,0045-inch-diameter Monel nickel-copper alloy wires with 12 filaments, twisted together to form a strand. An integrated tow placed in service to carry Shell petrochemicals has three nickel-lined barges with nine compartments (788). The nickel safeguards purity of glycerol, hexylene, glycol, etc., from possible iron contamination. Lang and Mason (188) report on corrosion of Monel, Inconel nickel, and Incoloy alloys in an amine solution saturated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide and in decomposition products of monoethanolamine. Effect of presence of iron sulfide sludge in amine and damage that results from high velocity flow and turbulence are also considered. Dyck describes the new Gulf States Paper Corp.'s pulp mill at Demopolis. Ala. Black liquor is pumped to evaporators by corrosion resistance Type CNG chemical pumps made of high nickel, high chromium-moly-bdenum alloy ( 7 2 B ) .

High Temperature hleritorious effects on Nimonic 80A nickel-chromium alloy, S-816>and 13% chromium stainless steel can be obtained by application of vacuum melting (74C). The corrosion resistance was improved by vacuum melting and the gas contents and nonmetallic inclusions of Nimonic 80A alloy and S-816 were eliminated. Workability and mechanical properties a t elevated temperatures \rere improved. Trade names of vacuum melted alloys produced by 17 manufacturers, nominal compositions of these alloys, and their applications are listed (76C). Badger reports cobalt and nickelbase alloys near their limit of high-temperature application at present when highly stressed at 1800" to 1900" F. (.?C). He depicts Nichrome alloy as one of the best oxidation-resistant materials but none too good from 2300' F. up to its melting point. The majority of electric furnaces in industry are equipped with electrical resistances of high nickel-chromium alloys (7C). Alloys high in nickel and chromium have a very good resistance to osidation when used in air and within the temperature limits and good resistance in reducing atmospheres which are noncarburizing and unpolluted. Kieff er and Benesovsky discuss metallic

Confirmed plentiful supply of nickel opens new horizons for civilian and military applications heating element materials for high temperature furnaces ( 7 IC). Materials used almost exclusively up to about 1300' C. are metallic alloys having high electrical resistance and excellent scale stability such as nickel-chromium, ironnickel-chromium, iron-chromium-aluminum, and iron-cobalt-chromium-aluminum. Bishop points out that iron: cobalt, and nickel, building blocks for virtually all our high-temperature alloys? have relatively low melting points, below 3000' F. ( 8 C ) . The only metals whose availability in nature makes them reasonable sources for future high-temperature alloys are tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium. There are six main classes of cast materials in the nickel family: the nickels themselves, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-tin? nickelmolybdenum, nickel-silicon, and nickeliron. Experimental nickel-aluminum alloys have been made. mainly to explore elevated temperature properties. Badger and Fritzlen state nickel and cobalt alloys are more oxidation and heat resistant than stainless steel and display considerably higher strengths over 1000' F. (5C). Physical and mechanical characteristics of nickel and cobalt alloys warrant favorable consideration where high heat factors are anticipated or encountered. Oxx reports good resistance to oxidation above 1000° F. in two types of coatings: metals and alloys that form adherent oxide scales (stainless steels, nickel- and cobaltbase alloys with 207G chromium or more) and materials that are inert to high temperature oxidizing atmospheres (ceramics or noble metals) (2OC). Nickel acts as a barrier between steel and chromium and prevents formation of brittle chromium-iron alloys. Eurekalloy C alloy is a new nickel-base, chromium-tungsten-molybdenum electrode for hard surfacing equipment in dies subjected to extreme heat and abrasion (26C). A discussion of the potential of higher temperature carburizing indicates the first moves by heat treaters will be in the 1800' to 1850' F. range (77C). Furnace problems appear to be solved by ingenious design. better alloys, and ceramics. h probable alloy for rails, trays, and rollers in a continuous furnace is S A 2 2 H (5OyG nickel-257, chromium-j% tungsten-balance iron), LaQue revie\vs destructive factors that space vehicles may have to deal with and properties of metals that can survive these destructive effects ( 7 . 3 3 . Iron? cobalt. and nickel-base alloys can carry high loads for long periods up to 1500' F . Protective coatings for molybdenum include nickel-chromium alloy

cladding, electrodeposited chromium plus nickel, and sprayed or vapor-deposited metals and ceramics. Sickel in many cases provides the best combination of diffusivity, melting point, and cost. Pearl discusses materials for re-usable manned and unmanned vehicles that have to withstand outer skin equilibrium temperatures approximating 2000" F. for 1 to 100 hours (27C). In unstiffened cylinder design constructions Inconel X age-hardenable nickel-chromium alloy competes favorably with titanium a t temperatures as low as 650' to 700" F, for a limited range of stress values. Seriousness of oxidation and elevated temperature on 5-mil thick nickel-chromium alloys and a cobalt alloy was evaluated up to 2000' F. Kopituk lists metals and ceramics used for gas generator (up to 1900' F)? injector head (-420' to f2500' F), extension cone (1600' to 2500" F), uncooled combustion chamber (-65' to +4000' F. in local hot areas), and regenerativelj. cooled combustion chamber ( - 65' to f2400' F. in local hot areas) (73C). Materials include high-temperature alloys, the Inconel alloys, nickel, stainless steels, and nickel-base brazing alloys. Rous considers materials for structural components, coatings, radomes, windows? seals and sealants, bearings, electrical and thermal insulation (23C) : nickel-base, chrome-nickel-iron, and chrome-nickel-cobalt alloys, stainless steels, and nickel-containing cermets. Nickel, in some form or other, will be one of the metals going on every ride into space (22C). Inconel nickel-chromium alloy is currently being used in experimental nose cones in an effort to solve the re-entry problem. Inconel alloy sheet of thicknesses measured in hundredths of an inch has been spun into a great variety of experimental shapes for these tests. This alloy is used in four of five stage combinations of the Honest John, Nike, and commercial rocket boosters for travel into space. Zaehringer and Nolan list uses of metals in missiles ( 2 7 C ) . Baker reports the use of thin nickel tubes. 0.045 inch in diameter, brazed with solder and held in place with thin steel bands to form the envelope for the combustion chamber, nozzle, and exit area of the thrust chamber of the largest liquid propellant rocket-in production for Thor, Thor-Able, Atlas, and Jupiter (6C). Badger reviews the development of high-temperature alloys aided by tracing the parallel development of the gas turbine, particularly bucket and plates ( 4 C ) . Binder reports new alloys based on the nickel-chromium system, developed to meet special requirements

of gas turbine engines (7C). For components of turbine proper, structural materials of high strength a t high-temperature. resistance against scaling and corrosion, and best possible ductility are required (79C). Wrought nickelbase alloys, Inconel X age-hardenable nickel-chromium alloy, and Simonic nickel-chromium alloys are widely 'used for blades and wheels. Among more recent nickel-base alloys, Inconel 700 is considered strong and useful up to 1650" F. Inconel 713C nickel-chromium cast alloy containing aluminum and molybdenum with strength up to 1700" F. has good resistance to thermal fatigue and is considered attractive for gasturbine blades. In sheet form materials such as Inconel 702 nickel-chromium alloy containing aluminum and Incoloy 901 age-hardenable, nickel-iron-chromium alloy are fairly well known. A modification of the Chromallizing process is applicable to high-nickel and high-cobalt alloys such as Type 310, Inconel X, and N-155 gas turbine alloy (2C). This process creates a surface which can withstand prolonged exposure to gases at 1800' to 2000" F. Brown and Wilson discuss two new 1800' F. alloys, Sicrotung and D C M alloy, for cast turbine blades (SC). Kihlgren reports that Inconel 713C nickel-chromium cast alloy containing aluminum and molybdenum is the strongest cast turbine blade commercially available (lac). I t may find appllcation in individual cast turbine buckets, nozzle guides, and integrally cast wheel and bucket composites. Kihlgren reviews basic high temperature properties of nickel-base alloys and applications in jet engines and air frame structures. Factors that affect operational reliability of turbojet engines have been reviewed (78C). Use of materials with increased thermal conductivity will relieve localized hot spots by dissipating the heat. A graph shows gradients of 1000' F. per inch measured for Inconel alloy reduced to 710' for nickel cladded with Inconel alloy and 370' for copper when cladded with the same alloy. Current liners are usually made of Inconel nickel-chromium alloy which has high corrosion resistance. Sheet .Vfetal Industries shows photographs of components of the Nimonic 75 and 80 alloys, including silencer for Fairey Rotodyne, jet engine nozzles, combustion chamber, and tail pipe ( 2 4 C ) . Stevens gives a detailed description of the Fairey Rotodyne (25C). Delivery of hot air from auxiliary compresser is upward into the Nimonic nickel-chromium alloy sheet elbow that connects with the leading-edge duct. The rotor system is basically all-steel with incorporation of

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heat-resisting nickel alloy ducting. Nimonic alloy ducting is brought up from the leading edge to a light-alloy casting known as the breeches. Atop the breeches is a Nimonic alloy sheet assembly called the "milk churn." Uses of vacuum investment castings have been limited primarily to turbine blades and structural members for the aircraft industry. The Nuclear Energy Program is considering using vacuum cast races and cages for bearings operating a t high temperatures or in corrosive environments (70C). Alloys that can be improved by vacuum casting are G M R 235, Waspalloy? Inconel 713, and Udimet 500.

Electronic Javitz and Jacobs discuss electronic materials and components for ultrahigh temperature and nuclear radiation ( 7 0 ) . Tables and charts include operation limitations of hard magnetic alloys (mostly nickel and cobalt-containing) and conductor materials (including nickel. palladium, platinum, silver-magnesium-nickel, and 27 nickel-clad-copper alloys) at 500" C. ambient. MacDonald reports new approaches to potentiometers for missile systems ( 9 0 ) . The basic material is Nichrome alloy in wire form. The Xichrome alloy is subject to partial oxidation above 150' C. and is plated with rhodium to maintain its lower resistivity for applications a t higher temperatures. Wyman and Kuhnapfel report on metal ceramic tubes to withstand 500' C. and high vibration ( 7 3 0 ) . Monel nickel-copper alloy was chosen for the envelope, acting as an anode, mainly on the basis of its oxidation resistance. The outer section of the Monel alloy completes the circuit through a nickelgold brazing material. Elijah lists choices for high temperature electrical and mechanical requirements : 10% nickel-plated copper up to 700" F., 287, nickel-clad copper or Kulgrid 28 up to 1000' F., copper clad with Inconel alloy and copper wire clad with 287, by weight with chromium-iron alloy (Oxalloy 28) u p to 1200' F. Electronic applications use A nickel, D nickel, Permanickel high-conductivity age-hardenable nickel, and Duranickel age-hardenable nickel and nickel-plated 1005 steel ( 3 0 ) . Conductor wires for sealing to glass are produced from Dumet, a copper-clad 42% nickel-iron alloy. Comer discusses glass-to-metal seals ( 7 0 ) . In matched seals, the essential element in forming actual seal is the thin film of oxide built up on Kovar parts before they are fused to glass. Where strength and ruggedness are necessary, compression seals are preferred. Most compression seals use

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cold-rolled steel; 300 series stainless steels: the Monel alloy, and nickel-iron alloys are being used. Fast-heating electronic systems are discussed by Hardin (6D). In tube design, active nickel alloys such as A-31, which contain various amounts of reducing agents, are generally used for cathode bases. Characteristics of fastheating tubes (which have cathodes of Inconel nickel-chromium alloy? Cathaloy, and nickel) are charted. Investigations of nickel-tungsten. nickel-calcium? and nickel-strontium alloys for oxide cathodes of radio tubes have been reported ( 7 0 0 ) . Spring discusses specifications and design of magnetic shields for transformers, cathode ray tubes. multiplier phototubes. etc. i72'D). Shields are generally made of high permeability nickel-iron alloy such as Allegheny Mumetal or 4750. Where weight and size are critical. nickel-iron alloys should be specified. Fabrication techniques for Mumetal shields are described. How to select a resistance heating alloy is considered by Fabian ( d D ) . Principal groups of resistance alloys are: nickel-chromium, nickel-chromium-iron, chromium-aluminum-cobalt. and molybdenum disulfide. Properties, costs. and uses of each group are given. Smith discusses redesign of a rotary solenoid for 500" F . service ( 7 7 0 ) . The finish on a 1010 steel case and armature was changed from a cadmiumplated cyanide-hardened to a nickelplated nitrided. Sickel-clad copper electrical coil with glass or ceramic insulation may be used for service a t 850' F. Inconel X age-hardenable nickel-chromium allo!. looks good for spring application. Gustavson discusses chemical batteries. atomic batteries. and thermocouples as the three most likely sources for power in space vehicles (5D). Among chemical cells, the nickel-cadmium and silver-zinc types appear best. The nickel-cadmium battery is very rugged, withstands high acceleration, and has excellent temperature characteristics. Linden and Daniel report the sintered-plate nickel-cadmium battery is finding early use in missile applications ( 8 0 ) . -4ctive materials are impregnated into a porous sintered-nickel plaque, resulting in a battery that gives high-rate performance. An outstanding characteristic is high degree of reliability. It has a long life and can be frequently recharged. Data for nickel-cadmium batteries are given (20).

Miscellaneous Fiedler reviews the production and properties of nonelectrolytic nickel and

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

cobalt deposits and notes applications (7E).Furness and Henderson report the Davis Works, with 12 rod mills and 24 ball mills, offers a n opportunity to study mill liner performance (2E). Although there is not much correlation to date between mill capacity, grinding performance, and type of liner, nickel alloy of high wave type is standing up best of all. Irrgang discusses the design of piping systems in controls for liquid nitrogen and similar low temperature liquids ( 3 E ) . H e lists some metals which may safely be utilized a t liquid nitrogen temperatures: stainless steels, intermediate alloy steels containing 9% nickel, nickel and nickel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and copper and copper alloys. Spencer discusses mechanical springsmaterials, finishes, and embrittlement (6Ej. Il'ithin the nickel family Monel. Inconel. E; Monel, Duranickel, and Permanickel alloys are considered corrosion-resistant. A recent development is Elinvar. used for accurate scale springs and tuning forks, the outstanding characteristic being its constant modulus a t -150' to 300' F. Another alloy of this type is Ni-Span-C constant-modulus iron-nickel alloy. It is reported that temperature coefficients of elastic modulus from +2.0 X 10-5 to minus values of conventional materials can be obtained by varying the basic composition of cobalt-nickel-iron alloys while high values of elastic limit and yield point are attained (5E). Tables list tensile properties, torsional properties, process of manufacture? and applications of spring materials including the Monel, Inconel. Inconel X: Duranickel, and Ni-Span-C alloys ( 4 E ) .

Plating Panikkar and Rama Char report on the electrodeposition of nickel alloys from pyrophosphate baths (30F). R . Cruikshank. Ltd. is marketing a new bright nickel plating solution under an agreement uvith the Hanson-Van WinkleMunning Co. and Dr. W. Kampshulte & Cie. of Germany (79F). EfcoUdylite bright nickel plating Process No. 66 claims high permissible current densities of up to 100 amperes per square foot, good ductility for nickel-chromium deposirs. good brightness and leveling properties, and excellent receptivity to chromium deposits (16F). The first automatic machine of the Efco-Udylite type for bright nickel plating for use in India has been completed (78F). Frey describes the Kraq-o-lite process in Xvhich electrodeposits possessing patterns are produced without any masking device (22F). In nickel plating by ultrasonics, the temperature need no longer be maintained accurately, while an increase of

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from two to five times the current density can be tolerated Ivithout burning. Reich reports use of ultrasonics in plating (34F). Electroless nickel is a comparativel>new and different engineering material. Its variations from electroplated nickel in physical and chemical properties, together with ease of deposition. are significant for many design problems. Corrosion and tarnish resistance are better, both in the standard salt spray and outdoor tests ( 3 7 F ) . .\itken deals with the nickel-phosphorus alloy chemically reduced by- the Kanigen process ( 7 F ) . This shows much less porosity than electrolytic nickel and is approximately the same in electropotential. The corrosion resistance for equal thickness can be expected to be better for the nickelphosphorus deposit. Preliminar!. work carried out on the use of nickel-phosphorus as a fluxless furnace brazing alloy is considered. Sickel-phosphorus deposits on titanium, on aircraft gate and butterfly valves cast in Duralumin or nickel cast iron, and on air dryers: are discussed. Marshall describes techniques in the casting of resins. Where dimensions have to be closely controlled, the choice of molds is limited to nickel electroformed or steel molds (24F). Sickel electroformed molds consist of a shell of hard nickel ( l / g to '/4 inch thick), backed u p with Kirksite, Cerometrix, or silicafilled epoxy. They are considerably cheaper than steel molds. Nickel electroforming makes possible the repair of metal molds for plastics that heretofore would have had to be scrapped (38F). Molybdenum may be protected against oxidation a t l l O O o C . by composite coatings of chromium and nickel ( 7 2 F ) . A coating consisting of 0.001 inch of chromium followed by 0.007 inch of nickel protected molybdenum a t 980°, llOOo, and 1200' C. for 1200, 500, and 100 hours, respectively. Nickel-aluminum alloy coatings ( 7 7F) were prepared by plating molybdenum with 1 mil of chromium, followed by 7 mils of nickel, then plated with 2 to 3 mils of aluminum. T h e aluminide layer significantly improved the nickel coatings. Buschman discusses high temperature wire and cable ( 8 F ) . Most commonly used conductor in Teflon-insulated wire is silver-plated copper. Nickel-plated copper conductors are also used. M I L W-16878C (Navy) includes the use of nickel-plated conductors as an alternate to silver. T h e Army Ballistic Missile Agency requested the use of a nickelplated conductor in all wire entering ballistic missiles. With either a silver or nickel plating, the general requirement is for a minimum of 40 microns of plate over copper. Feldman describes elec-

troforming of wave-guide components for the millimeter-lvave length range (2OF). Kickel is used where components might be exposed IO very high temperatures or chemical attack. Missel discusses thermal shock-resistant nickel plating on copper ( 2 i F ) . Stephenson gives the results of experimental work to combat seizure \\.hen high-chromiumcontent steels are used at high temperatures ( 3 i F ) . Silver plating minimizes oxidation and reduces seizure, but not as much as desired. The use of nickel against silver gives better release characteristics than the silver-silver combination. Scott discusses alloy plating systems for aircraft engines (36F). H e indicates where specific alloy deposits have been of value to design and production requirements. Electroless nickel used on aluminum alloy pistons reduces wear substantially and protects from corrosive effects of combustion products of leaded fuels. I t has also been applied to the interior and exterior surfaces of hollow steel blades. Nickel-cadmium has excellent corrosion resistance after exposures as high as 900' F. Curran, Riegert, Francis. Truesdale: and Tinklepaugh describe electroplating of successive layers of chromium and nickel on cermet turbine buckets ( 7 4 F ) . Heat treatment for improving the adherence of deposits and to interdiffuse plate into cermet surface was recommended. Ceramic materials are clad with nickel by a combination electroless and electrolytic plating process. Nickel plate was not bonded chemically to the ceramic but had remarkable resistance to peeling and blistering when heated rapidly. Plated nickel has been applied in the nuclear field. Crooks describes the procedure for plating porous fuel cores to provide better bonding of stainless steel cladding (73F). Beach describes methods for electroplating adherent metal coatings directly on thorium ( 4 F ) . Adherent nickel can be electroplated on a pretreated thorium surface. Cain reports on the chemical displacement plating of zirconium and Zircalloy ( S F ) . Thin nickel and nickel-chromium-iron alloy replacement coatings of excellent adherence can be deposited on Zircalloy by immersion in aqueous baths containing hydrofluoric acid and salts of the metals to be deposited. Murre11 reviews the corrosion of automobile bodies and considers preventive design and treatment (29F). Bright nickel i s far less effective than dull nickel in protecting against corrosion. Bright anodized aluminum for car trim is more easily damaged by knocks and abrasive polishes than a nickel-chromium finish. Bigge discusses the quality of decorative plating (5F). Nickel plating (1.5-mil) has given excellent protection

NICKEL

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from corrosion The Vauxhall Motors Plant contains tlvo Canning straightthrough plants, one for copper and one for nickle and chromium plating (77F). Nickel plating is from a Gleamax bright nickel solution. IVesley suggests as possible practical solutions to the problem of bumper corrosion: deposition of coatings with least objectionable appearing breakdown; thicker chromium coatings; multiple nickel layers; and multiple layers with one layer of metal different from nickel (39F). T h e best combination for the latter is nickel-chromium-nickel-chromium. T h e best way to improve corrosion resistance of products now is to double the nickel thickness and multiply the chromium thickness by 4. A new method for evaluating the capacity of plating installations is presented bv Bart1 and Mudroch ( 3 F ) . Values are given for brass, nickel, and chromium plating of bumpers. Brown reports the use of a dual nickel plate instead of a bright nickel plate for improving outdoor corrosion resistance of chromimum-nickel-chromium-plated zinc die casts on automobiles ( 7 F ) . Carlson reports the latest development in improving corrosion resistance of die castings used for outdoor exposure is to apply duplex nickel deposits over the copper ( 7 0 F ) . Duplex nickel deposits improve corrosion properties of over-all plating. Blount discusses plating and paint decorating zinc die castings ( 6 F ) . The development of a successful bright nickel bath would be a boon to those who plate zinc-base die castings (3ZF). Saubestre reviews some of the reasons why nickel is almost never deposited from alkaline solutions (35F), with examples of solutions presented in the literature, notably for plating on zinc. hdapting the alkaline electroless nickel bath to electroplating is outlined. Foran discusses the plater's art in printed circuitry and lists purposes, properties. and applications for various plating materials. A thickness of 0.0003 to 0.001 inch of nickel plus 0.00003 to 0,00005 inch of gold gives a hard, wearresistant contact surface where low contact resistance is important. A thickness of 0.0003 to 0,001 inch of nickel plus 0.00001 to 0.00005 inch of rhodium gives a higher contact resistance than gold but is much longer wearing. A photograph shows a finished nickelrhodium plated circuit ( 2 7 F ) . Brass tablewear electroplated with rhodium weighing 1.5 mg. per square dm. over a 14-micron-thick nickel overcoat for tarnish resistance withstands intensive wear in hotels and restaurants (33F). -4new type of nickel deposit is extremely hard (600 Brinell) yet flexible. Micrograin nickel, developed by Metachemical Processes (25F), has unusually

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high resistance to abrasion and impact. Electroforms are being used on the leading edges of aircraft propellers, where they guard deicer elements against rupture. Its reported superior properties stem from very fine grain size deposited electrolytically. The finished electroform is under compressive stress, whereas most electrolytic deposits show tensile stress. The process, properties, and applications are reviewed. The Barrett Chemical Plating Co. supplies specialty platers with a ready-made sulfamic acid plating bath (75F). Nickel laid down by this bath has compressive stress and is ductile. Its uses include plating of electrotypes and stereotypes in the plating industry, aluminum air inducer and propeller blades for jet aircraft printed circuits on plastic boards, and master molds for phonograph records. Stressfree nickel plating (26F) is finding engineering applications on parts plated to improve fatigue life and minimize fretting and wear, and in electroforming to avoid distortion. It holds promise for improved high-temperature coatings for missiles and rockets. \Yithers and Ritt present a new method for obtaining nickel electrodeposits on aluminum with excellent adhesion (4OF). Heat-treating the nickel-clad aluminum forms islands of aluminum-nickel alloy which provide a suitable surface for further plating. Linford and Feder give results of a study for plating nickel on oxidized copper (23F). Arnold describes a new sequence of operations for producing a bright nickel-chromium finish on pressed steel domestic iron covers, emphasizing the economics of this process as compared with the original process ( 2 F ) . Mitchell and Starkey report the use of a nickelchromium plated mild steel shaft in conjunction with DU bearings which are widely used in automotive, industrial machinery, and the aircraft industries in England (28F).

Fabrication, Welding, and Brazing Sickel - cobalt - chromium superalloys are not difficult to machine (74G). High quality machine tools, sharp cutting tools of the proper design and material, low speeds and feeds, a continuous cutting action, and intermediate cooling are the minimum requirements for success. Many machining techniques used with the austenitic stainless steels work with the superalloys. Haley ( S G ) discusses welding (joint design, edge preparation, jigs, and fixtures), forming, heat treatment, descaling, and forging of high strength superalloys. Welding techniques used for lining vessels with nickel-molybdenum and nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys are illustrated. Welding conditions for submerged-melt,

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sigma, metallic-arc, and inert-gas arcshielded welding of nickel-chromiumiron-molybdenum alloy are tabulated, Barnett reviews filler metals for hard facing ( 2 G ): comparative ratings in terms of hardness? atmosphere corrosion resistance to hot deformation, heavy abrasion service, and sliding and rolling service wear for ferrous metals, cobaltbase alloys, carbides, copper-base alloys, and nickel-base alloys (nickel-coppernickel-chromium and nickel-chromiumtungsten-molybdenum) . Zuchowski and Seely discuss mechanized surfacing with alloy materials (78G). Photographs show nickel surfacing of cast iron paper rolls with inert-gas consumableelectrode process and cold-wire addition ; and surfacing of carbon steel plate with Type 308L using an inert-gas consumable-electrode in flat and vertical positions. Birkhead deals in general terms with welding processes, techniques, and problems in the manufacture of industrial and chemical plants in mild steel, stainless steel, stainless-clad, nickel and nickel alloys. and aluminum and its alloys. Welding details are given for a road tanker made from welding-grade A-T nickel for bulk transport of pure phenol (4G). Two special welding jobs (6G) are stainless steel nitric absorption tower weighing 93 tons and a road tank in pure nickel (believed to be the largest yet made in pure nickel). Christofferson discusses special welding techniques for petrochemical vessels (7G). Hortonclad plate is being used for an increasing number of refinery applications. Adaptable, multishaped Hortonclad is available with claddings of 300 and 400 Series stainless steel, Inconel alloy, Monel alloy, nickel, Hastelloy alloys. pure silver, copper. 70-30 copper-nickel, Carpenter 20 alloy titanium, zirconium, and aluminum bronze. Worn discusses the fundamental need for welding nonferrous tubes into feedwater heaters (77G). Welded-in copper-nickel or nickel-copper tube is now standard on all Lummus heaters. Bennett (3G) discusses the welding of monel nickel-copper alloy, copper, 70-30 copper-nickel, copper-zinc alloys, and stainless steel tubes to tube sheets of the same metals or carbon steel. Patriarca, Slaughter, and Manly also discuss heat-exchanger fabrication ( 73G). Tubeto-tube sheet welding and brazing procedures have been incorporated into the fabrication of nickel-base alloy heat exchangers for elevated temperature service (atomic energy applications). Prototype components of Inconel alloy consisting of compact and relatively complex assemblies of thin-walled small diameter tubing performed satisfactorily in service. Ultrasonic welding can make sound welds in otherwise unweldable metal

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

and joint types (77G). Metals commonly used in the electronic industrycopper, aluminum, and nickel-can be welded when the thickness of one member is 0.00015 to 0.040 inch. Coppernickel filler rods are commonly selected to join copper-nickel base metals because of exceptionally good resistance to salt water corrosion (7G). Lewis summarizes the performance of brazing alloys commonly used for hydrogen brazing of aircraft, missile, and electronic parts (72G). Palladium additions to silver increase the melting temperature, strength, and ability to \vet iron and nickel-base alloys. Manganese further improves wetting. For joining stainless, Inconel alloy and other heat-resisting alloys a 70-30 manganese-nickel is used. Slaughter, Patriarca, and Manly discuss techniques and procedures used to bond cermet-valve components to metals for high-temperature fluid service (76G). Binder materials lvere primarily nickel and cobalt. Cibula discusses the soundness of high-temperature brazed joints in heat-resisting alloys and the influence of composition and brazing conditions on the spread of molten brazing alloys ( 8 G ) . Huschke and Hoppin cover high temperature vacuum brazing of jet engine materials ( 70G). Cape discusses brazing alloys for missiles (5G).

Bibliography (1A) International Sickel Co., “The Supply of Nickel, 1958-1961,” M a y 1, 1958. Applications, Chemical and Process Industries (IB) Badger, F. S . , IND.E h c . CHEM.50,

1608-11 (1958). 12B) Barbcr. 3. C.. Corrosion 14, 357t-62t (1958). 13B) Battelle Tech. Proer. Rev. No. 4, 21-38 (1958). (4B) Binder, W. O., Chem. Eng. Progr. 54, No. 11, 45-30 (1958). (5B) Braun, W. J., Fink, F. W., Ericson, G. L., U. S . .Atomic Energy Comm. BMI-1237 (Dec. 3. 1357). (6B) Chem. E n g . 6 5 , 131-8 (Nov. 3 , 1958). (7B) Chem. Processing 20, S o . 12, 132-4 (1957). (8B) Zbid., 21, No. 2, 96-’ (1958). (9B) Connors, J. S., Seyer, C. L., Proc. A m . Petrol. Inst. 38, Section 111, 39-50 (1958). (10B) Dickinson, T. .\,, .Cfetal Treating 9, 10, 65 (September-October 1958). ( I l B ) Drahos, F. R., Chem. E n g . 65, NO. 5, 162, 164, 166 11958). (12B) Dyck, A. i V . J.? Paper Znd. 40, S o . 1, 16-23, 32 (19581. (13B) Ellis, S . R. M,, Varjavandi, J., Chem. @ Process Eng. 39, No. 7 , 239-43 (1958). (14B) Fink, F. W., 1h.D. ENG. CHEM.50, 129A-31 (January 1958 I . (15B) Heyman, D.! Kelling, F. E. T., Corrosion Technol. 5, N o . 5, 148-51, 158 (19581. (16B) Joseph, J.: Diesel Progr. 24, No. 10, 40-1 (October 19583. (17B) Kane, E. D.. Langlois, G. E., Proc. A m . Petrol. Inst. 38, Sect. 111, 156-60 (1958).

NICKEL (18B) Lang, F. S., Mason, J. F., Jr., Corrosion 14, 65-8 (1958). (19B) LaQue, F. L., Chem. E n g . Progr. 54, NO. 11, 58-64 (1958). (20B) Manning, J. A., Corrosion 13, 757t-66t (h‘ovember 1957). (21B) Marron, A. J., IND.ENG. CHEM. 50,1460-9 (1958). (22B) Mason, J. F., Schillmoller, C. M., Corrosion 15, 18%-93t (1959). (23B) Milford, R. P., IND. ENG. CHEM. 5 0 , 187-91 (1958). (24B) Miller, P. D., Peterson, C. L., Fink, F. W., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm., BMI-1242 (Dec. 11, 1957). (25B) Power 102, No. 2, 136, 138 (1958).

High Temperature (1C ) Aczers Jins & speciaux No. 29, 67-73

(July 1958). (2C) A m . Machinist 102, KO.1, 158 (Jan. 13, 1958). (3C) Badger, F. S., IND.ENG.CHEM.50, 1608-11 (1958). (4C) Badger, F. S., J . Metals 10, S o . 8, 512-6 (1958). (5C) Badger, F. S . , Fritzlen, G. A., “Metals for Supersonic Aircraft and Missiles,” Am. SOC.Metals, pp. 234-260, 1958.

(6C) Baker, N. L., Missiles and Rockets 4, 50-1 (Oct. 20,1958). (7C) Binder, W . O., Chem. E n g . Progr. 54, NO. 11,45-50 (1958). (8C) BishoD. E. C.. Machine & Tool Blue Book 53,720-4 (June 1958). (9C) Brown, J. T., Wilson, J. E., Metal Progr. 74, No. 5, 83-7 (1958). (10‘2) Eisenhauer, J. J., Preston, J., Materials i n Design E n g . 47, No. 2, 116-7 (1958). (11C) Kieffer, R., Benesovsky, F., Metallurgia 58, 119-24 (September 1958). (12C) Kihlgren, T. E., Aoiation A g e 28, 30-5 (February 1958); 130-4, 136-7 (March 1958). (13C) Kopituk, R . C., Ibid., 28, 104-9 (January 1958). (14C) Koshiba, S., Kuno, T., Xippo,n Kinzoku Gakkaishi 22, 169-73 (April 1958). (15C) LaQue, F. L., Steel Processing and Conr;ersion 42, No. 12, 691-4, 709-10 (1957). (16C) Metal PrOgr. 74, NO. 2 , 96B-D (1958). (17C) Ibid., h-0. 4, 134-9. (18C) NACA RM E 5 5 H 0 2 (Jan. 31, 1958). (19C) Nuell, W. T. Von Der, Trans. A m . SOC. M e c h . E n g . 80, 941-58 (May 1958). (20C) Oxx, G. D., Jr., Product E n g . 29, NO. 3, 61-3 (1958). (21C) Pearl, H. A,, S..4.E. Preprint 46B, 1958; S.A.E. Journal 66, No. 8 , 70-1 (1958). (22C) Power Notes (Diamond Power Specialty Corp., Lancaster, Ohio) 45, 6-8 (January-February 1958). (23C) Rous, W. C., Jr., Missiles and Rockets 3, 91-2, 95-6, 98, 100 (March 1958?. (24C) Sheet M e t a l Inds. 35, No. 376, 630-5 11958). \ - - - - , -

(25C) Stevens, J. H., Aircraft 20, 20-1, 23-4, 26, 68-80 (August 1958). (26C) Welding J . (A‘. Y.)36, No. 12, 1248 (1957).

(2?Cy Zaehringer, A . J., Nolan, R. Xf., Missiles and Rockets 3, No. 3, 69-’5 (1958). Electronic (ID) Comer, J., Elec. Mfg. 61, No. 3, 110-4, 308 (1958).

(2D) Electromechanical Design 6, 46-9 (May 1958). (3D) Elijah, L. M., W i r e and U’ire Products 33. NO. 7. 776-9. 811-12 11958). (4D)’ Fabian, R. ’J., M a t e h s in Design E n g . 47, No. 2, 104-8 (1958). (5D) Gustavson, J., Aviation .4ge 29, 186-9 (April 1958) (6D) Hardin, K. S., Electronic Equipment E n g . 6, 39-42 (July 1958). 17D) Javitz, A. E., Jacobs, P. G., Elec. M f g . 62, No. 5, 111-34 (1958). (8D) Linden, D., Daniel, A. F., Electron irs 31. No. 29. 59-65 (1958). (9D)’ MacDonald. \V. J., Missile Desien Development 4, 22-4 (November 195%). (lOD) Rogel’berg, I. L., ShipichinetskG, Ye. S., Tscetnye Metal. 1957, S o . 11, 67-74. (11D) Smith, 0. K., Product E n g . 29, 1, 61 (1958). -- . (12D) Spring, LV. S., Elec. M f g . 61, No. 2, 138-9, 158 (1958). (13D) Wyman, J. H., Kuhnapfel, R . H., Electronic Design 5, 24-7 (Dec. 15, 195’1. \ -

Miscellaneous (1E) Fiedler, J. L., M i t a u x 33, 270-87 (June 1958). (2E) Furness, E. M., Henderson, A. S., M i n i n g Eng. 9 ( T r a n s . A I M E 208). NO. 12, l3%9-G (1957). (3E) Irrgang, 0. R., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. MTA-32 (Feb. 3, 19531. (4E) Product E n g . 29, No. 37, B12 (1958’. (5E) Ibid., No. 3, 18 (1958). (6E) Spencer, L. F., M e t a l Fznishtng J . (London) 5 5 , No. 12, 56-60 (135’1; 56, KO.2, 66-9 (1958). Plating (1F) Aitken, A, McL., Electroplating m d M e t a l Finishing 11, No. 12, 427-31

(17F) Ibid., No. 4, pp. 125-33. (18F) Ibid., No. 6, p. 197. (19Fj Zbid.; NO. 8; p. 291. (20F) Feldmann, A. A., Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.) Circ. 587 (Nov. 15, 1957). (21F) Foran, N., Plating 44, No. 10,1071-8 (1957). (22F) Frey, S . S., Tech. Proc. . h i . Electroplaters’ Soc. 45, 150-6 (1958). (23F) Linford, H . B., Feder, D. O., Plating 45, No. 4, 349-59 (1958). (24F) Marshall, A , , Electronics 3 CommuniCations 6, 20-3 (January 1958). (25F) M e t a l Finishing J . (London) 4, No. 40, 143 (1958). 126F) M e t a l Progr. 73, No. 4, 90-2 (1958). (27F) Missel, L., M e t a l Finishing J . (London) 56, No. 9,49-51 (1958). (28F) Mitchell, D. C., Starkey, D. A , Engrs’ Digest 19, 143-7 (April 1958). (29F) Murrell, K. A., Corroston Preoent. 3 Control 5, No. 3, 49-54 (1958). (30F) Panikkar, S. K., Rama Char, T. L., Denki R a g a h 25, No. 11, 573-5 (1957). (31F) Pierce, G. V., Western Machinery and Steel World 49, No. 10, 62-4 (1958). (32Fj Precision M e t a l Molding 16, XO. 2, 67 (1958). (33F) Prod. Finishing 11, 54 (1958). (34F) Reich, H. -4,, Pacific Factory 89, No. 3, 30,46 (1958). 135F) Saubestre, E. B., Plating 45, No. 5 , 479-85 (1958). (36F) Scott, B. E., Tech. Proc. Am. Electroplater’s SOC.45, 93-6 (1958). (37F) Stephenson, W. B., Jr., Prods. Finishing 22, KO. 10, 38-40, 42 (1958). 138F) Stokes, W. J. B., 11, Modern Plastics 36, NO. 4, 121-2, 125, 126 (1958). (39F) Wesley, W. A , Prods. Finishing 22, NO. 10, 32-4 (1958). (40F) Withers, J. C., Ritt, P. E., h f d d Finishing J . (London) 56, No. 1, 53-4, 57 (1958).

i\ l- 9- -5- ,8- L

(2F) Arnold, G., Trans. Znst. M e t a l Finishing 35 (1958); Metal Ind. (London) 92, 411-2 (May 16,1958). (3F) Bartl, D. O., Mudroch, O., Electroplating and Metal Finishing 11, No. 2 , 43-6 (1958). (4F) Beach, J. G., Shaer, G. R., Faust, C. L., Faust, C. L., U. S. -4tomic Energy Comm. Rept. BMI-T-7 (Feb. 1, 1949). (5F) Bigge, D. M., S.A.E. Preprint 22A (1958). (6F) Blount, E. A., Prods. Finishing 22, NO. 5, 34-43 (1958). (7F) Brown, H., Preciston M e t a l Molding 16, NO. 7, 39-41 (July 1958). (8F) Buschman, F. X., Electronic Znds. 18, NO. 1, 53-7, 148; NO. 2, 64-6 (1959). (9F) Cain, F. M., Jr., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. WAPD-BT-6, 48-57; B e t h Tech. Rev., January 1958). 110F) Carlson. E. E.. Precision M e t a l Mblding 16,39-41 (August 1958). (11F) Couch, D. E., Shapiro, H., Brenner, A , J . Electrochem. Sac. 105, 485-6 (August 1958). (12F) Couch, D. E., Shapiro, H., Taylor, J. K., Brenner, .4.,Zbid., 105, 450-6 (August 1958). (13F) Crooks, D. D., U. S . Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. KAPL-M-DDC-1 (Oct. 26, 1956). (14F) Curran, M. T., Riegert, R. P., Francis, R. K., Truesdale, R. S., Tinklepaugh, J. R., W r i g h t A i r Decelop. Center Tech. Rept. 57-39, PB 131,188 (May 1957). (15F) Du Pont M a g . 52, 20-1 (June/July 1958). (16F) Electroplating and .$fetal Finishing 11, No. 2, 62-3 (1958). ~

Fabrication, Welding, and Brazing (1G) Barnett, 0. T., Welding ,Engr. 43, NO. 1, 18, 56, 59-62 S (1958). (2G) Ibid., No. 5,40-5. (3G) Bennett, R. W., Welding J. (A’. Y.) 37, NO. 11, 1071-80 (1958). (4G’i Birkhead, M., Brit. Welding J . 5, NO. 5, 202-11 (1958). (5G) Cape, A . T., Western Metaltoorking 16, NO. 4, 50-1 j1958). (6G) Chem. & Process Eng. 39, No. 4, 11011 (1958). (7G) Christofferson, D., Western .\/letalworking 16, No. 4, 48 (1958). (8G) Cibula, A,, Brit. Welding J . 5, S o . 5, 185-201 (1958). (9G) Haley, H. E., 7001Engr. 41, 96-101 (November 1958). (10G) Huschke, E. G., Jr., Hoppin, G. S., 111, Welding J . (Ar. Y.)37, No. S? 233s40s (1958). ( l l G ) Ind. & Welding 31, No. 2, 54, 56-7 (1958). (12G) Lewis, H., Ray, R. L., Il’estern Metalworking 16, No. 6 , 23-6 (1958). (l3G) Patriarca, P., Slaughter, G. hl., Manly, W. D., Welding J . (.V. Y.) 36, No. 12, 1172-8 (1957). (14G) Precision M e t a l Molding 16, S o . 11, 36-7 (1958). (15G) Setaper,A. M.,Zron A g e l 8 1 , 110-11 (May 8 , 1958). (16G) Slaughter, G. hl., Patriarca, P., Manly, W. D., Welding J . (’V. Y.1 37, NO. 6, 249-54s (1958). (17G) Worn, G. A , , Proc. .4m. Power Conf. 19, 285-90, 291-3 (1957). (18G) Zuchowski, R . S., Neely, J. H., M’elding J . ( N . Y.) 37, No. 1, 22-9 (1958).

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