436
R. HOUWIKK REFERENCES
(1) BROWN: J. Am. Chem. Sac. 56, 646 (1934). AND NATHANSOHN: Kolloid-Z. 28, 255 (1928). (2) FREUNDLICH (31 GRAHAAI: J. Chem. sac. 15, 249 (1862). A N D MCQUEEK:J. Phys. Chem. 37, 553 (1933). (4) HAZEL AND RICQCEEK: J. Phya. Chem. 37, 571 (1933). (5) HAZEL (6) JONES . ~ N DHARTMANN: J. Am. Chem. Sac. 37, 752 (1915). (7) LOTTERYOSER: Kolloid-Z. 6, 75 (1910). (8) SORCX:J. Am. Cheni. SOC.50, 1263 (1928). A N D JOHNSOK: J. .4m. Chem. SOC.35, 543 (1931). (9) THOMAS (10) WEISER: J. Phys. Chem. 34, 335 (1930). (11) WEISER: J. Phys. Chem. 36, 1 (1931). (12) WEISER: J. Phys. Chem. 36, 1368 (1931). . ~ N DCHAPX&N: J . Phys. Chem. 36, 543 (1931). (13) ~TEISER (14) WEISERm n C H A P X ~ NJ.: Phys. Chem. 36, 713 (1932). (15) WEISER A N D GRAY:J. Phys. Chem. 36, 2178 (1932). (16) WEISER AND GRAY:J . Phys. Chem. 36, 2796 (1932). (17) WEISER A N D GRAY:J. Phys. Chem. 39, 1163 (1935). (18) WEISER. ~ N DMILLIGAN:J . Phys. Chem. 40, 1071 (1936). (19) WEISER, MILLIG.4N, .4ND COPPOC: J. Phys. Chem. 42, 427 (1938). (20) WEISER AND RADCLIFFE: J. Phys. Chem. 32, 1875 (1928). (21) ZSIGYONDY:Ann. 301, 361 (1898).
OK THE STRUCTURE OF RUBBER’ R.HOUWINK The Rubber Foundation, Delft, Netherlands Received June 8, 1941 I. INTRODUCTIOK
I t \vi11 not be necessary to explain to readers of this journal that rubber is made up of long-chain molecules in “knauel”2 form. However, in recent times a few more perfections have come t o light., which \vi11 be examined more closely in this paper. II. THE
‘‘XKXUEL”
STRUCTURE
After Staudinger’s m-ell-known conception of the rubber molecule in the form of rigid rods had gradually been pushed into the background ( 6 ; cf. also I), the assumption, especially of Kuhn (13) and of Guth and Mark ( 5 ; cf. also the more recent publications mentioned in references 2, 3, 4, 11, and 15), of the 1
Communication Xo. 27 from The Rubber Foundation, Delft, Netherlands.
* The German word “I