(223) West, F. I57.
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Chemical Microscopy George G. Cocks, Cornell University, Ithaca,
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in this series by Cocks (33) covered the two-year period ending in October 1965. This review covers the period from October 1965 through December 1967. As is usually the case, a number of references concerned with chemical microscopy were inadvertently omitted from the previous review. Some of these are included in this review. It is the purpose of this review to report on articles and books of potential interest to those who use the microscope to solve chemical problems. However, “chemical problems” are so diverse and the use of the microscope is so widespread that this kind of review must be restricted in various ways. Therefore, in the review, no attempt has been made to include biochemical, metallographicall or petrographical applications of microscopy except when they appear to be of direct interest to chemists. The chemical applications of electron microscopy are not reported here because they are the subject of a separate review. An attempt has been made to include references to publications in the fields of optics and crystallography which appear to be of potential interest to chemical microscopists. The great diversity and number of publications, concerned with the microscope and its use in chemical studies, makes it impossible to find and review all of them. The author would greatly appreciate comments or suggestions, particularly with regard to the omission of important publications. HE PREVIOUS REVIEW
MEETINGS A N D SYMPOSIA
The year 1966 was the Royal Charter centenary year for the Royal Microscopical Society. I n celebration of the centenary, a number of meetings were held. The first of these, a conference on Historical -4spects of Microscopy, was held at Oxford on 18 March 1966. The 158 R
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papers read at this conference were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society 2, Part 1 (1967). -4paper by A. C. Crombie (40) was entitled “The Mechanistic Hypothesis and the Scientific Study of Vision,” and subtitled, “Some Optical Ideas as a Background to the Invention of the Microscope.” Bradbury (22) reported on “The Quality of the Image Produced by the Compound Microscope: 1700-1840.” He tested the optical quality of 16 microscopes from various collections by photographing standard test objects such as an Abbe test plate and a test plate mounting several diatoms. H e also measured the numerical aperture and focal lengths of the lenses, and, in addition, he compared the images produced by these lenses with the image produced by a modern well corrected lens. G. L’ E. Turner (224) spoke on “The hlicroscope as a Technical Frontier in Science,’, reporting, among other things, the numerical apertures and resolutions attained as a function of date. These data are based on measurements made by the best microscopists of the time, using as a test object a Sorbert plate. A second meeting celebrating the Royal Charter centenary was held in London, 18-22 July, 1966. Survey papers read a t this meeting included; “The future of the optical microscope” by R. Barer, “The future of the electron microscope” by V. E. Cosslett, “The history of the microscope” by hl. Rooseboom, “The role of the microscope in the study of dynamic processes” by -1. T. IF’, Hughes, “The role of the microscope in the study of metals” by A. G. Quarrell, “Microscopy in crime detection” by K. Simpson, and “The design of the biological students microscope” by J. R. Baker. Group sessions were held on a great variety of topics including autoradiography, animal fibers, miiier-
alogy, photomicrography, metallurgy, fluorescence, interference, plastics, crystallography, man-made fibers, teaching and techniques. Another meeting entitled R.M.S. Chicago-66, also celebrating the R.M.S. Charter centenary, was held in Chicago 15-19 August 1966. This meeting was subtitled, “The role of the microscope in scientific investigation.” Papers of particular interest to chemical microscopists included : “Developments in the use of the scanning microscope” by A. D . G. Stewart, “Color photo-micrography with slightly uiicrossed polars” by R. Draftz and J. Delly, “The combination of microscopes and computers for the analysis of chromosomes” by A. Stroud, J. Butler, and SI. Butler, “The S i k o n differential interference microscope with reflected light” by T. Yamamoto, “.1 series of flat field objectives” by R. L. Seideiiberg, “The schlieren microscope,” by J. S. Dodd “Oblique metal shadowing as an aid in interpreting detail in transparent specimens” by J. Facq, “Refractive index determination by crystal rotation methods” by F. T. Jones, “Microchemical tests on sub-nanogram particles” by J. Teetsov and A. Teetsov, and a “Study of porous materials by interference microscopy” by D. G. Grabar. The State Microscopical Society of Illinois held an all-day symposium on 23 February 1967. Among the papers presented were ‘Wicroscopy or Microscopies” by G. G. Cocks, “Differential color illumination” by J. G. Delly, “Detection and identification of drugs by microchemical techniques” by A. Principe, and “Identification of gas chromatography effluents” by J. Reffner. The New York Microscopical Society has continued its active program in microscopy with a series of moiithly meetings, and with a symposium entitled “Microscopists and instrument mak-
