Organoaluminum Compounds R. F. SCHULTZ Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.
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Aluminum alkyl reactions which have possible industrial applications are discussed. Ziegler a n d his coworkers have outlined a new field of organic reactions, using organoaluminum compounds, which will have a tremendous impact on both basic and applied organic chemistry.
T h e first o r g a n o a l u m i n u m c o m p o u n d , t r i m e t h y l a l u m i n u m , w a s m a d e i n 1865 b y t h e r e a c t i o n of d i m e t h y l m e r c u r y a n d a l u m i n u m (8). S u b s e q u e n t l y , v e r y l i t t l e w o r k w a s d o n e o n o r g a n o a l u m i n u m c o m p o u n d s u n t i l 1948 w h e n Z i e g l e r a n d h i s c o w o r k e r s o f t h e M a x P l a n c k I n s t i t u t f u r K o h l e n f o r s c h u n g s t a r t e d i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e m as c a t a l y s t s and chemical intermediates. T h e classical preparative methods using m e r c u r y d i a l k y l s a n d a l u m i n u m , G r i g n a r d reagents a n d a l u m i n u m c h l o r i d e , o r e t h y l c h l o r i d e w i t h a l u m i n u m a n d s o d i u m a r e t o o c o s t l y f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a l u m i n u m a l k y l s o n a c o m m e r c i a l scale f o r use as chemical intermediates. Ziegler developed several methods for t h e low-cost p r o d u c t i o n of a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l s w h i c h i n c l u d e : r e a c t i o n of a n a l u m i n u m - m a g n e s i u m a l l o y w i t h a n a l k y l h a l i d e (20, 21), A l · M g + 6 R C 1 -> 2 A 1 R + 3 M g C l 2
3
3
a d d i t i o n of a n olefin t o a l u m i n u m h y d r i d e
(16),
A 1 H + 3 C H = C R -> A 1 ( C H C H R ) 3
(1)
2
2
2
2
2
(2)
3
a n d r e a c t i o n b e t w e e n a l u m i n u m , h y d r o g e n , a n d a n olefin ( 7 , 18). A l + 1 . 5 H + 3 C H „ -> A K C J W O 3 2
n
(3)
2
T h e l a s t r e a c t i o n is c a r r i e d o u t r e a d i l y w i t h 1 , 1 - d i s u b s t i t u t e d olefins s u c h as i s o b u t y l e n e . G o o d y i e l d s of t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m c a n b e m a d e f r o m finely d i v i d e d a l u m i n u m , h y d r o g e n , a n d i s o b u t y l e n e a t 50 t o 100 a t m o s p h e r e s a n d a b o u t 1 2 0 ° C . W i t h ethylene a n d monosubstituted ethylenes, a n indirect m e t h o d c a n be used. A l u m i n u m , h y d r o g e n , a n d some p r e v i o u s l y p r e p a r e d a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l react t o f o r m t h e a l u m i n u m d i a l k y l h y d r i d e . T h e n olefin is s u p p l i e d w h i c h a d d s to the a l u m i n u m h y d r o g e n b o n d t o f o r m t h e t r i a l k y l . I n p r a c t i c e , t h i s t a k e s p l a c e i n o n e step b y t h e r e a c t i o n of a l u m i n u m , a n olefin, h y d r o g e n , a n d a n a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l . F o r e x a m p l e , with ethylene: A l + I.5H2 + 2 A 1 ( C H ) + 3 C H -> 3 A 1 ( C H ) 2
5
3
2
4
2
5
3
(4)
T h e t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m is a c t i n g as a c a t a l y s t f o r i t s o w n f o r m a t i o n . T h u s , w e n o w h a v e a l o w - c o s t process f o r p r e p a r i n g a n y a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l f r o m a v a i l a b l e a l p h a olefins. 163
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
164
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES T h e l o w e r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l s are w a t e r - w h i t e l i q u i d s ,
g r a v i t y a b o u t 0.8, a n d a r e s o l u b l e i n h y d r o c a r b o n
solvents.
specific
The methyl and ethyl
d e r i v a t i v e s c a n b e d i s t i l l e d a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e s a t 130° a n d 1 9 4 ° C , r e s p e c t i v e l y . H i g h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e series c a n be d i s t i l l e d a t l o w pressures w i t h o u t
decomposition
— e . g . , t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m , w h i c h has a b o i l i n g p o i n t of 4 0 ° C . a t 0.1 m m . of m e r c u r y pressure. water.
T h e l o w e r m e m b e r s are s p o n t a n e o u s l y
flammable
T h e c h e m i s t r y of a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l s
is based
i n air and o n contact w i t h l a r g e l y o n t h e r e a c t i o n s of
t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m a n d the h i g h e r h o m o l o g s , as t h e y a r e m a d e r e a d i l y f r o m c h e a p r a w materials. M e t a l alkyls are extremely reactive chemicals.
R e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e has b e e n
pub
l i s h e d o n t h e r e a c t i o n s of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s , a n d i t has b e e n o n l y i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s
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t h a t r e a c t i o n s o f t h e m h a v e b e e n d i s c o v e r e d w h i c h are c o m m e r c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t .
Thermal Decomposition A t y p i c a l r e a c t i o n of a l l a l u m i n u m a l k y l s i s t h e i r ease of t h e r m a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n i n t o m e t a l l i c a l u m i n u m , a n olefin, a n d h y d r o g e n a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s .
This ap
p e a r s t o i n v o l v e t w o d i s t i n c t steps as s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n s 5 a n d 6 f o r t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m (14) : CH \
(
/
3
/
\
CH CH X
/
x
CH / 3
3
/
100°C.
/
\
> A1H I C H C H
J
2
CII \
J + CH =C(CH )
2
V
3
\
2
H
/
8
2
(5)
2
CH v 3
/
/
\
A1H f C H C H
\w
V
>200°C.
> A l + 1.5H + 2 C H = C ( C H )
j
2
2
2
3
(6)
2
2
C o m p o u n d s i n w h i c h the a l k y l s are s t r a i g h t - c h a i n e d r a d i c a l s are m u c h m o r e s t a b l e t h a n those i n w h i c h b r a n c h i n g o c c u r s o n t h e s e c o n d c a r b o n a t o m .
Trimethylaluminum
a n d t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m can be distilled w i t h o u t decomposition a t atmospheric a n d d o n o t b r e a k d o w n u n t i l r e l a t i v e l y h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s are r e a c h e d .
pressure
Triisobutyl
a l u m i n u m a n d s i m i l a r a l k y l s lose 1 m o l e of olefin a t 1 0 0 ° C . t o f o r m t h e m o n o h y d r i d e . The monohydride
is stable u p t o about
200°C. and then breaks down
completely
(Equation 6). These
reactions show
some p r o m i s e
of h a v i n g c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n where i t
is d e s i r e d t o d e p o s i t films o f a l u m i n u m o n m e t a l a n d n o n m e t a l l i c s u r f a c e s . be d o n e i n t w o w a y s .
This can
G l a s s a n d m e t a l l i c surfaces m a y be c o a t e d b y p a s s i n g v a p o r s of
t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m o v e r s u c h surfaces w h i l e h e a t i n g t h e m t o a b o u t 2 5 0 ° C .
This must
be d o n e a t r e d u c e d pressures because t h e t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m c a n n o t b e d i s t i l l e d s u c c e s s f u l l y a b o v e 10 m m .
T h e same r e s u l t is p r o d u c e d b y first m a k i n g d i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m
h y d r i d e , into w h i c h the object t o be coated about 250°C. are f o r m e d very
is d i p p e d , a n d subsequently heating t o
I n e i t h e r case, a l u m i n u m i s d e p o s i t e d , a n d i s o b u t y l e n e a n d
a n d m u s t be s w e p t
away.
p u r e a l u m i n u m b y first t r e a t i n g
T h i s decomposition finely
hydrogen
can be used t o prepare
divided, activated a l u m i n u m w h i c h is
relatively i m p u r e w i t h isobutylene a n d hydrogen t o f o r m the a l k y l .
T h e n the a l k y l is
Reaction d e c o m p o s e dwith t o f Active o r m v e r yHydrogen p u r e a l u m i n u m (11). A n o t h e r t y p i c a l reaction of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s a n d a l l m e t a l a l k y l s is t h e i r a c t i o n w i t h a c t i v e h y d r o g e n s u c h as t h a t c o n t a i n e d i n w a t e r , a c i d s , a n d a l c o h o l s . A 1 R + 3 H X -> A 1 X + 3 R H 3
3
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
(7)
165
SCHULTZ—ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
I n t h i s case a s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n is f o r m e d , a n d t h e a l u m i n u m a p p e a r s as a l u m i n u m alcoholate, a l u m i n u m hydroxide, o r a n a l u m i n u m salt. T h i s r e a c t i o n c o u l d b e u s e d t o c o n v e r t olefins t o s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s , b u t i t is n o t a c o m m e r c i a l l y a t t r a c t i v e s u b s t i t u t e f o r h y d r o g é n a t i o n . A s i t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m o s t of t h e losses o f a l u m i n u m a l k y l s i n o r d i n a r y c h e m i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s , i t necessitates c a r e f u l p u r i f i c a t i o n of olefins a n d o t h e r reagents w h i c h a r e u s e d i n c o n nection w i t h a l u m i n u m a l k y l reactions.
Oxidation A
characteristic
reaction
of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s i s t h e f o r m a t i o n
of a l u m i n u m
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a l c o h o l a t e s o n t r e a t m e n t w i t h o x y g e n (14)· A1R + I.5O2-» A l ( O R ) ; 3
T h i s r e a c t i o n shows p r o m i s e as a process f o r p r o d u c i n g p r i m a r y a l c o h o l s f r o m c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t e r m i n a l olefins. I t i s necessary o n l y t o m a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a l u m i n u m a l k y l , oxidize i t t o t h e alkoxide, a n d then h y d r o l y z e this t o a l u m i n u m h y d r o x i d e a n d the corresponding alcohol, w h i c h is always p r i m a r y .
Olefin Displacement A g e n e r a l r e a c t i o n o f a l u m i n u m a l k y l s i s t h e r e a c t i o n i n w h i c h one olefin c a n d i s p l a c e a n o t h e r t o p r o d u c e a n e w a l k y l a n d a n olefin. T h i s r e a c t i o n enables o n e t o p r e p a r e e a s i l y a n y a l u m i n u m a l k y l f r o m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e olefin a n d t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m (14), t h e m o s t e a s i l y p r e p a r e d a l u m i n u m a l k y l .
where R a n d R ' can be either hydrogen o r another a l k y l r a d i c a l . T h i s r e a c t i o n m a y h a v e c o m m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n i n p r e p a r i n g alcohols f r o m c e r t a i n p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r y olefin s t r e a m s . I f t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m reacts w i t h the a l p h a olefins i n t h e r e f i n e r y s t r e a m a t a b o u t 100° t o 1 2 0 ° C , a n e w a l u m i n u m a l k y l a n d i s o b u t y l e n e are p r o d u c e d . T h e u n r e a c t e d olefins o r h y d r o c a r b o n s c a n b e d i s t i l l e d , a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g a l u m i n u m a l k y l is oxidized a n d hydrolyzed t o produce a n alcohol a n d a l u m i n u m h y d r o x i d e . I n a n a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d , t h e olefin reacts w i t h h y d r o g e n a n d suitably activated a l u m i n u m t o produce the a l k y l , w h i c h can then be converted t o an a l c o h o l . T h u s , 2 - p h e n y l e t h y l a l c o h o l c o u l d b e p r e p a r e d f r o m styrène, a p r i m a r y a l c o h o l f r o m t r i i s o b u t y l e n e , o r a p r i m a r y t e r p e n e a l c o h o l f r o m l i m o n e n e (14)·
Reducing
Properties
A l u m i n u m alkyls, particularly triisobutylaluminum and diisobutylaluminum h y d r i d e , are v e r y g o o d r e d u c i n g agents f o r c a r b o n y l g r o u p s i n a l d e h y d e s , k e t o n e s , a n d esters. A l c o h o l s are f o r m e d , a n d the a l u m i n u m a l k y l a p p e a r s t o act l i k e l i t h i u m a l u m i n u m h y d r i d e except t h a t t h e t o t a l reducing c a p a c i t y is n o t always utilized. A l t h o u g h t h i s reagent m a y b e less efficient t h a n l i t h i u m a l u m i n u m h y d r i d e o n a m o l a r basis, t h e l o w cost o f t r i i s o b u t y l a l u m i n u m m o r e t h a n c o m p e n s a t e s f o r t h i s inefficiency (W-
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
166 Use
as a Grignard
Reagent
O r d i n a r i l y , t h e use of a n a l u m i n u m a l k y l c o m p o u n d as a G r i g n a r d reagent w i t h c a r b o n y l g r o u p s r e s u l t s i n r e d u c t i o n . I n c e r t a i n cases G r i g n a r d - l i k e a d d i t i o n t a k e s p l a c e , b u t o n l y one o f t h e a l u m i n u m a l k y l b o n d s i s i n v o l v e d . T h e f o r m a t i o n of t h e first R A 1 — Ο — b o n d seems to i n a c t i v a t e t h e o t h e r t w o b o n d s (H). 2
Reactions with Halogens and Sulfur Halogens react w i t h t r i a l k y l s a l t a n d a p r i m a r y h a l i d e (10) :
Dioxide
aluminum
compounds
to produce
a n aluminum
A1R + 3 X -> AIX3 + 3 R X
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3
(10)
2
S u l f u r d i o x i d e a d d s a l u m i n u m a l k y l s t o f o r m salts o f s u l f i n i c acids (10): AIR3 + 3 S 0 -> A 1 ( S 0 R ) 2
2
(11)
3
Reaction with Metal Salts S a l t s o f m e t a l s w h i c h c a n f o r m stable m e t a l a l k y l s react w i t h a l u m i n u m a l k y l s t o p r o d u c e t h e e x p e c t e d m e t a l a l k y l a n d a n a l u m i n u m s a l t (10) : 2 A 1 R + 3 C d C l -> 2AICI3 + 3 C d R 3
2
AIR3 + 2 H g C l -> AICI3 + H g R 2
AIR3 + B F -> AIF3 + B R 3
aAlR
+ HgRCl
2
4
3
(13) (14)
3
+ z S i F -> S i F R + S i F R
3
(12)
2
2
2
+ SiFR
3
+ SiR
+ A1F
4
(15)
3
T h e last reaction can be controlled t o produce largely S i F R a n d S i F R w h i c h m a y h a v e some a p p l i c a t i o n t o s i l i c o n c h e m i s t r y . Hydrolysis would yield S i R ( O H ) and S i R ( O H ) , w h i c h c o u l d be c o n d e n s e d t o silicones. T h i s process has b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y Kali-Chemie A . - G . in Germany (5). 2
2
3
2
2
3
Formation of Complex Salts A n o t h e r characteristic reaction of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s is the formation of complex salts w i t h a v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i c a n d i n o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s (2). T h e f o l l o w i n g are e x amples of such complexes: (C H ) 0 · A1(C H ) 2
5
2
CH —CH 2
2
5
(CH ) N ·C H
3
3
\ > · A1(C H ) 2
CH —CH 2
5
2
6
· A1(C H )
n
2
5
3
3
C H N · A1(C H ) 5
5
2
5
3
2
( C H ) N C H · A1(C H ) 3
2
2
6
5
2
5
3
Quinoline · A 1 ( C H ) 2
5
3
V e r y l i t t l e is k n o w n a b o u t t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f s u c h c o m p l e x e s as c a t a l y s t s o r as reagents. O f g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t a r e those c o m p l e x e s f o r m e d w i t h a l k a l i m e t a l salts (H). A 1 ( C H ) + N a F -> N a F - A 1 ( C H ) 2
5
3
2A1(C H ) + N a F 2
5
3
2
5
2
(16)
3
NaF-2Al(C H ) 5
3
(17)
T h e 1 t o 1 c o m p l e x m e l t s a t 7 4 ° C . , whereas t h e 1 t o 2 c o m p l e x i s l i q u i d a t r o o m temperature a n d conducts electricity well. P r a c t i c a l l y a l l of the a l u m i n u m a l k y l s f o r m s u c h c o m p l e x salts w i t h s o d i u m f l u o r i d e a n d p o t a s s i u m f l u o r i d e . T h e s e c o m p l e x salts o f a l u m i n u m a l k y l s a p p e a r t o h a v e a n i n t e r e s t i n g f u t u r e a s
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
SCHULTZ—ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
107
e l e c t r o l y t e s f o r use i n t h e e l e c t r o p l a t i n g of m e t a l o b j e c t s w i t h a l u m i n u m (9). U p t o n o w , n o p r a c t i c a l process f o r e l e c t r o p l a t i n g a l u m i n u m i s k n o w n . A process b a s e d o n m o l t e n i n o r g a n i c salts h a s w o r k e d f a i r l y w e l l o n a l a b o r a t o r y scale, b u t s o m e d i f ficult e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s n e e d s o l v i n g b e f o r e l a r g e - s c a l e o p e r a t i o n i s possible. T h e sodium fluoride-aluminum a l k y l c o m p l e x salts a r e e s s e n t i a l l y m o l t e n salt e l e c t r o l y t e s w h i c h are l i q u i d below 100°C. A s i t i s possible t o p l a t e a l u m i n u m o n c o p p e r w i r e (9), d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e i n progress t o e x t e n d t h i s process t o t h e c o a t i n g of t h i n sheet steel s u c h a s i s u s e d i n m a k i n g c o n t a i n e r s .
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A n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l use f o r these salts f r o m t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m i s i n t h e s y n t h e s i s of t e t r a e t h y l l e a d . T h e c o m p l e x s a l t i s u s e d as a n e l e c t r o l y t e w i t h a l e a d anode a n d a n a l u m i n u m cathode. Passage of current t h r o u g h the cell forms t e t r a e t h y l l e a d , w h i c h d r i p s off t h e a n o d e , a n d p u r e a l u m i n u m , d e p o s i t i n g a t t h e c a t h o d e i n a finely d i v i d e d f o r m (14). NaF.Al(C H ) 2
5
3
+ % P b -> % P b ( C H ) 4 + A l + N a F 2
(18)
5
T r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m m u s t b e a d d e d t o r e p l e n i s h t h e b a t h as t h e r e a c t i o n progresses. Considering the methods available for m a k i n g t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m , tetraethyllead is m a d e e s s e n t i a l l y f r o m e t h y l e n e , h y d r o g e n , a n d l e a d m e t a l . T h i s process i s b e i n g s t u d i e d t o d e t e r m i n e i t s v a l u e i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e p r e s e n t c o m m e r c i a l process.
Reaction w i t h M e t a l s a n d Hydrogen A recent p a t e n t describes t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of o t h e r m e t a l a l k y l s f r o m a n a l u m i n u m trialkyl, a metal, a n d hydrogen. T h u s w i t h lead a n d hydrogen, t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m p r o d u c e s t e t r a e t h y l l e a d a n d a l u m i n u m h y d r i d e (1). 4A1{C II )3 + 6 H + 3 P b -> 4 A 1 H - f 3 P b ( C H ) 5
2
2
3
2
5
(19)
4
A d d i n g ethylene to the a l u m i n u m hydride will reform t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m w h i c h c a n be r e - u s e d .
G r o w t h Reaction A l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l c o m p o u n d s , e x c e p t those m a d e f r o m i s o b u t y l e n e o r s i m i l a r olefins, c a n a d d e t h y l e n e t o f o r m h i g h e r a l k y l s o r g r o w . T h i s is a n important r e a c t i o n o f a l u m i n u m a l k } l s . C o n t r o l o f t h e r e a c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s enables p r e p a r a t i o n o f h i g h e r a l u m i n u m a l k y l s w h i c h c a n b e u s e d t o p r o d u c e s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s , olefins, or alcohols. I f e t h y l e n e i s passed i n t o t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t 2 0 0 ° C . a t a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e , 1-butene is f o r m e d t o g e t h e r w i t h v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t s o f 1-hexene a n d 1 - o c t e n e (14, 16): 200°C
zCH =CH 2
CH =CH—C H
2
2
2
+ (W =CH---CJ-I + C H = C H — C H
5
2
9
2
6
1 3
(20)
Al(CsH6)8
A c t u a l l y t h e p r i m a r y p r o d u c t s a r e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a l k y l s a n d t h e o v e r - a l l r e a c t i o n is : A1(C H ), + 3 C H = C H 2
5
2
2
-* A1(CH CH CH CH ) 2
2
2
3
(21 )
3
then, 200°C
A1(CH CH CH CH ) 2
2
2
3
3
+ 3CH =CH 2
2
» CH =CH—C H 2
2
5
+ A1(C H ) 2
5
3
(22)
T h e n a t u r e of t h e p r o d u c t is determined b y t h e pressure o f ethylene, t h e t i m e of contact, a n d the temperature. U n d e r t h e conditions cited above, only relatively l o w m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t olefins a r e f o r m e d . O c c a s i o n a l l y , s m a l l a m o u n t s o f olefins a r e f o r m e d where t h e double b o n d h a s m o v e d t o w a r d t h e center of t h e molecule. This can be m i n i m i z e d b y using short contact times a n d small amounts of phenylacetylene
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
168
(ethynylbenzene) to inhibit the migration. T h e o p t i m u m conditions f o r producing 1-butene b y t h i s process i n v o l v e p a s s i n g e t h y l e n e a t 4 0 a t m o s p h e r e s i n t o t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m a t 100° t o 1 1 0 ° C . c o n t a i n i n g a s m a l l a m o u n t of c o l l o i d a l n i c k e l a n d 0 . 5 % of p h e n y l a c e t y l e n e (13). I f p r o p y l e n e is used i n s t e a d of e t h y l e n e , t h e p r o p y l e n e d i m e r is f o r m e d e x c l u s i v e l y and quantitatively: 2CH =CHCH 2
3
2 Q Q
° ' ) CH =C—C H C
2
A1(C H )3 2
3
CH
Downloaded by GEORGETOWN UNIV on February 19, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1959 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1959-0023.ch014
(23)
7
J
5
3
A t first t h e s m a l l a m o u n t of e t h y l e n e is d i s p l a c e d b y t h e i n c o m i n g p r o p y l e n e a n d s w e p t o u t o f t h e s y s t e m l e a v i n g t r i p r o p y l a l u m i n u m w h i c h is t h e r e a l c a t a l y s t . H i g h e r p o l y m e r s of p r o p y l e n e are n o t f o r m e d . A p p a r e n t l y , a l u m i n u m a l k y l s i n w h i c h t h e second c a r b o n f r o m t h e m e t a l has a b r a n c h c a n n o t a d d o t h e r olefins, e v e n e t h y l e n e . I n s t e a d , i f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e is h i g h e n o u g h , t h e y react b y s p l i t t i n g o u t t h e b r a n c h e d olefin. I f a n o t h e r olefin is p r e s e n t w h i c h c a n f o r m a n u n b r a n c h e d a l k y l , a n e w a l k y l is f o r m e d . W i t h p r o p y l e n e , 2 - m e t h y l - l - p e n t e n e is s p l i t o u t a n d t r i p r o p y l a l u m i n u m is f o r m e d w h i c h a g a i n reacts w i t h m o r e p r o p y l e n e . T h i s process c a n be a p p l i e d t o 1-butene, 1-pentene, a n d others w i t h a l m o s t e q u a l r e s u l t s . C o d i m e r i z a t i o n o f different olefins is possible b u t u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n a m i x t u r e o f a l l possible p r o d u c t s . Z i e g l e r ' s w o r k o n t h e d i m e r i z a t i o n r e a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a process f o r s y n t h e s i z i n g p - x y l e n e f r o m e t h y l e n e . T h e r e a c t i o n s i n v o l v e d are (6) : 40 atm. 110°C.
2CH =CH 2
>CH =CHCH CH
2
2
2
3
(24)
A l ( C H ) + N i + 0.5% C H — C ^ C H 2
6
3
6
5
2oo°C 2CH =CHCH CH 2
2
CH =CCH CH CH CH
3
2
AUC HB) 2
CH =CCH CH CH CH 2
2
2
2
500°C 3
3
2
2
2
(25)
3
ι C2H5
> 5 5 % p-xylene + 2 6 % o-xylene + 1 9 % ethylbenzene
(26)
Cr 03
J
2
C H 2
6
T h e p r o d u c t o f t h e first step is s u b s t a n t i a l l y p u r e 1-butene a n d excess e t h y l e n e . F r o m t h e second s t e p , o n l y 2 - e t h y l - l - h e x e n e a n d u n c h a n g e d 1-butene a r e o b t a i n e d . T h e a r o m a t i z a t i o n r e a c t i o n uses a c o n v e n t i o n a l c h r o m i t e c a t a l y s t . T h e final p r o d u c t is s e p a r a t e d e a s i l y i n t o i t s c o m p o n e n t s b y f r a c t i o n a l d i s t i l l a t i o n a n d c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . C o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o w e d t h a t p - x y l e n e m a d e b y t h i s process was c h e a p e r t h a n t h a t available a t the time, but i t was not cheap enough t o compete w i t h predicted future prices for p-xylene made b y other methods f r o m p e t r o l e u m . T h e growth reaction can be extended t o produce high molecular weight alkyls a n d f r o m these t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g olefins a n d a l c o h o l s . F o r t h i s r e a c t i o n , h i g h e r p r e s sures o f e t h y l e n e a n d l o n g e r c o n t a c t t i m e s are r e q u i r e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w those a t w h i c h olefins a r e d i s p l a c e d . T y p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s are e t h y l e n e pressures o f 100 o r m o r e a t m o s p h e r e s a t 100° t o 1 5 0 ° C . f o r 1 o r m o r e h o u r s . U n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s , t h e r e a c t i o n (14) is s i m i l a r t o E q u a t i o n 2 7 : A1(C H ) 2
5
3
+ zCH =CH 2
100 atm. 2
ioo°C.
(CH —CH ) —C H >Al (CH —CH ) — C H (CH —CH ) — C H 2
2
2
2
2
2
m
r
2
2
5
5
2
(27)
5
T h e p r o d u c t is a l w a y s a m i x t u r e of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s , b u t t h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f the a l k y l chain a p p a r e n t l y c a n be peaked somewhat b y regulating t h e conditions. A t y p i c a l r e a c t i o n , i n w h i c h 6 moles o f e t h y l e n e r e a c t e d f o r e a c h m o l e of t rie t h y 1a l u m i n u m u s e d , g a v e a p r o d u c t i n w h i c h t h e a l k y l c h a i n s were d i s t r i b u t e d as i n T a b l e I . T h e l a s t c o l u m n gives t h e w e i g h t - p e r cent d i s t r i b u t i o n of a p r o d u c t w h i c h
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
169
SC H U LTZ—ORG AN OALUMIN UM COMPOUNDS Table I.
C H 2
Distribution of Reaction Products Wt. %
as R O H
15 26 27 17 9 4 1 1
5.0 18.0 27.5 23.0 15.0 8.0 2.5 1.0
7.0 19.0 27.5 22.0 14.0 7.5 2.0 1.0
5
C4H9 C6H13
CSHIT CioHoi C12H25
CuHw C16H33
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wt. %
Mole %
w o u l d be o b t a i n e d b y o x i d a t i o n o f t h e a l k y l s f o l l o w e d b y h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e a l c o h o l a t e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o p r o d u c i n g a l c o h o l s , these a l k y l s c o u l d b e u s e d t o m a k e n o r m a l olefins b y d i s p l a c e m e n t , o r n o r m a l paraffins b y h y d r o l y s i s . B e c a u s e t h e successive m e m b e r s of t h e series differ b y t w o c a r b o n a t o m s , t h e m i x t u r e o f p r o d u c t s c a n be s e p a r a t e d i n t o fairly pure compounds b y fractional distillation. T h e growth reaction followed b y hydrolysis, t h e r m a l decomposition, or oxidation and hydrolysis provides a n attractive means for synthesizing straight-chained saturated h y d r o c a r b o n s , olefins, a n d a l c o h o l s . N o s i g n i f i c a n t c o m m e r c i a l uses a r e k n o w n f o r these h y d r o c a r b o n s o r olefins. T h e a l c o h o l s h a v e m a n y i m p o r t a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e process i s p r o b a b l y t o o c o s t l y f o r m a k i n g a l c o h o l s w i t h s i x c a r b o n a t o m s o r less. B e c a u s e m a t e r i a l costs d r o p as c a r b o n c o n t e n t increases, i t a p p e a r s v e r y a t t r a c t i v e f o r p r e p a r i n g alcohols i n t h e 1 0 - t o 1 4 - c a r b o n r a n g e : L e s s of t h e e x p e n s i v e a l u m i n u m m e t a l i s c o n s u m e d as t h e c h a i n l e n g t h increases. C o n t i n u e d investigation of the g r o w t h reaction showed that i t could be used t o p r e p a r e olefins w i t h m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s as h i g h as 5000 (17). T h i s w a s d o n e b y u s i n g a l a r g e excess of e t h y l e n e a n d pressures u p t o s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d p o u n d s . T h e s e h i g h e r m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t p r o d u c t s r a n g e d f r o m soft l o w - m e l t i n g t o v e r y h a r d h i g h - m e l t i n g waxes. I t w a s n o t possible t o p r e p a r e p o l y e t h y l e n e w i t h p l a s t i c - r a n g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s a t m o d e r a t e pressures b y t h e s i m p l e g r o w t h r e a c t i o n f r o m t r i e t h y l a l u m i n u m a n d e t h y l e n e . H o w e v e r , Z i e g l e r o b s e r v e d t h e p r o f o u n d effect o f s m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f c e r t a i n m e t a l salts o n t h e g r o w t h r e a c t i o n , w h i c h l e d t o h i s process f o r p r e p a r i n g p l a s t i c - g r a d e p o l y e t h y l e n e a t l o w pressures. Z i e g l e r d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a c a t a l y s t , c o m p o s e d of a n a l u m i n u m t r i a l k y l a n d s m a l l a m o u n t s of a t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l salt s u c h a s t i t a n i u m t e t r a c h l o r i d e , w a s c a p a b l e o f p o l y m e r i z i n g ethylene a t l o w pressure t o a v e r y h i g h molecular weight p r o d u c t a t 50° t o 1 0 0 ° C . (8) : *CH ^CH 2
2
1
%
(
_ C H - C H - ) , 2
2
(28)
w h e r e χ c a n b e v a r i e d f r o m 1000 t o 400,000. A s i n the growth reaction, the ethylene h a d t o b e v e r y free f r o m a c t i v e i m p u r i t i e s l i k e o x y g e n , w a t e r , s u l f u r , a n d a c e t y l e n e , b u t d i d n o t r e q u i r e t h e absence of i n e r t m a t e r i a l s l i k e s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s a n d n i t r o g e n . I n m o s t cases, t h e r e a c t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t i n a n i n e r t h y d r o c a r b o n s o l v e n t s u c h as D i e s e l o i l . A w i d e v a r i e t y of o r g a n o m e t a l l i c c o m p o u n d s s u c h as a l u m i n u m d i a l k y l halides, zinc a l k y l s , a n d s o d i u m a l u m i n u m a l k y l s c a n b e used i n place of t h e t r i a l k y l a l u m i n u m . A p p a r e n t l y , a n y o f t h e t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l salts c o u l d b e u s e d i n p l a c e o f t i t a n i u m t e t r a c h l o r i d e . Z i e g l e r ' s w o r k c o v e r e d t h e use o f salts o f z i r c o n i u m , h a f n i u m , v a n a d i u m , t a n t a l u m , a n d c h r o m i u m (8). H e f o u n d t h a t t h e molecular weight of t h e product could be v a r i e d a t w i l l a n d seemed t o be c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e r a t i o o f a l u m i n u m a l k y l t o t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s a l t i n t h e c a t a l y s t (12). T h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e I L A h i g h m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t p r o d u c t i n t h e r a n g e of 300,000 r e s u l t e d i f t h e a l u m i n u m a l k y l t o t i t a n i u m s a l t m o l e r a t i o w a s 12 t o 1. T h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t of t h e p r o d u c t d i d n o t change m u c h as t h e m o l e r a t i o of a l u m i n u m a l k y l t o t i t a n i u m salt d r o p p e d u n t i l a v a l u e f r o m 0.5 t o 1 w a s r e a c h e d . W i t h t h i s c a t a l y s t c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t d r o p p e d t o 20,000 (12). T h i s t y p e o f c a t a l y s t s y s t e m c a n b e used t o p o l y m e r i z e p r a c t i c a l l y a n y a l p h a olefin f r o m p r o p y l e n e t o s t y r e n e , a n d p r o b a b l y b e y o n d , t o y i e l d e i t h e r a m o r p h o u s
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
170
Table I!. Effect of Catalyst Composition on Molecular Weight Molar Ratio, AIRs to TiCU 12 6 3
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0.63 0.53 0.50 0.20
4-Hr. Yield, Grams 440 430 460 440 480 460 300 10
Av. Mol. Wt. 272.000 292,000 298,000 284,000 160.000 40,000 21,000 31,000
o r c r y s t a l l i n e p o l y m e r s a n d s o m e t i m e s a m i x t u r e o f b o t h (19). A p p a r e n t l y , different m o n o m e f s c a n b e c o p o l y m e r i z e d . I n p r a c t i c a l l y a l l cases, t h e r e a c t i o n r a t e i s s l o w e r t h a n f o r ethylene at a given temperature a n d pressure. W i t h propylene, under certain conditions, t h e p o l y m e r obtained was a m i x t u r e of amorphous a n d crystalline material. B y a suitable extraction procedure, a n amorphous rubber fraction w i t h a m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f less t h a n 45,000 w a s s e p a r a t e d . T h e residue f r o m s u c h a n e x t r a c t i o n w a s a c r y s t a l l i n e s o l i d w h i c h m e l t e d a t 100° t o 1 5 0 ° C . a n d h a d a m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a b o v e 100,000. T h e c r y s t a l l i n e f r a c t i o n c o u l d b e e x t r u d e d i n t o filaments a n d stretch-oriented t o f o r m products w i t h v e r y h i g h tensile strength. C r y s t a l l i n e p o l y s t y r e n e also h a s b e e n m a d e w i t h a m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t a b o v e 2,800,000, a d e n s i t y o f 1.08, a n d a s o f t e n i n g p o i n t a b o v e 2 0 0 ° C . (19). A l a r g e r u b b e r c o m p a n y a n n o u n c e d t h e use o f Z i e g l e r - t y p e c a t a l y s t s t o p o l y m e r i z e i s o p r e n e t o a r u b b e r w h i c h i s a p p a r e n t l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h n a t u r a l r u b b e r (4), as s h o w n b y infrared absorption a n d x - r a y diffraction data. Physical properties a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f f i e l d tests f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t e t h i s .
Summary I t is difficult t o tell w h i c h of Ziegler's m a n y reactions w i l l be the most i m p o r t a n t . C e r t a i n l y , t h e l o w pressure synthesis of polyethylene is most i m p o r t a n t t o i n d u s t r y . P r o b a b l y t h e most notable reactions a r e : t h e synthesis of a l u m i n u m alkyls f r o m olefins, h y d r o g e n , a n d a l u m i n u m ; t h e g r o w t h o f l o n g u n b r a n c h e d a l i p h a t i c c h a i n s f r o m a l u m i n u m a l k y l s a n d e t h y l e n e a n d t h e i r use t o m a k e s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s , olefins, a n d a l c o h o l s ; a n d t h e s y n t h e s i s o f h i g h p o l y m e r s o f e t h y l e n e a n d o t h e r olefins a t l o w pressures u s i n g a c a t a l y s t c o m p o s e d of a l u m i n u m a l k y l s a n d t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l salts. F u t u r e w o r k e r s s h o u l d e x p a n d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s o f these r e a c t i o n s a n d also d i s c o v e r m a n y more.
Literature Cited (1) Blitzer, S. M . , Milde, R. L., Pearson, T. H., Redman, H . E . (to Ethyl Corp.), Belgian Patent 548,439 (June 7, 1956). (2) Bonitz, E., Chem. Ber. 88, 742 (1955). (3) Buckton, G. B., Odling, W., Ann. Chem. Liebigs Suppl. No. 4, 109 (1865). (4) Home, S. E., Jr., Kiehl, J. P., Shipman, J. J., Folt, Z. L., Gibbs, C. F., Ind. Eng. Chem. 48, 784 (1956). (5) Jenker, J . (to Kali-Chemie A.-G.), German Patent Application K. 20,023 IV/12o (1955). (6) Ziegler, K., Angew. Chem. 64, 323 (1952). (7) Ibid., 68, 721 (1956). (8) Ziegler, K . , Belgian Patents 533,362 (May 16, 1955), 534,792 (Jan. 31, 1955), 535,235 (Feb. 15, 1955). (9) Ibid., 540,411 (Aug. 31, 1955). (10) Ibid., 540,135 (Jan. 27, 1956). (11) Ibid., 540,280 (Feb. 2, 1956). (12) Ibid., 540,459 (Feb. 9, 1956). (13) Ziegler, K., Brennstoff-Chem. 35, 321 (1954). In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.
SCHULTZ—ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
171 e
(14) Ziegler, K., Experientia, Suppl. No. 2, 14 Congr. intern. chim. pure et appl.,Zurich 1955, 274-87. (15) Ziegler, K., Gellert, H., German Patent 917,006 (Aug. 23, 1954). (16) Ibid., 2,695,327 (Nov. 23, 1954). (17) Ibid., 2,699,437 (Jan. 11, 1955). (18) Ziegler, K., Gellert, J., Zosel, K., Lehmkuhl, W., Pfohl, W., Angew. Chem. 67, 424 (1955). (19) Ziegler, K., and Montecatini Società Generale per l'Industria Mineraria e Chimica Anonima, Belgian Patent 538,782 (Dec. 6, 1955). (20) Ziegler, K., Nagle, K., U . S. Patent 2,744,127 (May 1, 1956). (21) Ziegler, K., Zosel, K., Ibid., 2,691,668 (Oct. 12, 1954).
Downloaded by GEORGETOWN UNIV on February 19, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1959 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1959-0023.ch014
RECEIVED for review May 10, 1957. Accepted June 1, 1957.
In METAL-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1959.