coverer of Kekule's postulates. Had it not been for the delay of Wurtz in presenting this paper to the French Academy, Couper's priority would have been recognized, or a t least his name would have been linked with that of Kekule as a co-discoverer of the fundamental theories that brought order into the chemistry of carbon. This lack of recognition, coupled with a later illness, led to his withdrawal from active chemical life, and the world lost a master who might have made far-reaching contributions to chemical fact and theory. I t is but an act of justice that his work should be represented in this series of chemical classics. [For a complete account, see "Life and Chemical Work of Archibald Scott Couper." by Richard Anschiitz, Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, 19, 193-273 (1909).] Taa UwrvB~srrvon K m s * s F. B. DAINS LAWRBNEB. KANSAS MATERIE (STRUCTURE O P MATTER). Four lectures by P. Debye, Director of the Institute of Physics. University of Leipzig. S. Hirzel. Leipzig, 1933. 50 pp. 21 Figs. 15 X 22 cm. Paper hound: RM 3. In German.
~ U K T V RDER
For some fifteen years P. Dehye has conducted a series of researches bearing d i i t l y on the atomic and molecular structure of matter. Four major fields have been investigated and in each he has obtained results of the mast fundamental importance. The fields are: X-ray determination of the arrangement of atoms in single molecules, X-ray investigation of the arrangement of molecules in liquids, the relation of dipole moments to chemical structure in liquids, and the behavior of strong electrolytes. In each of the fields be has correlated the results of physical measurements with the chenlical behavior of matter. During 1932 Prof. Dehye gave a series of lectures on his researches at Massachusetts Institute of Technoloev. Ohio State . University. nnd the University of California. After the lecture tow he wrote the four lectures of this booklet in response to a demand for a non-technical review of the work in the four fields mentioned above. The lectures are written in popular style and none of the (sometimes difficult) mathematical reasoning is included. He stresses applications to chemical behavior in each. Lecture one is an account of the author's work on X-ray interference from single molecules. When a beam of X-rays is passed through a gas the molecules scatter independently because of their random arrangement. However, peaks in intensity are found in the radiations from some gases. Debye showed these to he due to interference in the rays scattered by separate atoms within the molecule and established a method for the determination of interatomic distances from the X-ray pattern. Measurements have been made on many of the simpler molecules and the space structure determined. The results confirm the structures long postulated by sterewhemistry for methane derivatives, for cisham isomers, and for the benzene ring. The second lecture is on dipole moments and their relation to structure. Permanent and induced moments are simply explained and experimental methods are cited whereby the two may be separately detected. A bit more experimental detail might he appreciated by the lay reader hut this information is readily obtainable in American journals. A few specific applications of dipole moment data to chemical structure are given. In lecture three Prof. Dehye delves a little deeper into the structure of liquids. After pointing out that the Van der Wads' equation cannot describe the condition of molecules in a liquid, he cites two experiments as proof that the molecules in a liquid are very regularly arranged and even approximate the condition of a solid. When supersonic waves are passed through a liquid the vibrations of the molecules set up such standing waves that the liquid acts as a reflection grating and spreads white light into a spectrum. This is related to a tightly bound condition of the molecules. When a beam of X-rays is allowed to strike a mercury surface the reflected rays show interference peaks. These may he used to calculate a probability curve for the arrangement of the atoms. Certain positions, roughly corresponding to a packing of hard spheres, are found most probable ~
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from the calculation. Thus he shows that the liquid has a qnasicrystalline structure. Lecture four is a review of the fundamental developments in the now famous Dehye-Hiickel theory of strong electrolytes. The booklet is too brief for a thorough review of any subject but does provide a good survey of recent accomplishment. W. C. PIERI~NIYBPSITI OF CAICAGO CBmAM. ILLINOIS
OUTLINES OE ORGANIC CAEHISTRY.F. I.Moore, Late Professor of Organic Chemistry. M. I. T. Revised by W. T.Hall. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.. New York City. Fourth edition, 1933. xii 338 pp. 15 Figs. 14 X 24 cm. $2.75. This text, appearing now in its fourth edition, was first published in 1910, and was written expressly for those "who study Organic Chemistry from the non-professional point of view." Since the book was based on a course of lectures delivered to candidates for the bachelor's degree in Physics, Biology, and Sanitary Engineering, certain subjects, assumed to be of interest only to the professional organic chemist, have been omitted entirely or dismissed with a few words. Although there is sure to he dsereuce of opinion in regard to choice of topies, many will he surprised to find the principal discussion of the Grignard reaction relegated to about half a page of fine print. The amission of a discussion of acetoacetic ester is perhaps justifiable, but the fact that some organic substances are capable of existence in diierent forms possessing different properties would seem to he of interest to the non-professional student, and to illustrate admirably an important general phenomenon. C i s trans isomerism is likewise not treated in the text, but the student is asked to develop the basic ideas for himself in a study question. The text contains two statements to which the reviewer must take exception. Certainly the production of n-butyl alcohol from corn is an important process, and the alcohol a substance of considerable practical value, yet we read, "The butyl alcohols are of little practical importance, although the normal primary compound can now be obtained cheaply from glucose by a fermentation process and is often used as a solvent." Similarly we do not believe that the inference in the statement, "Attempts to prepare alcohol from acetylene and ethylene have resulted in the taking out of various patents, but while sugar is cheap and the market near, molasses will remain the chief source of industrial alcohol," is justifiable, far the production of ethyl alcohol from ethylene is today an industrial reality. There are a few minor errors or omissions, the elimination of which would improve the work. An excellent discussion of esterification is marred by the entire absence of any mention of the importance of catalysis with respect to the reactions involved. Dehydrogenation as a substitute for oxidation in the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is not mentioned, and the reaction involved in the Fehling's solution test is written as though it involved the copper-tartrate complex instead of the copper ion. The term "split" used in connection with the separation of optical isomers seems to us unfortunate, for it conveys a distinctly erroneous impression, and yet it is the only term which is used to express the basic idea involved in the resolution of racemic substances. The formula written far ascorbic acid on page 234 is not the one which has gained widest acceptance. The mechanism postulated for the reactions involved in the bromination of benzene is, we believe, incorrect. Few, also, will agree that the "most important method for the preparation of phenols consists in boiling the diazouium salts with water." The discussion of the polymerization of dienes to ruhber-like substances includes no mention of the similar behavior of chlorcprene, a reaction certainly of more importance than any involving dimethylbutadiene and butadiene which are mentioned. Since the text is to be used hv those whose maior interests lie outside of chemisrry, the inclusion of a few line drawings showing schcrnarically how reactions discussed are actually applied indusrrially or carried out in the laboratory would aid materially in stimulating the interest of the reader. The text is well written, readable, and almost entirely free from typographical errors, of which the reviewer was able to find
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hut two minor examples: the omission of a valence bond in the ethylene formula at the bottom of page 131,and Nar instead of 2 Na on page 52. Study questions follow each chapter and afford ample opportunity for the student to review and apply the principles of the text. These questions and the several flow-sheets illustrating the genetic relationships of various groups of wmpounds constitute a very valuable and useful feature of the work. Print and paper are good, and the hwk is well bound. UWIYBESITY 01 MARYLAND
COLZB(~B Pmli. Mhsnmn
NATHAN L. DRAKE
THE FOUNDATIONS OF NUTRITION.Mary Swarte Rose, Ph.D., Professor of Nutrition, Teachers' College, Columbia University. The Macmillan Co.. New York City. 1933. Second 630 pp. 101 Figs. 13 X 20 cm. $3.00. edition. xi
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The author states that the "hook is written for those who vish to live more intelligently. An effort has been made to present within a small space some of the fundamental principles of human nutrition in terms which call for no highly specialized training in those natural sciences upon which the science of nutrition rests." That Dr. Rose has been successful in presenting the fundamentals of human nutrition in an interesting and effective manner is probably best indicated by the fact that "Faundationsof Nutrition" has undergone many reprintings andone completerevision since it was first published in 1927. The present book is rewritten and enlarged but follows the same general plan that characterized the first edition. A comparison of the first and second editions shows that the 12 chapters of the former have been expanded to 26 chapters in the latter. This has been done by the inclusion of outstanding researches published since the appearance of the first edition. Separate chapters are now devoted to each of the vitamins. The appendix (nine tables and one chart) has been revised and enlarged. From the standpoints of b i n d i i , general appearance, size of pages, quality of illustrations and typography. the second edition appears to he a distinct improvement over the first edition. The reviewer considers the hook unique in that it discusses the fundamental principles of human nutrition in an elementary hut authoritative and scientific manner and a t the same time answers most of the important practical questions regarding their application to fwd selection and diet construction. Dr. Rose's new text will undoubtedly continue to hold the unique position it has achieved for itself as the outstanding elementary textbook on human nutrition in the home economics field. Tns P B ~ w s v L v r N r aS r m e COLLBGB R. ADAMS Durcna~ STATECOLLBEB. PA.
FOODP n o ~ u c r s . Henry C. Sherman, Columbia University. The Macmillan Co., New York City. Third edition. xi 674 pp. 42 Figs. 13 X 19.5cm. $3.00.
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The hook contains chapters on the principal constituents and functions of food; general aspects of food control; milk; milk praducts other than butter; eggs; meats and meat products; poultry, game, fish, and shellfish; grain products; vegetables; fruits and fruit products; nuts; edible fats and oils; sugars, sirups, and confectionery; food adjuncts such as baking powders, spices, condiments, flavoring extracts, tea, coffee,sMt drinks, etc. The final chapter deals with some aspects of food economics. There are appendices on the food and drugs act and related regulations and decisions; meat inspection law and regulations; calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, and manganese contents of food; and fwd products as sources of vitamins. Fwds are discussed from a standpoint of pmduetion and handling, composition, adulteration and inspection, standards of purity, dassifieations and detailed proximate composition. The nutritive qualities of each fwd are presented and their place in the diet is discussed. In the case of all manufactured fwds the processes of manufacture are briefly discussed. In connection with each food a selected bibliography includes all the mare important authoritative sources of information. This new edition is thoroughly up-to-date and represents a ready source of reference for an immense number of facts of in-
terest to teachers and students. I t will be heartily welcomed wherever nutrition is taught.
MA~ACT~R oaE SODA. Te-Pan Hou. Ph.D. American Chemical Society Monograph No. 65. The Chemical Catalog 351 pp. 129 Tables. Ca., Inc., New York City, 1933. xiv 72 Figs. 15.5 X 23 cm. $8.00. The purpose of this monograph, a c w r d i i to the author, is to present material relating to the ammonia soda industry, which bas been previously withheld from the public by the manufacturers. The author realizes the lack of technical details based on madern practice in the available current literature, and in preparing his work draws his material mostly from his own experience and investigations. The subject is approached from the practical side, hut the theoretical background receives serious consideration. Every phase of the industry, with the exception of the design and construction of plants, is treated in the greatest detail. One of the most outstanding contributions in this monograph is the wealth of calculations illustrating theoretical discussions and unit proeess operations. The chapter on chemical analyses and tests in the alkali industry is detailed and complete. From the standpoint of chemical education this monograph should serve as an admirable source and reference book in this division of industrial chemistry. L B a r O a UNIYBPSITY c. SIMMONS Bsmrsnau, P*.
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DIE TECANIKDER C A E ~ S C A E N OPERATIONEN.Dr. Walk? Bade?, Chemical Engineer, Basel. B. Wepf & Cie.. Basel, 1934. iii 416 pp. 77 Figs. 16 X 24 cm. Paper cover, frs. S. 18; cloth cover, frs. S. 20. The book is an elementary treatise of processes related to chemistry. There are no references to the work of others in dosely allied fields. The author states that "Es ist eur fort laufenden Lecture frir j6ngcre Chnniker bestimmt. .Es handell sich darum, die en der Hochschulc getrcnnt crworbencn Kenntnisse in Chemie . . . " By comparison the bwk may be said to stand between certain texts in English, intended for high-school and early college students, and those more advanced texts which recently have appeared. The treatment is distinctly of mechanical processes and devices. The author adheres closely to his thesis that the book is not suoobsed to be an advanced text. Solution Operations are dhait with in four chaptersdiuolving, extraction, precipitation, and crystallization: Mixing Operations in three chaptersmiring, kneading, and stirring; Separating Operations in five chaptersair flotation, washing, sedimentation end decantation, sifting, filtering, centrifuging,and pressing; technic of solid material in five chapters-storing, crushing and grinding, molding, transportation, and weighing; Technic of Liauids in six chaDtersstorine. -. trans~ortation. emulsifvine . solutions of liouids in rases. " . and measutinn of liauids. Technic of Gases is treated in six chapters-,loring, solution of gases in liquids, desiccating, compressing and liquefying, tranoportation, and measuring; Heat Transference in four c h a p t e r s refrigerating, heating, fusing, and calcining; Evaporation Operations in four chaptersvolatilizing, evaporating to dryness, distillation, and sublimation. There are four chapters on isolated topics--autoelave technic. high-pressure technic, technic of catalysis, and automatic control of operations. The treatment is logical and in due consideration of the dass of invited readers, subdivisions of thechapters are many and helpful. One illustration will suffice. In chapter thirty-nine on distillation, seven sub-topics are given, which aid one in selecting quickly desired information. The reviewer is impressed by the dearness of the drawings, including evident success in representing operations. Except for the absence of an index, the book appears to fill satisfactorily a place in its intended field. The mechanical make-up of the book is attractive. Good quality of unsized paper, large, dean type, outstanding headings and subheadings are a few of the commendable features. WBSTVIROINIA UNIYBBSITY FRIEND E. CLARK M o a o ~ m a r w W. , VA.
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