Overview After Five Years - ACS Publications - American Chemical

6 Overview After Five Y e a r s

Downloaded by NATL UNIV OF SINGAPORE on May 6, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: May 1, 1983 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1983-0213.ch006

E. HAMILTON HURST NalcoChemical Company, Oak Brook, IL 60521

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was signed into law on October 11, 1976 and became effective on January 1, 1977. During its formative first years, there have been relatively few regulations finalized under the potentially wide scope of the law. Even so, TSCA has had a perceptible and important impact on the chemical industry and the way i t operates. This overview of progress under the TSCA law, w i l l highlight and differentiate portions of the law where regulations are finalized, pending or awaiting administrative development. On January 1, 1977, the chemical industry truly became a regulated industry. The environmental laws up until that time had covered some chemicals, but had been media oriented. That is - - they were concerned about certain chemicals that escaped as emissions or pollutants to various media - the air, our water, contaminated our food or entered the workplace, TSCA changed that direction. It was designed to regulate commerce on chemical substances. TSCA potentially applies to a l l chemicals manufactured, processed, distributed or used in the U.S. except those chemicals already regulated under certain other federal laws. TSCA affects not only the chemical industry itself, but the many other industries whose products are chemical in nature. This includes most a l l industrial products. The origin of TSCA is attributed to the CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality) report "Toxic Substances" prepared on April, 1971. This report focused on certain metals and their compounds and 0097-6156/83/0213-0081$06.00/0 © 1983 American Chemical Society Ingle; TSCA's Impact on Society and Chemical Industry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1983.


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s y n t h e t i c o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s as t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s f o r w h i c h i n s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n was known and w h i c h , t h e r e b y , may s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h r e a t e n man and h i s environment. From t h i s i n i t i a t i v e , l e g i s l a t i o n was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o C o n g r e s s i n 1971, b u t Congress, t h r o u g h 1971 and 1972, c o u l d n o t a g r e e on a common l e g i s l a t i v e t h r u s t and l a n g u a g e . Time r a n out i n the 92nd C o n g r e s s b e f o r e a l a w was enacted. T h i s r e s p i t e was s h o r t l i v e d . The n e x t Congress, t h e 9 3 r d , t r i e d a g a i n i n 1973 and i t t o o c o u l d n o t a g r e e on a s u i t a b l e b i l l . For n e a r l y f o u r y e a r s , Congress searched f o r a l e g i s l a t i v e approach which w o u l d a f f o r d a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n t o human h e a l t h and the environment w h i l e p r e s e r v i n g an i n n o v a t i v e and dynamic c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y . I t was l e f t t o t h e 9 4 t h Congress to r e a c h agreement, which they d i d i n the F a l l o f 1976 and t h e l e g i s l a t i o n was s i g n e d i n t o l a w by P r e s i d e n t F o r d i n O c t o b e r , 1976. So, a f t e r 6 y e a r s o f d e b a t e , TSCA was b o r n . This was an i m p o r t a n t s i x y e a r s . Many o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l a w s o f o u r c o u n t r y w e r e e n a c t e d d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 0 s and early 70 s. TSCA was t o be t h e " c a p " on a l l o f t h e laws - f i l l i n g a l l the gaps t h a t e x i s t e d between the p r e v i o u s laws. I t was a l s o d e s i g n e d t o p u t i n p l a c e , a law t o r e g u l a t e a l l c h e m i c a l s i n commerce w h i c h may p r e s e n t an u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k i n any p a r t o f t h e chemical's l i f e cycle. Any p a r t o f t h e l i f e c y c l e c a n be r e g u l a t e d f r o m R&D through p r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n and d i s p o s a l . But something happened i n the 6 y e a r s i t took to p a s s TSCA t h r o u g h C o n g r e s s . The c o u n t r y awoke t o f i n d t h a t some o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l l a w s e n a c t e d i n t h e 6 0 s and e a r l y 70's had a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t on t h e economy and on j o b s . The l a w s as w r i t t e n d i d n o t r e q u i r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of economic consequences. The C l e a n A i r A c t and t h e C l e a n W a t e r A c t w e r e t e c h n o l o g y f o r c i n g laws t h a t r e q u i r e d the use of f e a s i b l e technol o g i c a l c o n t r o l s w i t h o u t concern f o r economic impact. S i m i l a r l y o u r O c c u p a t i o n a l S a f e t y and H e a l t h A c t was a l s o , i n the s e t t i n g of s t a n d a r d s , a t e c h n o l o g y f o r c i n g law. The t h r u s t o f t h e s e l a w s w e r e t e c h n o l o g y f o r c i n g s i n c e t h e s a f e l e v e l f o r e x p o s u r e was assumed to be s y n o n y m o u s w i t h t h e l o w e s t l e v e l a c h i e v e a b l e . In c o n t r a s t , t h e F o o d A d d i t i v e Amendments o f 1958 to t h e F o o d , D r u g and C o s m e t i c A c t p r e s e n t e d a d i f f e r ent t y p e of law, a " z e r o - r i s k " law. Under the t h r u s t of t h e z e r o - r i s k l a w , i t s a i d " i f a f o o d a d d i t i v e i s a c a r c i n o g e n , we c a n n o t p e r m i t any e x p o s u r e s i n c e we c a n n o t l i v e w i t h any s u c h r i s k . " R i s k i s the e v a l u a t i o n of s e v e r i t y of t o x i c i t y or hazardous p r o p e r t i e s f

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Ingle; TSCA's Impact on Society and Chemical Industry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1983.

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as r e l a t e d t o t h e e x p o s u r e o f humans o r t h e e n v i r o n ment t o t h e h a z a r d o u s p r o p e r t y . Under a z e r o - r i s k l a w , t h e r e g u l a t i o n f o c u s e s on t h e h a z a r d s . I f there i s a h a z a r d , t h e r e c a n be no a c c e p t a b l e e x p o s u r e , no m a t t e r how s m a l l o r i n s i g n i f i c a n t . Under a z e r o - r i s k law, i f t h e c h e m i c a l p r e s e n t s a h a z a r d , i t i s an unacceptable product. In t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 s , t h e c o u n t r y ' s mood c h a n g e d t o a c c e p t n o t j u s t some r i s k , b u t t o i n c l u d e i n t h e d e c i s i o n e q u a t i o n , s p e c i f i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r economic f a c t o r s , s o c i a l b e n e f i t s a n d i m p a c t on j o b s . And s o , t h e C l e a n A i r A c t was amended i n 1977, c h a n g i n g t h e t h r u s t o f t h e l a w t o i n c l u d e economic and p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e mandate o f t h a t law. And s o t o o , t h e TSCA l a w t h a t f i n a l l y p a s s e d i n l a t e 1976, was a " b a l a n c i n g l a w , " t h e f i r s t really t r u e b a l a n c i n g l a w t o be p a s s e d by C o n g r e s s . I t cont a i n s as p a r t o f t h e p o l i c y and i n t e n t statement ( S e c t i o n 2) o f t h e A c t , t h e f o l l o w i n g : S e c t i o n 2 (b) P o l i c y - I t i s t h e p o l i c y o f t h e U.S. that: (1) a d e q u a t e d a t a s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e f f e c t o f c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s on h e a l t h and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and t h a t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u c h d a t a s h o u l d be t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h o s e who m a n u f a c t u r e a n d t h o s e who p r o c e s s such c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s ; (2) a d e q u a t e a u t h o r i t y s h o u l d e x i s t t o r e g u l a t e c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s which p r e s e n t an u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k o f i n j u r y t o h e a l t h or t h e environment, and t o t a k e a c t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o c h e m i c a l substances and m i x t u r e s w h i c h a r e i m m i n e n t h a z a r d s ; a n d (3) a u t h o r i t y o v e r c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s a n d m i x t u r e s s h o u l d be e x e r c i s e d i n s u c h a manner a s n o t t o impede u n d u l y o r c r e a t e u n n e c e s s a r y e c o n o m i c b a r r i e r s to t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n w h i l e f u l f i l l i n g t h e primary purpose of t h i s A c t t o a s s u r e t h a t such innov a t i o n a n d commerce i n s u c h c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s a n d m i x t u r e s do n o t p r e s e n t a n u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k o f i n j u r y to h e a l t h o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . S e c t i o n 2 ( c ) INTENT OF CONGRESS — I t i s the i n t e n t of Congress that the A d m i n i s t r a t o r s h a l l c a r r y out t h i s A c t i n a r e a s o n a b l e and p r u d e n t manner, and that the Administrator s h a l l consider the environm e n t a l , economic, and s o c i a l impact o f any a c t i o n t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r t a k e s o r p r o p o s e s t o t a k e u n d e r t h i s Act. T h e s e s t a t e m e n t s o f p o l i c y and i n t e n t a r e i m p o r t a n t i n c l u s i o n s i n t h e TSCA l a w . Congress r e c o g n i z e d the v a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s t h a t had been taken i n t h e p a s t were n o t a p p r o p r i a t e . I t decided that a d i f f e r e n t f


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a p p r o a c h was n e e d e d f o r r e g u l a t i n g an i n d u s t r y whose v e r y p u r p o s e i n s o c i e t y r e q u i r e s t h a t i t and i t s p e o p l e d e a l w i t h c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s , some o f w h i c h h a v e hazardous properties. So i n TSCA, we h a v e a " b a l a n c i n g - t y p e l a w " w h e r e i n the A d m i n i s t r a t o r i s r e q u i r e d to c o n s i d e r not j u s t the r i s k s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a c h e m i c a l , but a l s o whether i t i s an u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k i n l i g h t o f t h e b e n e f i t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the c h e m i c a l . For the A d m i n i s t r a t o r to r e g u l a t e a c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e or m i x t u r e under S e c t i o n 6 o f TSCA, t h e l a w r e q u i r e s t h a t " t h e A d m i n istrator shall consider... (A) t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h a s u b s t a n c e o r m i x t u r e on h e a l t h and t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e e x p o s u r e o f human b e i n g s to such s u b s t a n c e or m i x t u r e , (B) t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h a s u b s t a n c e o r m i x t u r e on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e e x p o s u r e o f the environment to such s u b s t a n c e or m i x t u r e , (C) t h e b e n e f i t s o f s u c h a s u b s t a n c e o r m i x t u r e f o r v a r i o u s u s e s and t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s u b s t i t u t e s f o r such uses and, (D) t h e r e a s o n a b l y a s c e r t a i n a b l e e c o n o m i c c o n s e quences of the r u l e , a f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the e f f e c t on t h e n a t i o n a l economy, s m a l l b u s i n e s s , t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n , t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and p u b l i c h e a l t h . " I t i s t h i s background of the l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t o f o u r C o n g r e s s t h a t makes TSCA a u n i q u e l a w . For the most p a r t , t h e b u r d e n f o r making t h e n e c e s s a r y "unr e a s o n a b l e r i s k " f i n d i n g r e s t s w i t h the government, and t h e law p r o v i d e s f o r i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r i n g ( S e c t i o n 8) f r o m i n d u s t r y o r o t h e r s t o h e l p make t h i s finding. S i n c e each c h e m i c a l has c e r t a i n p r o p e r t i e s and, i n i t s u s e , has c e r t a i n e x p o s u r e s , p o t e n t i a l r i s k s , and c e r t a i n b e n e f i t s t o s o c i e t y , e a c h e v a l u a t i o n of the u n r e a s o n a b l e n e s s of the r i s k s w i l l depend on i t s own u n i q u e s e t o f f a c t o r s . Congress d i d not attempt to d e f i n e u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k . Congress d i d not l e a v e t h e a g e n c y an e a s y j o b . TSCA demands a b a l a n c e d a p p r o a c h and i t i s t h i s a p p r o a c h , w i t h a l l t h e comp l e x i t i e s i t may p r e s e n t , t h a t i s t h e e s s e n c e o f TSCA. I t i s t h e o n l y way s u c h a law i n o u r c o u n t r y c a n e f f e c t i v e l y regulate chemicls without severely a f f e c t ing i n n o v a t i o n i n the c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y . With t h i s background t h e n , l e t us s h i f t now t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f p r i n c i p a l p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e l a w , what t i m e t a b l e s w e r e b u i l t i n t o t h e law and how f a r a l o n g t h e r o a d we h a v e come. The b a s i c t h r u s t o f TSCA i s t o c o n t r o l u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k s , not a l l r i s k s — but unreasonable r i s k s . To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s , TSCA p r o p o s e s t h a t a d e q u a t e d a t a



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be d e v e l o p e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e f f e c t o f c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s a n d m i x t u r e s on h e a l t h a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and t h a t a u t h o r i t y e x i s t s t o r e g u l a t e t h o s e s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s w h i c h p r e s e n t a n u n r e a s o n a b l e risk. T h i s t h r u s t i s c a r r i e d o u t i n s e v e r a l ways throughout the A c t i n the p r i n c i p l e s e c t i o n s : S e c t i o n 4 - a u t h o r i z e s t h e EPA t o p r o m u l g a t e r u l e s t o r e q u i r e m a n u f a c t u r e r s and/or p r o c e s s o r s t o test s p e c i f i c chemical substances or mixtures i n order t o e v a l u a t e t h e i r human h e a l t h o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l effects. T h i s c a n b e r e q u i r e d when c h e m i c a l s a r e s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g h a z a r d o u s o r when p r o d u c e d i n s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t i t i e s w h i c h may p r e s e n t s i g n i f i c a n t exposure t o humans o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . S e c t i o n 4 has t h r e e other s i g n i f i c a n t p r o v i s i o n s : (1) I t a l l o w s t h e EPA t o p r e s c r i b e t h e p r o c e d u r e s or methodology used t o conduct t h e t e s t i n g . (2) T e s t i n g c o s t s a r e t o be b o r n e b y t h e manuf a c t u r e r s a n d / o r p r o c e s s o r s and i f t h e s e f i r m s c a n n o t a g r e e o n a l l o c a t i o n o f t e s t i n g , t h e EPA c a n e s t a b l i s h the a l l o c a t i o n o f c o s t s . (3) S e c t i o n 4 s e t s up t h e I n t e r a g e n c y T e s t i n g Committee w h i c h c a n d e s i g n a t e c h e m i c a l s f o r p r i o r i t y testing. T h e EPA must r e s p o n d t o s u c h d e s i g n a t i o n s by i s s u i n g a t e s t i n g r u l e w i t h i n 12 m o n t h s o f t h e d e s i g n a t i o n o r i n d i c a t e why s u c h t e s t i n g i s unnecessary. S e c t i o n 5 - empowers t h e EPA t o s c r e e n new c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and e x i s t i n g c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s t o be m a n u f a c t u r e d f o r s i g n i f i c a n t new u s e s b e f o r e manufacturing s t a r t s . The i n d u s t r y i s r e q u i r e d t o s u b m i t a n o t i c e d e s c r i b i n g t h e c h e m i c a l a n d i t s u s e 90 days p r i o r t o m a n u f a c t u r i n g . The Agency h a s b r o a d p o w e r s t o l i m i t m a n u f a c t u r e o r u s e i f t h e EPA c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e c h e m i c a l may p r e s e n t a n u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k and s i g n i f i c a n t unanswered q u e s t i o n s e x i s t . S e c t i o n 5 a l s o p e r m i t s e x e m p t i o n s f o r R&D p u r p o s e s , a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t e s t m a r k e t i n g e x e m p t i o n s , and f o r t h o s e c h e m i c a l s w h i c h p r e s e n t no u n r e a s o n a b l e risk. S e c t i o n 6 - a u t h o r i z e s t h e EPA u p o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f an u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k t o , by r u l e , b a n t h e c h e m i c a l , p r o h i b i t or l i m i t c e r t a i n uses or r e q u i r e l a b e l i n g . In making t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k , t h e A g e n c y must b a l a n c e t h e r i s k a g a i n s t t h e e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l disadvantages of eliminating or r e s t r i c t i n g the a v a i l a b i l i t y of the chemical. Section 6 also requires t h e A g e n c y t o r e g u l a t e PCB's ( P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d B i p h e n y l ' s ) , t h e o n l y c h e m i c a l s p e c i f i c a l l y t a r g e t e d by the law i t s e l f . S e c t i o n 7 - a u t h o r i z e s t h e EPA t o move d i r e c t l y to F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t C o u r t a g a i n s t c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s or m i x t u r e s which a r e imminent h a z a r d s .



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S e c t i o n 8 - e n a b l e s t h e EPA t o r e q u i r e r e c o r d k e e p i n g and r e p o r t i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n . P a r t of t h i s a u t h o r i t y i n c l u d e s the d i r e c t i o n f o r the Agency to c o m p i l e an i n v e n t o r y o f a l l c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s i n commerce. The b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r i n g activities are: S e c t i o n 8(a) - r e p o r t i n g of p r o d u c t i o n , use, e x p o s u r e and d i s p o s a l i n f o r m a t i o n on s p e c i f i c chemicals; S e c t i o n 8(c) - recordkeeping of s i g n i f i c a n t adverse r e a c t i o n s ; S e c t i o n 8(d) - s u b m i s s i o n of l i s t s and c o p i e s o f h e a l t h and s a f e t y s t u d i e s ; S e c t i o n 8(e) - n o t i f i c a t i o n of s u b s t a n t i a l h e a l t h or e n v i r o n m e n t a l risks. To c o m p l e t e t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o v e r a g e o f TSCA, t h e f o l l o w i n g S e c t i o n s o f TSCA a l s o d e s e r v e y o u r attention : S e c t i o n 9 - d e f i n e s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n TSCA and o t h e r F e d e r a l l a w s . In g e n e r a l , t h i s s e c t i o n seeks to a v o i d o v e r l a p p i n g or d u p l i c a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s by t h e v a r i o u s F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s w i t h a u t h o r i t y o v e r chemicals. S e c t i o n 10 - a u t h o r i z e s t h e EPA t o c o n d u c t r e s e a r c h and t o d e v e l o p an e f f e c t i v e s y s t e m t o c o l l e c t and d i s s e m i n a t e d a t a s u b m i t t e d u n d e r t h i s A c t t o others. S e c t i o n 11 - a u t h o r i z e s t h e EPA t o c o n d u c t i n s p e c t i o n s and t o i s s u e s u b p o e n a s t o c o l l e c t informat i o n f o r enforcement of the A c t . S e c t i o n 12 - d e s c r i b e s t h e EPA's a u t h o r i t y r e g a r d i n g c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s m a n u f a c t u r e d for export. S e c t i o n 14 - o u t l i n e s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e A g e n c y t o p r o t e c t t r a d e s e c r e t and c o n f i d e n t i a l b u s i ness i n f o r m a t i o n i t g a t h e r s i n the p r o c e s s of implementing the A c t . S e c t i o n s 15 and 16 - d e f i n e p r o h i b i t e d a c t s u n d e r TSCA and p r e s c r i b e p e n a l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i n g t h e A c t . S e c t i o n s 20 and 21 - a u t h o r i z e c i t i z e n a c t i o n t o compel c o m p l i a n c e w i t h the r e g u l a t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s of the A c t . These s e c t i o n s are a l l i n t e r - r e l a t e d . They were i n t e n d e d t o be t h a t way. I t s h o u l d n o t be and i s n o t the i n t e n t of the law t h a t the Agency would administer each s e c t i o n s e p a r a t e l y . For example, S e c t i o n 8 s h o u l d n o t be u s e d t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n f o r i n f o r m a t i o n sake o n l y . Section 8 i s designed to h e l p focus on t h o s e c h e m i c a l s s e l e c t e d f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n u n d e r a t e s t i n g r u l e ( S e c t i o n 4) o r r e g u l a t i o n ( S e c t i o n 6 ) . In the law i t s e l f , s e v e r a l s e c t i o n s a r e s e l f - i m p l e m e n t i n g and o t h e r s h a v e s p e c i f i e d timetables.


6.

HURST

Overview

After Five

Years


For

87

example: S e c t i o n 8(e) i s a r e p o r t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y which went i n t o e f f e c t J a n u a r y 1, 1977 ( t h e d a t e t h e l a w was effective). T h i s r e q u i r e s any m a n u f a c t u r e r , processor o r d i s t r i b u t o r who l e a r n s o f i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h s u p ports a c o n c l u s i o n that a substance or mixture pres e n t s a s u b s t a n t i a l r i s k , must r e p o r t t h i s t o t h e Agency i m m e d i a t e l y . T h i s was t h e f i r s t p a r t o f TSCA w h i c h i m p a c t e d t h e i n d u s t r y . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f 8 ( e ) r e p o r t i n g h a s b e e n w i t h t h e i n d u s t r y s i n c e Day One o f TSCA. While not r e q u i r e d t o , t h e Agency d i d p u b l i s h a g u i d a n c e d o c u m e n t i n M a r c h o f 1978 t o a s s i s t i n d u s t r y i n u n d e r standing i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . To d a t e , some 400 n o t i c e s have been s u b m i t t e d t o t h e Agency. While the A g e n c y h a s f o l l o w e d up w i t h t h e n o t i f i e r s , no o t h e r a c t i o n h a s b e e n t a k e n by t h e A g e n c y t o d a t e on t h e chemicals involved. A s e c o n d m a j o r p r o v i s i o n o f TSCA w h i c h i s s e l f implementing, i s the requirement for a pre-manufacturi n g n o t i c e on new c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s . This requirement was t r i g g e r e d by t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e I n i t i a l T S C A ' I n v e n t o r y i n May o f 1979. By l a w , t h e PMN p r o gram s t a r t e d 30 d a y s a f t e r t h e i n v e n t o r y o f c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s was p u b l i s h e - d by t h e EPA. S t a r t i n g on J u l y 1, 1 9 7 9 , t h e PMN p r o g r a m h a s p r o c e e d e d v e r y successfully. As o f F e b r u a r y , 1 9 8 2 , some 1,100 PMN's h a v e b e e n r e v i e w e d t h r o u g h t h e PMN S y s t e m . PMN's a r e being submitted a t t h e r a t e o f 700/year c u r r e n t l y . The r e m a i n i n g s e c t i o n s o f TSCA r e q u i r e s p e c i f i c r u l e m a k i n g o r a c t i o n by t h e A g e n c y t o i m p l e m e n t t h e various provisions of the Act. The Agency h a s n o t been i d l e and h a s p r o p o s e d numerous r u l e s and p r o cedures . The A g e n c y u n d e r t h e C a r t e r A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , howe v e r , t e n d e d t o p r o p o s e r e g u l a t i o n s w h i c h were j u d g e d by many t o be b e y o n d t h e s t a t u t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e law a n d i n many c a s e s u n w o r k a b l e . Of p r i m a r y c o n c e r n has b e e n t h e a d v e r s e e f f e c t o f PMN r e p o r t i n g r e g u l a t i o n s on i n n o v a t i o n w i t h i n t h e i n d u s t r y a n d t h e l a c k of an i d e n t i f i a b l e p u r p o s e and r e a s o n a b l e n e s s i n t h e various r e p o r t i n g r u l e s proposed. The t h r u s t o f A g e n c y a c t i o n seemed t o be t h a t e a c h s e c t i o n o f TSCA s h o u l d be i m p l e m e n t e d on i t s own m e r i t s w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t h e o v e r a l l i n t e r - r e l a t e d a c t i o n s and p u r p o s e s o f TSCA. T h u s , much o f what t h e A g e n c y h a s p r o p o s e d , h a s been t h e s u b j e c t o f i n d u s t r y concern. Many i n i n d u s t r y h a v e s u b m i t t e d comments t o t h e A g e n c y expressing t h e i r o b j e c t i o n t o t h e a p p r o a c h t a k e n by t h e A g e n c y .



88

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A t t h e same t i m e , o t h e r s s u c h as t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l g r o u p s h a v e a r g u e d t h a t TSCA i s n o t w o r k i n g and t h a t EPA has n o t f u l f i l l e d t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n t o i m p l e ment t h e l a w . They have been p a r t i c u l a r l y c r i t i c a l of m i s s e d d e a d l i n e s by t h e A g e n c y , t h a t o n l y a few final r u l e s d e v e l o p e d and t h e f a i l u r e t o r e g u l a t e chemicals u n d e r TSCA. I t would appear t h a t t h e i r measurement of s u c c e s s o f TSCA w o u l d be -- How many r u l e s a r e written? o r -- How many c h e m i c a l s a r e b a n n e d ? T h i s does not seem t o be a c l e a r - t h i n k i n g a p p r o a c h . I f y o u r measurement of e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the law i s what a c t i o n h a s b e e n t a k e n , t h e n h e r e i s how your scoreboard looks: EPA

Actions

Under

Section

6 f

10/15/78 - Ban u s e o f C F C s (Chlorofluorocarbons) as a e r o s o l p r o p e l l a n t s i n n o n - e s s e n t i a l u s e s . 5/31/79 - F i n a l r u l e on PCB s t r u c k down by U.S. C o u r t 10/31/80. Court ordered i n t e r i m program 3/10/81. 3/11/80 - F i n a l r u l e on d i s p o s a l o f w a s t e s c o n t a i n i n g 2,3,7,8 T e t r a c h l o r o d i b e n z o - p - d i o x i n . 9/17/80 - P r o p o s e d r u l e on a s b e s t o s i n s c h o o l buildings. 10/7/80 - ANPR r e s t r i c t i n g p r o d u c t i o n o f C F C ' s . EPA

Actions

Under

Section

5

11/26/80 - P r o p o s e d s i g n i f i c a n t new u s e r u l e (SNUR) n - M e t h a n e s u l f o n y l - p - t o l u e n e sulfonamide. EPA

Actions

Under

Section

4

(Testing)

Proposed Test Rules. 7/18/80 7/18/80 - C h l o r i n a t e d B e n z e n e s . 6/5/81 - N i t r o b e n z e n e 6/5/81 - 1,1,1 Trichloroethane. 6/5/81 - D i c h l o r o m e t h a n e Notice

of

Decisions

Not

to

Propose

Chloromethane.

Testing

Rules

Acrylamide (health e f f e c t s ) . Polychlorinated Terphenyls. Chlorinated Napthalenes. Benzidine dyes. O - t o l u i d i n e dyes. D i a n i s i d i n e dyes. To t h o s e o f us who h a v e w o r k e d c l o s e l y w i t h TSCA t h r o u g h t h e p a s t 5 y e a r s , t h e A c t i s w o r k i n g , and has



6.

HURST

Overview

After Five

Years

89

a c h i e v e d many o f t h e g o a l s e s t a b l i s h e d . T h i s impact i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y m e a s u r a b l e by t h e y a r d s t i c k s s u c h as numbers o f r u l e s o r r e g u l a t o r y a c t i o n s . However, the impact i s m e a s u r a b l e . I t c a n a l s o be d e m o n s t r a t e d by t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e i n d u s t r y r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p u b l i c and p o l i t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h h a s l e d t o t h e p a s s a g e o f TSCA a n d o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l l a w s . Today, r e s p o n s i b l e companies i n t h e i n d u s t r y have i n i t i a t e d i n t e r n a l mechanisms which have produced t h e r e s u l t s i n t e n d e d by l a w . An i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s h a s b e e n t h e r e s p o n s e o f industry to the 8(e) notice requirements of the law. Most companies have e s t a b l i s h e d an i n t e r n a l communicat i o n s system to c o l l e c t p o t e n t i a l 8(e) i n f o r m a t i o n , selected personnel to evaluate the information g a t h e r e d , and have d e v e l o p e d an e x p e r t i s e i n h a n d l i n g t h i s type of hazard r e p o r t i n g . T y p i c a l l y , the 8(e) n o t i f i e r t a k e s a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n o r r e s p o n s e on h i s own i n i t i a t i v e t o c o n t r o l o r a l l e v i a t e t h e r i s k s i n volved. I t h a s been commonplace f o r t h e n o t i f i e r t o a d v i s e h i s c u s t o m e r s as w e l l as h i s employees f o r t h e chemical involved of the information contained i n the notice. The l i s t o f 8 ( e ) n o t i c e s a s t h e y h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d o r o t h e r w i s e made a v a i l a b l e by t h e EPA o r t r a d e p r e s s a r e f o l l o w e d c l o s e l y by h e a l t h and s a f e t y d e partments o f companies i n a l l types o f i n d u s t r i e s . I n d u s t r y i n g e n e r a l has d e v e l o p e d methods t o n o t j u s t a c q u i r e and e v a l u a t e i n f o r m a t i o n , b u t a l s o t a k e r e sponsive action. Part of the a b i l i t y of industry to respond to i n f o r m a t i o n such as 8 ( e ) n o t i c e s has been t h e r e s u l t of d e v e l o p m e n t o f h e a l t h and s a f e t y u n i t s t h r o u g h o u t industry. W h i l e some c o m p a n i e s h a v e h a d i d e n t i f i a b l e s a f e t y d e p a r t m e n t s f o r many y e a r s , i n many c o m p a n i e s t o d a y , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l c h a r t shows a h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y department u s u a l l y r e p o r t i n g a t a high l e v e l of management. Obviously, e a c h company h a s i t s own s y s tem o r o r g a n i z a t i o n r e f l e c t i n g i t s own management s t y l e b u t , t h e p o i n t i s - - c o m p a n i e s r e s p o n d i n some way o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y to f i l l the need. I s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e s t e p s would have o c c u r r e d w i t h o r w i t h o u t TSCA o r o t h e r l a w s b e i n g i n p l a c e . I p e r s o n a l l y b e l i e v e c o m p a n i e s do r e s p o n d t o t h e n e e d s e x p r e s s e d by t h e p u b l i c a n d t h a t t h e " m a r k e t p l a c e " - t h e p u b l i c ' s p e r c e p t i o n o f what t h e r e s p o n s i b l e company s h o u l d do - - h a s s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t . Without question, these i l l u s t r a t i o n s demonstrate the f a c t t h a t companies w i l l r e s p o n d t o t h e t h r u s t s o f laws w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e p r o m u l g a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c



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CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY

regulations. I n t h e l a w , S e c t i o n 8 ( e ) i s o n l y one s h o r t p a r a g r a p h (8 l i n e s l o n g ) t h a t e s t a b l i s h e s t h e t h r u s t o f t h e l a w and g o a l t o be a c c o m p l i s h e d . That i s a l l we i n i n d u s t r y s h o u l d n e e d -- t e l l us what t h e g o a l i s and l e t u s d e t e r m i n e how we c a n b e s t a c h i e v e it. We do n o t n e e d s p e c i f i c i n s t r u c t i o n s as t o how we s h o u l d c a r r y out our r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to comply w i t h the law. In my o p i n i o n , t h e d e b a t e o v e r t h e p r o g r e s s o f TSCA t h u s f a r h a s f o u n d r o o t i n p a r t f r o m t h e l a c k o f p e r c e p t i o n o f what TSCA l a w r e a l l y i s . The signific a n t c h a n g e s i n TSCA t h a t o c c u r r e d d u r i n g i t s s i x - y e a r g e s t a t i o n p e r i o d may n o t be f u l l y r e c o g n i z e d n o r a c c e p t e d by some. I t i s the f i r s t t r u l y " b a l a n c i n g law" t h e A g e n c y has had t o a d m i n i s t e r . I n some r e s p e c t s , t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f some t h a t TSCA s h o u l d be r a p i d l y r e g u l a t i n g c h e m i c a l s does not a p p r e c i a t e a l l of the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f TSCA and i t s p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t s . C o n g r e s s i n w r i t i n g TSCA S e c t i o n 2 s a i d t h e Cong r e s s f i n d s t h a t -- among t h e many c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s and m i x t u r e s w h i c h a r e c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g d e v e l o p e d and p r o d u c e d , t h e r e a r e some - - whose m a n u f a c t u r i n g may p r e s e n t an u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k - - . T h i s and o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o f TSCA e s t a b l i s h t h a t t h e C o n g r e s s , i n r e a c h ing a d e c i s i o n on l e g i s l a t i v e a p p r o a c h , r e c o g n i z e d t h a t not a l l c h e m i c a l s would p r e s e n t u n r e a s o n a b l e risks. I t a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the Agency would have to s e e k o u t w h i c h c h e m i c a l s may p r e s e n t u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k , e s t a b l i s h p r i o r i t i e s and p r o c e e d , t h r o u g h r u l e m a k i n g , to r e g u l a t e . In the f i r s t 4 y e a r s o f TSCA, t h e EPA did n o t do t h i s j o b w e l l . The A g e n c y i s j u s t now dev e l o p i n g a p r o g r a m o f e x e m p t i o n s f r o m t h e PMN process for t h o s e c h e m i c a l s w h i c h do n o t p o s e u n r e a s o n a b l e risks. To h e l p s e t p r i o r i t i e s f o r t e s t i n g , t h e EPA has a v a i l a b l e , the a s s i s t a n c e of the I n t e r a g e n c y T e s t i n g Committee ( I T C ) . The I T C was e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e A g e n c y as d i r e c t e d by l a w and i t came f o r w a r d w i t h i t s initial l i s t of d e s i g n a t e d c h e m i c a l s i n O c t o b e r , 1977, m e e t i n g t h e t i m e s c h e d u l e d by t h e l a w . Approximately e v e r y s i x m o n t h s t h e r e a f t e r , t h e ITC h a s s u b m i t t e d a d d i t i o n a l names t o t h e A g e n c y t o add t o t h e l i s t . In a l l , some 9 l i s t s i n c l u d i n g some 49 c h e m i c a l s o r c h e m i c a l c a t e g o r i e s have been d e s i g n a t e d . One o f t h e c r i t i c i s m s o f t h e A g e n c y h a s b e e n t h a t they have f a i l e d to take a c t i o n w i t h i n the s t a t u t o r y 12-month p e r i o d on t h e ITC l i s t o f c h e m i c a l s . This r e s u l t e d i n a s u i t by t h e N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s Defense C o u n c i l (NRDC) i n May, 1979. The D i s t r i c t C o u r t o r d e r e d t h e EPA t o p r e p a r e a p l a n f o r c o m p l y i n g w i t h


6.

HURST

Overview

After Five

Years

91


the law. T h e EPA i s now u n d e r c o u r t o r d e r t o a d h e r e to a s c h e d u l e a g r e e d u p o n f o r t h o s e c h e m i c a l s i n t h e f i r s t 6 l i s t s s u b m i t t e d by t h e I T C . U n d e r t h e p r e s e n t EPA a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e r e i s e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n t h a t TSCA i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l s p e e d up. T h e r e c e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d r a f t o f TSCA " P r i o r i t i e s f o r OTS O p e r a t i o n " p r e p a r e d b y Don C l a y a n d h i s management team, s u g g e s t s t h e A g e n c y w i l l d i r e c t t h e i r e f f o r t s t o w a r d two b r o a d a r e a s : 1) New C h e m i c a l P r o g r a m 2) E x i s t i n g Chemicals Program The

New C h e m i c a l 1) 2) 3) 4)

The

P r o g r a m Has F o u r

Major

Parts:

R e v i e w o f PMN's s u b m i t t e d F i n a l i z i n g PMN r e q u i r e m e n t s E s t a b l i s h i n g PMN e x e m p t i o n s F o l l o w - u p p r o g r a m f o r new c h e m i c a l s

Existing

Chemical

P r o g r a m Has F i v e

Major

Parts:

1) F o c u s on r e d u c t i o n o f u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k s 2) E m p h a s i z e v o l u n t a r y c o n t r o l by i n d u s t r y a n d the p u b l i c 3) C o n c e n t r a t i n g e v a l u a t i o n and c o n t r o l e f f o r t s on s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s 4) D i r e c t i n g e f f o r t a t problems i d e n t i f i e d t h r o u g h s p e c i f i c TSCA m e c h a n i s m s 5) Exchange t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h i n d u s t r y , l a b o r a n d o t h e r s on s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s The r e p o r t o u t l i n e s i n more d e t a i l t h e o v e r a l l a p p r o a c h p l a n n e d by t h e EPA f o r i m p l e m e n t i n g TSCA. As a g e n e r a l comment, i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h e A g e n c y w i l l f o c u s i t s a c t i v i t y on t h o s e c h e m i c a l s w h i c h a r e p e r c e i v e d t o p r e s e n t m a j o r r i s k s and w i l l u s e t h e e n t i r e l i s t o f o p t i o n s o p e n t o them u n d e r TSCA t o e f f e c t i v e l y e v a l u a t e t h e r i s k and take a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . Their t h r u s t w i l l a l s o a p p a r e n t l y be t o e n c o u r a g e v o l u n t a r y a c t i o n on t h e p a r t o f i n d u s t r y t o c o n t r o l t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h may p r e s e n t u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k s . This w i l l be p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e f o r t h e t e s t i n g p r o g r a m f o r c h e m i c a l s i n c l u d i n g t h o s e on t h e I T C l i s t s . Clearly the Agency e x p e c t s t h e ITC l i s t t o s e r v e as a p r i o r i t y for them a n d I b e l i e v e we c a n e x p e c t t o s e e a c t i o n t a k e n i n t h e f u t u r e on I T C - l i s t e d c h e m i c a l s w i t h i n t h e s t a t u t o r y time l i m i t . The o v e r a l l o u t l i n e o f a c t i o n i n d i c a t e d i n t h e 100-Day R e p o r t i s e n c o u r a g i n g . T h e A g e n c y seems r e a d y t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f TSCA i n a n o r d e r l y manner f o c u s e d o n l y on t h o s e p a r t i c u l a r


92

TSCA:

IMPACT

ON

SOCIETY

AND

CHEMICAL

INDUSTRY

chemicals which f i t the d e f i n i t i o n i n S e c t i o n 2 — "some whose m a n u f a c t u r e , p r o c e s s i n g , o r d i s t r i b u t i n g i n commerce, u s e o r d i s p o s a l may p r e s e n t an unreasonable r i s k . " F i v e years i s a long time. H o w e v e r , when implementing a l a w as c o m p r e h e n s i v e as TSCA on an i n d u s t r y as c o m p l e x as t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y , i t i s f a r too s h o r t . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , the Agency has accomp l i s h e d two m a j o r a c t i o n s : 1) t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e TSCA I n v e n t o r y a n d , 2) t h e r e v i e w o f o v e r 1,100 PMN s. Both t a s k s are noteworthy. The i n v e n t o r y o f some 5 5 , 0 0 0 - p l u s c h e m i c a l s was a m a j o r t a s k . T h i s document i s c r i t i c a l t o t h e w o r k i n g o f TSCA a n d i s b e i n g " c o p i e d " b y o t h e r s s u c h as t h e E u r o p e a n E c o n o m i c Community i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r e q u i v a l e n t o f TSCA f o r t h e 10-member c o u n t r i e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n Common M a r k e t . The i n v e n t o r y i n t h e U.S. has become a v a l u a b l e t o o l n o t o n l y f o r t h e A g e n c y as i t w o r k s w i t h TSCA, b u t a l s o f o r t h e c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r y . I t r a n k s i n e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e w i t h a l l of the o t h e r m a j o r r e f e r e n c e b o o k s u s e d by t h e i n d u s t r y i n i t s R&D a c t i v i t y and c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n p l a n s . The PMN p r o g r a m h a s a l s o b e e n h i g h l y i n f o r m a t i v e . W i t h an e x p e r i e n c e f a c t o r d e v e l o p e d by r e v i e w i n g o v e r 1,100 PMN' s, a r e v i e w o f t h e d a t a shows t h a t t h e A g e n c y has f o u n d r e a s o n t o q u e s t i o n o n l y a v e r y few chemicals as p r e s e n t i n g u n r e a s o n a b l e r i s k s . W h i l e we i n i n d u s t r y m i g h t h a v e b e l i e v e d t h a t -- t h e r e i s n o t h i n g l i k e -" s e e i n g i t -- t o b e l i e v e i t . " This experience alone h a s b e e n an i m p o r t a n t l e s s o n l e a r n e d by t h e A g e n c y w h i c h s h o u l d h a v e d r a m a t i c i n f l u e n c e on what t h e A g e n c y d o e s f r o m h e r e on i m p l e m e n t i n g TSCA. We h o p e t h a t o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n t h e E u r o p e a n E c o n o m i c Community and t h e g r e a t e r number i n t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n and D e v e l o p m e n t w i l l u s e t h i s e x p e r i e n c e i n p u t t i n g t h e i r somewhat d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m s i n t o o p e r a t i o n t o a s s e s s t h e r i s k s o f new chemicals. The PMN p r o g r a m a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e s one o t h e r v e r y significant fact. M o s t o f t h e "new c h e m i c a l s " coming t h r o u g h t h e PMN s y s t e m a r e m e r e l y m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f an e x i s t i n g type of c h e m i s t r y . T h i s f a c t has been h e l p f u l to the Agency s i n c e e x p e r i e n c e w i t h the f a m i l y of c h e m i s t r y i s h e l p f u l i n m a k i n g t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n and assessment of r i s k s . B u t t h i s f a c t a l s o s a y s one o t h e r t h i n g -- o u r i n d u s t r y ' s R&D e f f o r t i s n o t p r o d u c i n g "new chemistry." We c o n t i n u e t o m a s s a g e t h e o l d c h e m i s t r y . Does t h i s r e f l e c t t h e i m p a c t o f t h e PMN r e g u l a t i o n on i n n o v a t i o n and i n v e n t i o n ? A r e we n o t e x p l o r i n g new f i e l d s i n R&D b e c a u s e t h e "new" f i e l d s o f c h e m i s t r y may be d i f f i c u l t


!



6. HURST

Overview After Five Years

93

to pursue with the uncertainty of the PMN process facing us? Or is i t because our productivity in research is falling for reasons other than regulatory pressure? Whatever i t i s , i t is clear that innovation has been adversely affected. The PMN process of TSCA as implemented thus far, has played a significant role in causing this, but i t is the challenge for R&D management in our industry to take the steps necessary to create a climate in our research activities for innovation. The challenge is also present for the Agency to assure that their rules and regulations place only reasonable and prudent burdens on the industry as i t invests in the new frontiers of the chemical world. So the industry has completed 5 years of life under TSCA. We are s t i l l in business. But we have changed. Some of the changes come from responding to the law. Some of our responses are to the "spirit of TSCA" -- the public demands for responsive action that created the political atmosphere in which TSCA was originally conceived. From the EPA, we have seen several false starts in getting their act together. This should not be too surprising. They started from scratch in 1977 with only a handful of people. Today the Office of Toxic Substances is 600 strong. In fairness to the Agency, i t takes time to hire and train the people to do an effective job with a new "balancingtype" law. Where to from here? -- i t is not difficult to predict. We w i l l see TSCA implemented - - hopefully in a reasonable and timely manner. The Agency has learned a lot about our industry, about our new chemicals and about how to implement the law effectively. Good communication between the Agency and the industry w i l l be a "must" i f the law is to work efficiently. While we may come to the discussion table from two different backgrounds and viewpoints, the only way to leave the table is with joint understanding of what truly needs to be done to manage the risks of interest in a reasonable and responsive way. It is in our overall best interest to see this done. It is simply good business. It is also good government! And i t w i l l require our best efforts to present our viewpoint positively, persuasively and effectively. Literature Cited 1. "Legislative History of the Toxic Substances Control Act," prepared by the Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division of the Library of Congress for the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.



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TSCA: IMPACT ON SOCIETY AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

2. Chemical Manufacturers Association; "The First Four Years of the Toxic Substances Control Act," 3. Clay,Don, Director-Office Toxic Substances, "Priorities for OTS Operation (100-Day Report)," February, 1982. 4. Conference Report 95-564, 95th Congress, Clean Air Amendments of 1977, Section 313, p 109-110. 5. Toxic Substances Control Act, U.S. Public Law 94-469, October 11, 1976. 6. Occupational Safety and Health Act, Public Law 91- 596, December 29, 1970. 7. Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Public Law 92- 500, October 18, 1972. 8. Food and Drug Act, Public Law 85-929, September 6, 1958. RECEIVED

September 29, 1982


Overview After Five Years - ACS Publications - American Chemical

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