Oxidative Cyclization Reactions of Trienes and Dienynes: Total

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Oxidative Cyclization Reactions of Trienes and Dienynes: Total Synthesis of Membrarollin Claire L. Morris,† Yulai Hu,†,§ Geoff D. Head,† Lynda J. Brown,† William G. Whittingham,‡ and Richard C. D. Brown*,† School of Chemistry, UniVersity of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Center, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom [email protected] ReceiVed September 18, 2008

Trienes and dienynes containing one electron-deficient double bond were shown to undergo regio- and stereoselective oxidative cyclization in the presence of permanganate ion to afford 2,5-bis-hydroxyalkyltetrahydrofurans (THF diols). The THF diols produced retained either alkene or alkyne functionalities, which provided convenient handles for the metal oxo-mediated introduction of an adjacent THF ring with overall control of relative and absolute stereochemistry. Adjacent bis-THFs possessing threo-cisthreo-trans-erythro, threo-cis-threo-trans-threo, threo-cis-threo-cis-erythro, threo-cis-erythro-cis-threo, or threo-cis-erythro-trans-threo relationships were synthesized by appropriate selection of alkene geometry and methodology for the closure of the second ring. The threo-cis-threo-cis-erythro stereochemical arrangement is embodied within the bis-THF core units of a number of Annonaceous acetogenins including membrarollin, while trilobacin has a threo-cis-erythro-trans-threo configured core. As an application of the selective oxidative cyclization approach, a total synthesis of membrarollin was completed in 17 linear steps from dodecyne. The C21,C22 double epimer of membrarollin was also synthesized in 15 linear steps and without recourse to the use of hydroxyl group protection.

Introduction The class of compounds known as Annonaceous acetogenins has stimulated substantial interest from synthetic chemists due to the identification of diverse and important biological activities, not least of which is the potent cytotoxic antitumor activity †

University of Southampton. Syngenta. Current address: Department of Chemistry, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China. (1) Reviews of the chemistry and biology of Annonaceous acetogenins: (a) Bermejo, A.; Figadere, B.; Zafra-Polo, M. C.; Barrachina, I.; Estornell, E.; Cortes, D. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2005, 22, 269–303. (b) Alali, F. Q.; Liu, X. X.; McLaughlin, J. L. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 504–540. (c) Zeng, L.; Ye, Q.; Oberlies, N. H.; Shi, G.; Gu, Z. M.; He, K.; Mclaughlin, J. L. Nat. Prod. Rep. 1996, 13, 275– 306. (d) Zafra-Polo, M. C.; Figadere, B.; Gallardo, T.; Tormo, J. R.; Cortes, D. Phytochemistry 1998, 48, 1087–1117. (e) Saez, J.; Sahpaz, S.; Villaescusa, L.; Hocquemiller, R.; Cave´, A.; Cortes, D. J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 351–356. (f) Rupprecht, J. K.; Hui, Y. H.; McLaughlin, J. L. J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53, 237– 278. ‡ §

10.1021/jo802012a CCC: $40.75  2009 American Chemical Society Published on Web 01/08/2009

exhibited by many family members.1 The Annonaceous acetogenins have also been a focus of synthetic effort because their structures provide a platform to inspire and advance methodology.2,3 Structurally, most Annonaceous acetogenins can be grouped into four subclasses: mono-THFs, adjacent bis-THFs, nonadjacent bis-THFs, and nonclassical acetogenins containing a 2,6disubstituted tetrahydropyran (THP) ring. Acetogenins containing epoxide rings or unsaturation within their C1-C32/34 backbone are also known, and these compounds have been proposed as biosynthetic precursors to THF- and THP-contain(2) For reviews of acetogenin synthesis, see: (a) Casiraghi, G.; Zanardi, F.; Battistini, L.; Rassu, G.; Appendino, G. ChemTracts-Org. Chem. 1998, 11, 803– 827. (b) Figade`re, B.; Cave´, A. In Studies in Natural Products Chemistry; Attaur-Rahman, Ed.; Elsevier Science Publishers BV: Amsterdam, 1996; Vol. 18, pp 193-227, (c) Marshall, J. A.; Hinkle, K. W.; Hagedorn, C. E. Isr. J. Chem 1997, 37, 97–107. (d) Hoppe, R.; Scharf, H. D. Synthesis 1995, 1447–1464. (e) Figade`re, B. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 359–365. (f) Koert, U. Synthesis 1995, 115–132.

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FIGURE 1. Structures of representative adjacent bis-THF acetogenins containing cis-THF rings.

ing acetogenins. Within the adjacent bis-THF category, over 20 members are known that contain at least one cis-2,5disubstituted THF ring (Figure 1).1a,4 Assignment of relative and absolute stereochemistry in the bis-hydroxyalkyl tetrahydrofuran (THF diol) regions present in acetogenins has been complicated because these waxy compounds are not typically amenable to structural determination by X-ray diffraction. Therefore, stereochemical assignment has relied heavily on empirical rules relating to NMR chemical shift data, which have (3) For selected total syntheses of adjacent bis-THF acetogenins, see: (a) Chen, Z.; Sinha, S. C. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 1603–1611. (b) Curran, D. P.; Zhang, Q. S.; Richard, C.; Lu, H. J.; Gudipati, V.; Wilcox, C. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9561–9573. (c) Maezaki, N.; Kojima, N.; Tanaka, T. Synlett 2006, 993–1003. (d) Zhao, H. D.; Gorman, J. S. T.; Pagenkopf, B. L. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 4379–4382. (e) Narayan, R. S.; Borhan, B. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1416–1429. (f) Marshall, J. A.; Sabatini, J. J. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 3557–3560. (g) He, Y. T.; Xue, S.; Hu, T. S.; Yao, Z. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 5393– 5397. (h) Keum, G.; Hwang, C. H.; Kang, S. B.; Kim, Y.; Lee, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10396–10399. (i) Nattrass, G. L.; Diez, E.; McLachlan, M. M.; Dixon, D. J.; Ley, S. V. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 580–584. (j) Tinsley, J. M.; Roush, W. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10818–10819. (k) Marshall, J. A.; Piettre, A.; Paige, M. A.; Valeriote, F. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 1771– 1779. (l) Keinan, E.; Sinha, S. C. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 93–105. (m) Emde, U.; Koert, U. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 1889–1904. (n) Avedissian, H.; Sinha, S. C.; Yazbak, A.; Sinha, A.; Neogi, P.; Sinha, S. C.; Keinan, E. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6035–6051. (o) Wang, Z. M.; Tian, S. K.; Shi, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 349–356. (p) Sinha, S. C.; Sinha, A.; Sinha, S. C.; Keinan, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4017–4018. (q) Marshall, J. A.; Hinkle, K. W. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 5989–5995. (r) Trost, B. M.; Calkins, T. L.; Bochet, C. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 2632–2635. (s) Hoye, T. R.; Ye, Z. X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1801–1802. (t) Wo¨hrle, I.; Classen, A.; Peterek, M.; Scharf, H. D. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7001–7004. (u) Sinha, S. C.; Sinha, A.; Yazbak, A.; Keinan, E. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 7640–7641. (v) Naito, H.; Kawahara, E.; Maruta, K.; Maeda, M.; Sasaki, S. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4419– 4427. (w) Koert, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2517–2520. (x) Hoye, T. R.; Hanson, P. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 5043–5046. (4) Membranacin: (a) Saez, J.; Sahpaz, S.; Villaescusa, L.; Hocquemiller, R.; Cave´, A.; Cortes, D. J. Nat. Prod. 1993, 56, 351–356. (b) Cha´vez, D.; Acevedo, L. A.; Mata, R. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 1119–1122. Membrarollin: (c) Gonza´lez, M. C.; Lavaud, C.; Gallardo, T.; Zafra-Polo, M. C.; Cortes, D. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 6079–6088. Carolins: (d) Queiroz, E. F.; Roblot, F.; Figade`re, B.; Laurens, A.; Duret, P.; Hocquemiller, R.; Cave, A.; Serani, L.; Laprevote, O.; Cotte-Laffitte, J.; Quero, A. M. J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 61, 34–39. Trilobacin: (e) Zhao, G. X.; Gu, Z. M.; Zeng, L.; Chao, J. F.; Kozlowski, J. F.; Wood, K. V.; McLaughlin, J. L. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 7149–7160. (f) Zhao, G. X.; Hui, Y. H.; Rupprecht, J. K.; McLaughlin, J. L.; Wood, K. V. J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 347–356.

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developed through careful analysis of NMR spectra of synthetic model compounds, the natural products themselves, and various derivatives such as Mosher esters.1,4c,5-7 The antitumor activity of acetogenins has been attributed to their inhibitory effect on mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and to inhibition of ubiquinonelinked NADH oxidase present in membranes of cancerous cells.8 Adjacent bis-THF acetogenins including membrarollin (2, IC50 0.3 nM) and membranacin (1, IC50 0.6 nM) rank among the most potent of the known inhibitors of complex I.9 The stereocontrolled assembly of the adjacent bis-THF diol units represents the most significant challenge to be addressed during total syntheses of this subclass of acetogenins, and various strategies have been investigated.2,3,10 Oxidative cyclization of 1,5-dienes constitutes a powerful method that enables the stereoselective formation of 2,5-disubstituted THF diols containing up to four new stereogenic centers in a single step.11-13 Any of eight possible stereoisomeric cis-2,5-disubstituted THF diols may be obtained through control of diene stereochemistry and diastereofacial selectivity of the initial reaction between the oxidant and the substrate. While different metal oxo species may induce the oxidative cyclization of 1,5-dienes to cis-2,5disubstituted THF diols, permanganate ion remains the only one (5) For advanced Mosher ester method, see ref 7a and (a) Ohtani, I.; Kusumi, T.; Kashman, Y.; Kakisawa, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4092–4096. For applications to the assignment of stereochemistry in Annonaceous acetogenins, see: (b) Rieser, M. J.; Hui, Y. H.; Rupprecht, J. K.; Kozlowski, J. F.; Wood, K. V.; McLaughlin, J. L.; Hanson, P. R.; Zhuang, Z. P.; Hoye, T. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10203–10213. (c) Hoye, T. R.; Jeffrey, C. S.; Shao, F. Nat. Protoc. 2007, 2, 2451–2458. (6) For the assignment of relative stereochemistry in acetogenins see ref 7a and (a) Hoye, T. R.; Suhadolnik, J. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 4403– 4404. (b) Hoye, T. R.; Zhuang, Z. P. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5578–5580. (c) Born, L.; Lieb, F.; Lorentzen, J. P.; Moeschler, H.; Nonfon, M.; Sollner, R.; Wendisch, D. Planta Med. 1990, 56, 312–316. (7) For discussion of the proof of acetogenin stereochemistry through comparison with synthetic acetogenins and examples where it has not been possible to differentiate certain acetogenin stereoisomers on the basis of NMR, melting points, or optical rotation data, see: (a) Curran, D. P.; Zhang, Q. S.; Lu, H. J.; Gudipati, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9943–9956. (b) Hu, Y. L.; Cecil, A. R. L.; Frank, X.; Gleye, C.; Figadere, B.; Brown, R. C. D. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4, 1217–1219. (8) (a) Londershausen, M.; Leicht, W.; Lieb, F.; Moeschler, H.; Weiss, H. Pestic. Sci. 1991, 33, 427–438. (b) Ahammadsahib, K. I.; Hollingworth, R. M.; McGovren, J. P.; Hui, Y. H.; McLaughlin, J. L. Life Sci. 1993, 53, 1113–1120. (c) Degli Esposti, M.; Ghelli, A.; Ratta, M.; Cortes, D.; Estornell, E. Biochem. J. 1994, 301, 161–167. (d) Morre´, D. J.; de Cabo, R.; Farley, C.; Oberlies, N. H.; McLaughlin, J. L. Life Sci. 1995, 56, 343–348. (9) For inhibition of NADH oxidase activity by membranacin and membrarollin see ref 4c. For other examples of potent acetogenin-type inhibitors of complex I, see: (a) Abe, M.; Kubo, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Hatoh, Y.; Murai, M.; Hattori, Y.; Makabe, H.; Nishioka, T.; Miyoshi, H. Biochemistry 2008, 47, 6260– 6266. (b) Motoyama, T.; Yabunaka, H.; Miyoshi, H. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 2089–2092. (c) Tormo, J. R.; Estornell, E.; Gallardo, T.; Gonza´lez, M. C.; Cave´, A.; Granell, S.; Cortes, D.; Zafra-Polo, M. C. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 11, 681–684. (10) For general reviews of tetrahydrofuran synthesis, see: (a) Katsuki, T. Curr. Org. Chem. 2001, 5, 663–678. (b) Harmange, J.-C.; Figadere, B. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 1711–1754. (c) Boivin, T. L. B. Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 3309–3362. (11) For a recent review of the oxidative cyclization of dienes, see: Piccialli, V. Synthesis 2007, 2585–2607. (12) Examples of the direct oxidative cyclization of 1,5-dienes applied within total syntheses of Annonaceous acetogenins. Permanganate: (a) Cecil, A. R. L.; Brown, R. C. D. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3715–3718. (b) Cecil, A. R. L.; Hu, Y. L.; Vicent, M. J.; Duncan, R.; Brown, R. C. D. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3368– 3374. (c) Head, G. D.; Whittingham, W. G.; Brown, R. C. D. Synlett 2004, 1437–1439. (d) Brown, L. J.; Spurr, I. B.; Kemp, S. C.; Camp, N. P.; Gibson, K. R.; Brown, R. C. D. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 2489–2492. Ruthenium: (e) Goksel, H.; Stark, C. B. W. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 3433–3436. (13) Syntheses of Annonaceous acetogenins using metal oxo-mediated cyclization of dihydroxyolefins and hydroxyolefins. Osmium: (a) Donohoe, T. J.; Butterworth, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4766–4768. (b) Donohoe, T. J.; Harris, R. M.; Burrows, J.; Parker, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 13704– 13705. Rhenium: see refs 3a, l, n, p, u and (c) Keinan, E.; Sinha, A.; Yazbak, A.; Sinha, S. C.; Sinha, S. C. Pure Appl. Chem. 1997, 69, 423–430.

OxidatiVe Cyclization Reactions of Trienes and Dienynes

that affords direct access to enantiomerically enriched products in a single step, either through the use of chiral auxiliaries or asymmetric phase-transfer catalysis.14 In principle, the insoluble coproduct of permanganate oxidations, MnO2, could be recycled by sequential air and electrochemical oxidations.15 However, the very low cost of KMnO4 coupled with the relatively low toxicities of MnO2 or Mn(II) salts renders recycling unnecessary for typical laboratory-scale experiments. In this paper we present our studies on the reactions of dienynes and trienes with permanganate ion and show that selective oxidative cyclizations are possible. Furthermore, the THF diols produced in these selective oxidative cyclizations may serve as convenient precursors to adjacent bis-THFs. We go on to illustrate the synthetic value of the methodology through the total synthesis of the Annonaceous acetogenin membrarollin,16 and we also show how the bis-THF core unit present in other acetogenins can be accessed by this approach.

SCHEME 1. Synthetic Route to Adjacent Bis-THF Acetogenins by Selective Oxidative Cyclization of Dienynoyl or Trienoyl Sultams

Results and Discussion Whereas selective osmylations of dienes, trienes, and enynes have been well-studied,17,18 the corresponding reactions of permanganate ion remain relatively unexplored. In contrast to other metal oxo species, permanganate oxidizes alkenes more rapidly when electron-withdrawing substituents such as carbonyl groups are conjugated with the olefin.19 Furthermore, alkynes react more slowly with permanganate than alkenes.20 These observations suggest that selective oxidative cyclizations of suitable dienynes and trienes should be possible. Thus, regioand stereoselective oxidative monocyclizations of 1,5,9-trienes or related dienynes (e.g., 7) could be used advantageously, to yield THF diols containing unsaturated functionality suitable for elaboration using metal oxo or metal peroxo species to give bis-THFs (Scheme 1). An advantage of this two-stage cyclization approach would lie in the ability to control the stereochemistry within the second ring system, depending on the cyclization methodology employed. Previously, we demonstrated that oxidation of trienes such as 9, in the presence of excess KMnO4, gave bifuranyl systems 10 in good yield (Scheme 2),12c,21 while oxidation of an unsymmetrical triene 12 under similar conditions was less efficient. These results provided an indication that trienoic acid derivatives could undergo selective oxidative cyclization initi(14) Use of chiral auxiliaries see refs 12a-d and (a) Walba, D. M.; Przybyla, C. A.; Walker, C. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5624–5625. Use of chiral phase transfer catalysis: (b) Brown, R. C. D.; Keily, J. F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4496–4498. (15) Singh, N.; Lee, D. G. Org. Process Res. DeV. 2001, 5, 599–603. (16) For preliminary communications of parts of this work see ref 12c and Hu, Y. L.; Brown, R. C. D. Chem. Commun. 2005, 5636–5637. (17) Kolb, H. C.; VanNieuwenhze, M. S.; Sharpless, K. B. Chem. ReV. 1994, 94, 2483–2547. (18) For examples of the selective oxidative cyclization of polyenes using RuO4 and OsO4, see: (a) Donohoe, T. J.; Winter, J. J. G.; Helliwell, M.; Stemp, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 971–974. (b) Piccialli, V.; Caserta, T.; Caruso, L.; Gomez-Paloma, L.; Bifulco, G. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 10989–11007. (c) Gohler, S.; Stark, C. B. W. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2007, 5, 1605–1614. (19) (a) Nelson, D. J.; Henley, R. L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 6375–6378. (b) Lee, D. G.; Brown, K. C.; Karaman, H. Can. J. Chem. 1986, 64, 1054– 1059. (c) Lee, D. G.; Brown, K. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5076–5081. (d) Toyoshima, K.; Okuyama, T.; Fueno, T. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1600– 1604. (e) Henbest, H. B.; Jackson, W. R.; Robb, B. C. G. J. Chem. Soc. B 1966, 803–807. (20) Lee, D. G.; Lee, E. J.; Chandler, W. J. J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 4306– 4309. (21) (a) Brown, R. C. D.; Bataille, C. J.; Hughes, R. M.; Kenney, A.; Luker, T. J. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 8079–8085. (b) Brown, R. C. D.; Hughes, R. M.; Keily, J.; Kenney, A. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1735–1736.

SCHEME 2.

Oxidative Cyclizations of Trienoyl Sultamsa

a Reagents and conditions: (a) KMnO4 (2.6 equiv), adogen 464 (5-10 mol %), acetone/AcOH (3:2), -25 °C; (b) NaIO4-SiO2, CH2Cl2, 0 °C; (c) (i) NaOH, NaHCO3, MeOH-H2O, 80 °C, (ii) C6F5OH, DCC, EtOAc, (iii) (2R)-10,2-camphorsultam, n-BuLi, THF, -78 °C to rt; (d) KMnO4 (1.8 equiv), adogen 464 (5 mol %), acetone/AcOH (3:2), -25 °C.

ated at the R,β-unsaturated alkene and that a more slowly oxidized alkene might be retained in the product. Indeed, this expectation was realized when oxidative cyclization of 12 using fewer equivalents of permanganate delivered a separable mixture of diastereoisomeric THF diols 13 and 14 (dr ) 6:1) with the trisubstituted alkene still intact. This enhanced knowledge of the regioselective oxidative cyclization of trienoates presented a vantage point from which we could design novel routes to adjacent bis-THFs and apply this methodology to the synthesis of acetogenins such as membrarollin (2) (Scheme 1). The successful selective oxidative monocyclization of triene 12 suggested that two sequential oxidative cyclization reactions of a suitably substituted triene or a dienyne, already carrying the left-hand chain present in the natural product, could establish the adjacent bis-THF subunit with stereocontrol and in short order. Toward this end dienynes 15a,b and trienoic acid derivative 26 were synthesized (Schemes 3 and 5). The dienyne substrate 15a was chosen as a surrogate for 26 as the remaining triple bond has the potential to serve as J. Org. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 3, 2009 983

Morris et al. SCHEME 3. Bis-THFsa

Metal Oxo-Mediated Synthesis of Adjacent

SCHEME 5.

Selective Oxidative Cyclization of Triene 26a

a Reagents and conditions: (a) KMnO4 (1.3 equiv), acetone/AcOH (4:1); (b) NaBH4 (1.1 equiv), THF, H2O (0.1%); (c) Ac2O, pyr, 95 °C; (d) (MeO)2CMe2, TsOH.

SCHEME 6. Transformations of the Hydroxyolefin Intermediatesa

a Reagents and conditions: (a) KMnO4, acetone/AcOH; (b) H2, Pd/BaSO4 or Pd/CaCO3, quinoline; (c) Re2O7, THF, TFAA; (d) NaBH4, THF, H2O; (e) Bu2SnO, PhH, then TsCl, TBAB; (f) DBU, CH2Cl2; (g) CH2dCH(CH2)7MgBr, CuI, THF; (h) 24, CpRu(COD)Cl, CH3OH; (i) TsNHNH2, THF, NaOAc, H2O.

SCHEME 4. Bis-THFsa

Stereochemical Determination for the

a Reagents and conditions: (a) Re2O7, THF, TFAA; (b) NaBH4 (1.1 equiv), THF, H2O (0.1%); (c) m-CPBA, CH2Cl2; (d) CSA, CH2Cl2; (e) Ac2O, pyr, ∆; (f) AD-mix R, MeSO2NH2, t-BuOH-H2O.

a Reagents and conditions: (a) H2, Pd/BaSO4 or Pd/CaCO3, quinoline; (b) Re2O7, THF, TFAA; (c) NaBH4, THF, H2O.

a precursor to either olefin stereoisomer,22 while a shorter chain analogue 15b was prepared with the expectation that it would later yield crystalline derivatives to assist structural assignment. Permanganate-mediated cyclization of dienynes 15a/b afforded the readily separable diastereomeric THF diols 16a/b and 17a/b (dr 16/17 ) 6:1 from 1H NMR) in 62-67% combined yields (Scheme 3). Semihydrogenation of the triple bond in 16a gave the bis-homoallylic alcohol 18a, which underwent a second efficient metal oxo-mediated cyclization to afford a single bisTHF 19a.13c,23 The absolute configuration of the newly created C22 stereogenic center was established through NMR experiments carried out on mono- and bis-Mosher ester derivatives (22) For trans selective reduction of alkynes under mild conditions, see: Trost, B. M.; Ball, Z. T.; Jo¨ge, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7922–7923.

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of epoxide 21 and diol 22, respectively.5 The stereochemical assignment of the bis-THF 19a was later corroborated by carrying out the same sequence of reactions on THF-diols 16b and 17b (R ) Et) to give bis-THFs 19b and 25, respectively (Schemes 3 and 4). The bis-THF 25 proved to be suitable for X-ray structural determination.24 Reduction of 25 and 19b using NaBH4 led to the formation of triols 20b and ent-20b that were shown to be enantiomeric, thereby confirming the structure of 19b and supporting the stereochemical assignment of 19a. (23) For examples of directed oxidative cyclization of 5-hydroxyolefins using rhenium oxo species, see refs 3a, l, n, p, u and (a) D’Souza, L. J.; Sinha, S. C.; Lu, S. F.; Keinan, E.; Sinha, S. C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 5255–5262. (b) Morimoto, Y.; Iwai, T.; Kinoshita, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6792–6797. (c) Morimoto, Y.; Iwai, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1633–1634. (d) Sinha, S. C.; Keinan, E.; Sinha, S. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9076–9077. (e) Towne, T. B.; McDonald, F. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6022–6028. (f) Sinha, S. C.; Sinha-Bagchi, A.; Keinan, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1447– 1448. (g) Tang, S. H.; Kennedy, R. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 5299–5302. (24) Light, M. E.; Morris C. L.; Brown, R. C. D. (2008) Personal communication to the Cambridge Structural Database, deposition number CCDC 686179.

OxidatiVe Cyclization Reactions of Trienes and Dienynes SCHEME 7. Unitsa

Synthesis of Stereoisomeric Bis-THF Core

FIGURE 2. Transition state models for the perrhenate-mediated cyclization of compounds 18a,b.

The bis-THF derivative 19a was further elaborated by reduction of the acylsultam to the diol 20a, formation of epoxide 21, and cuprate addition to afford alkene 22 (Scheme 3). The synthesis of the C21,C22 bis-epimer 23 of membrarollin was completed using the Trost ruthenium-catalyzed Alder-ene reaction to introduce the butenolide,3r,25 followed by diimide reduction of the C4-C5 alkene. Notably, this metal oxomediated approach avoided the requirement for hydroxyl protection during the synthesis of a complex acetogenin stereoisomer. The stereochemical outcome of the second metal oxomediated cyclization reaction requires some comment because cis and trans selectivities have been reported for related systems and rationalized by invoking either steric or chelation control models.3l,23 The chelation control model A can be compared to those proposed for the reactions of manganese(VI) and osmium(VI) diester intermediates during oxidative cyclizations of 1,5-dienes and dihydroxyalkenes, respectively (see Scheme 1 for cyclization of Mn(VI) intermediate), where the geometrical constraints imposed by chelation confer “cis” selectivity to the ensuing oxidative cyclization (Figure 2).11 Therefore, when an effective coordinating substituent is present in the substrate adjacent to the hydroxyl group, chelation control may be observed in rhenium oxo-mediated cyclizations.3a,23c,d However, the perrhenate-mediated oxidation of our substrates 18a,b yielded the trans-configured products 19a,b, indicating that the nonchelation model is in operation despite the presence of THF oxygens vicinal to the reacting hydroxyl groups (transition state model B, Figure 2).26 In this case, chelation control (model A) may be disfavored by adverse steric interactions between the metal oxo complex and the hydroxyacylsultam group across the original cis-THF ring. Attention then turned to the selective oxidation of the triene system 26, revealing that permanganate-mediated oxidative cyclization also proceeds with high regioselectively, affording the two separable diastereomeric THF diols 27 and 28 (Scheme 5). The presence of the C21-C22 alkene (membrarollin numbering) did not affect the efficiency of the cyclization significantly, and no major byproducts arising from oxidation at this site were identified. In order to develop stereodivergent (25) In addition to the desired butenolide, a minor regioisomeric Alder-ene product was isolated (see Supporting Information). (26) For other examples of trans-selective cyclizations see refs 3n and 23b.

Reagents and conditions: (a) AD-mix R, MeSO2NH2, t-BuOH-H2O; (b) SOCl2, pyr, CH2Cl2, then RuCl3 · H2O, NaIO4, MeCN-H2O; (c) K2CO3, MeOH, then 2 M H2SO4; (d) MeC(OMe)3, BF3 · OEt2, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, then K2CO3, MeOH; (e) MsCl, Et3N, CH2Cl2; (f) pyr, ∆; (g) HCl, dioxane; (h) p-NO2C6H4CO2H, PPh3, DIAD, THF; (i) NaOH, MeOH; (j) Re2O7, THF, TFAA. a

approaches to introduce the second THF ring, several different oxidative methods were investigated, including epoxidationcyclization, dihydroxylation-cyclization, and direct metal oxomediated cylization (Schemes 6 and 7). Direct perrhenatemediated cyclization of THF diol 28 was found to lead selectively to the threo-cis-threo-trans-threo configured bis-THF triol 33 after reductive cleavage of the sultam auxiliary.27 Alternatively, epoxidation of 28 in the presence of m-CPBA followed by exposure to CSA gave a separable mixture of bisTHFs 19a and 34 with no selectivity (19a was previously obtained selectively from perrhenate cyclization of the (Z)hydroxyolefin 18a; see Scheme 3).28 The bis-THF 34 contains the correct relative and absolute stereochemistry required for membrarollin, but attempts to develop a diastereoselective synthesis of 34 using the Shi epoxidation catalyst were not successful.29 Therefore attention shifted to a dihydroxylation(27) The stereochemical assignment of 33 was supported by conversion to an epoxyalcohol derivative, (S)-1-((2S,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-5-((R)-oxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)undecan-1-ol, and analysis of the NMR data of its C22 Mosher ester derivatives (see Supporting Information). On this basis the configuration at C22 (membrarollin numbering) was determined to be S. The threo relationship between the C22 hydroxyl group and the C21 THF oxygen is evident from the chemical shift of the C22 methine proton in (S)-1((2S,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-5-((R)-oxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2yl)undecan-1-ol (δ 3.39 ppm; see ref 6c) and is of course expected as a result of the stereospecific nature of the oxidative cyclization. (28) Gu, Z. M.; Fang, X. P.; Zeng, L.; Song, R.; Ng, J. H.; Wood, K. V.; Smith, D. L.; McLaughlin, J. L. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3472–3479.

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cyclization sequence. Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) of 28 yielded a single tetraol 35 in a modest 48% yield,30 and although no other products were evident in the reaction mixture, we were not able to improve upon this result. However, we discovered that dihydroxylation of the less polar derivative 32 gave the diol 36 in an improved 83% yield (Scheme 6). Consequently, triacetate- and acetonide-protectected triol derivatives 30 and 31 were synthesized for application in further dihydroxylation-cyclization studies (Scheme 5). Sharpless AD reactions of the alkenes 30 and 31 returned the corresponding diol 38 and triol 39 in high yields (Scheme 7). Cyclization of the diol 38 could be carried out by way of a cyclic sulfate intermediate, which upon exposure to methoxide gave bis-THF 37 as its C22 monosulfate ester.31 Under acidic workup conditions the sulfate ester was hydrolyzed to provide the triol 37, with the correct configuration needed for a total synthesis of membrarollin. Alternatively, cyclization could be effected through formation of an intermediate oxocarbenium species by reaction of triol 39 with trimethyl orthoacetate in the presence of BF3 · OEt2 (step d, Scheme 7).32 Under these conditions, the oxocarbenium ion underwent ring opening by the pendant C18 hydroxyl group with inversion at C21, also delivering the threo-cis-threo-cis-erythro configured bis-THF diol system, protected as its C22 monoacetate. The acetonide protection was cleaved during the cyclization, and partial acetylation of the primary hydroxyl group was observed. The fact that the stereochemical integrity at C13 was not disturbed during the acylation was confirmed by treatment of the mixture or the isolated diacetate with MeOH/K2CO3, to give an improved yield of the same triol 37 obtained from the cyclic sulfate route. The threo-cis-erythro-trans-threo bis-THF core present in another group of bis-THF acetogenins, exemplified by trilobacin (5),33 can also be accessed from hydroxyolefin 31 by inversion of the C18 alchohol and subsequent perrhenate-mediated cyclization (Scheme 7). Inversion of the secondary alcohol 31 was achieved through a Mitsunobu hydrolysis sequence to afford its threo-cis-erythro epimer 43.3n Hydroxyolefin 43 underwent rhenium-promoted cyclization, with cleavage of the acetonide protection, to give a single diastereoisomeric triol 44 containing the trilobacin bis-THF core stereochemistry. A complementary (29) Wang, Z.-X.; Tu, Y.; Frohn, M.; Zhang, J.-R.; Shi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11224–11235. (30) (a) Johnson, R. A.; Sharpless, K. B. In Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis; Ojima, I., Ed.; VCH: New York, 1993; pp 227-272. (b) Kolb, H. C.; Sharpless, K. B. In Transition Metals for Organic Synthesis; Beller, M., Bolm, C., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2004; pp 275-297. (c) Noe, M. C.; Letavic, M. A.; Snow, S. L. Org. React. (N. Y.) 2005, 66, 109–625. (31) (a) Byun, H. S.; He, L. L.; Bittman, R. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 7051– 7091. (b) Skead, B. M.; Fleet, G. W. J.; Saunders, J.; Lamont, R. B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 6115–6118. (c) Beauchamp, T. J.; Powers, J. P.; Rychnovsky, S. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12873–12874. (32) (a) Zheng, T.; Narayan, R. S.; Schomaker, J. M.; Borhan, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6946–6947. (b) Narayan, R. S.; Borhan, B. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 1416–1429. For a related cyclization to give THFs, see: (c) Williams, D. R.; Harigaya, Y.; Moore, J. L.; D’sa, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 2641– 2644. (33) For total synthesis of trilobacin see ref 3u. For formal synthesis, see: Dabideen, D.; Ruan, Z. M.; Mootoo, D. R. Tetrahedron 2002, 58, 2077–2084. (34) The expected C21,C22 (membrarollin numbering) threo relationship in structures 41, 42, and 44 was supported by the resonance of the C22 methine protons in the range 3.3-3.5 ppm, whilst the C17,C18 erythro relationship in 43 was indicated by a downfield shift for the C18 methine proton (in the range 3.7-3.9 ppm) compaired to 31 (in the range 3.3-3.5 ppm).6cThe configurations of 42 and 44 can therefore be assigned on the basis of the predictable stereochemical outcome for the sequence of reactions 31 f 44, and the precedent for trans selectivity in the rhenium cyclization (e.g. 18a,b f 20a,b and 28 f 33).

986 J. Org. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 3, 2009

SCHEME 8.

Total Synthesis of Membrarollina

a Reagents and conditions: (a) Bu2SnO, PhH, then TsCl, TBAB; (b) K2CO3, MeOH; (c) H2CdCH(CH2)7MgBr bromide, CuBr, THF, -60 to -30 °C; (d) 24, CpRu(MeCN)3+PF6-, DMF, rt; (e) TsNHNH2, THF, NaOAc, H2O.

approach, involving mesylation of 31 followed by asymmetric dihydroxylation and cyclization returned cis-cis bis-THF 41 in high overall yield. Cleavage of the acetonide group from 41 afforded the diastereoisomeric triol 42, which served to assist in the structural assignment of 44.34 With two efficient routes to the bis-THF triol 37 secured, the total synthesis of membrarollin was readily achieved through application of a five-step sequence similar to that described above for the bis-epimer 23 (Scheme 8). Synthetic membrarollin prepared in our laboratory gave 1H and 13C NMR data that were in excellent agreement with those reported for the isolated natural product.35,36 Summary In conclusion, we have demonstrated that dienynes and trienes containing one electron-poor double bond can undergo selective oxidative cyclization in a reliable and predictable fashion when limiting permanganate is employed. The fact that these oxidative cyclization reactions are initiated at the enoyl group provides a means to control the stereochemistry within the THF diol unit using chiral auxiliaries. In this way enantiomerically enriched THF diols containing unsaturated side chains can be accessed and subsequently manipulated through oxidative processes to afford bis-THF diol stereoisomers. Thus, a synthesis of membrarollin was completed in nine linear steps from trienoyl sultam 26 by application of this general strategy, and an approach to the threo-cis-erythro-trans-threo configured core found in trilobacin was also realized. Additionally, bis-THF diols pos(35) In principle, there are eight stereoisomers of membrarollin that would be likely to exhibit substantially identical NMR spectra,7a which can be reduced to four possibilities if the stereochemistry of the butenolide is assumed to be 34S as is the case other known acetogenins. Structures with pseudo enantiomeric bis-THF core units (13R,14R,17S,18S,21R,22S and 13S,14S,17R,18R,21S,22R) and structures where the C14 and C23 chains were switched (22R,21R,18S,17S,14R,13S and 22S,21S,18R,17R,14S,13R) would be possible candidates for the isolated natural product. During the isolation work, connectivity and stereochemical assignment of membrarollin was carried out by first synthesizing C13 and C22 mono-urethane derivatives from the natural product.4c Using these derivatives, the absolute stereochemistry of the C22 and C13 carbinol centers were determined using the Mosher ester method leading to the conclusion that membrarollin was the 13R,14R,17S,18S,21R,22S isomer. (36) The optical rotation value obtained from our synthetic sample of membrarollin differed from that reported.4c Our sample: [R]27D +23.5 (c 0.95, CHCl3) and +27.1 (c 0.51, MeOH); lit.4c +10 (c 0.8, MeOH); mp 43-45 °C (no reported mp). However, reported4a,b rotation values for membranacin (1) are very similar to our value for 2, which would be expected on the basis of the structural similarity between 1 and 2.

OxidatiVe Cyclization Reactions of Trienes and Dienynes

sessing threo-cis-threo-trans-threo, threo-cis-threo-trans-erythro, and threo-cis-erythro-cis-threo configurations can be accessed from trienes or dienynes, and application of the dual Mn/Re metal oxo-mediated route circumvented the requirement for hydroxyl group protection during a short synthesis of 21,22di-epi-membrarollin (23). Experimental Section (2S)-N-((2S)-2-Hydroxy-2-((2R,5S)-5-((1S,4E)-1-hydroxypentadec-4-enyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)ethanoyl)-camphor-10,2-sultam (28). To a solution of triene 26 (980 mg, 1.89 mmol) in acetone (64 mL) and AcOH (16 mL) at 30 °C was added KMnO4 (389 mg, 2.46 mmol). The solution immediately turned purple and then to brown over ∼5 min. The mixture was stirred between -30 and -20 °C for 2 h before quenching with saturated aqueous Na2S2O5 (8 mL) and H2O (8 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (4 × 15 mL), and the combined organic phases were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% f 40% EtOAc/hexane) afforded three different fractions. The major diastereoisomer 28 (611 mg, 1.08 mmol, 57%) was obtained as a thick colorless gum, the minor diastereoisomer 27 (103 mg, 0.18 mmol, 10%) as a cream solid, and (2S)-N-((2R/S,6E,10E)-2-hydroxy-3-oxohenicosa-6,10dienoyl)-camphor-10,2-sultam (124 mg, 0.23 mmol, 12%) as a yellow oil. Data for 28: [R]26D +27.6 (c 0.75, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3458, 2956, 2923, 2853, 1696 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.50-5.36 (2H, m), 4.62-4.52 (2H, m), 3.97 (1H, dd, J ) 7.8, 4.9 Hz), 3.96-3.91 (1H, m), 3.88 (1H, dt, J ) 7.3, 4.2 Hz), 3.52 (1H, d, J ) 13.7 Hz), 3.51-3.44 (2H, m), 3.45 (1H, d, J ) 13.7 Hz), 2.30-2.15 (1H, m), 2.15-2.01 (8H, m), 2.01-1.82 (6H, m), 1.66-1.41 (2H, m), 1.40-1.22 (16H, m), 1.17 (3H, s), 0.98 (3H, s), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.7, 131.2, 129.5, 83.0, 78.7, 73.6, 73.4, 65.8, 53.1, 49.0, 47.9, 44.6, 38.2, 34.5, 32.9, 32.6, 31.9, 29.6, 29.6, 29.5, 29.3, 29.2, 28.8, 28.2, 26.4, 22.7, 20.8, 19.9, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 590 ([M + Na]+); HRMS (ES+) for C31H53NO6SNa+, calcd 590.3486, found 590.3503. Data for 27: [R]26D +84.7 (c 1.20, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3482, 2956, 2922, 2853, 1693 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.49-5.35 (2H, m), 4.68 (1H, d, J ) 2.3 Hz), 4.50 (1H, ddd, J ) 7.4, 4.9, 2.3 Hz), 3.96 (1H, app t, J ) 6.1 Hz), 3.77 (1H, td, J ) 7.3, 4.5 Hz), 3.54-3.42 (1H, m), 3.50 (1H, d, J ) 13.7 Hz), 3.45 (1H, d, J ) 13.7 Hz), 2.24-1.84 (13H, m), 1.57-1.43 (2H, m), 1.42-1.20 (18H, m), 1.16 (3H, s), 0.98 (3H, s), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.1, 131.1, 129.5, 83.0, 80.2, 74.2, 73.0, 64.9, 53.0, 49.0, 47.9, 44.5, 37.6, 34.5, 32.6, 31.9, 29.6, 29.5, 29.3, 29.2, 28.7, 28.2, 27.8, 26.5, 22.7, 20.4, 19.9, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 590 ([M + Na]+). (1R)-1-((2R,5S)-5-((1S,4E)-1-Hydroxypentadec-4-enyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-ethane-1,2-diol (29). To a solution of mono-THF 28 (1.00 g, 1.76 mmol) in THF (25 mL) and H2O (25 mL) was added NaBH4 (0.07 g, 1.94 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h, then H2O (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a cream oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded the title compound 29 (0.59 g, 1.65 mmol, 94%) as a colorless oil: [R]27D -10.1 (c 0.44, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3360, 2956, 2923, 2853 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.52-5.36 (2H, m), 4.05 (1H, td, J ) 6.8, 3.9 Hz), 3.89 (1H, td, J ) 6.8, 4.5 Hz), 3.75-3.69 (2H, m), 3.59 (1H, m), 3.50 (1H, m), 3.13 (1H, br s), 2.53 (1H, br s), 2.42 (1H, br s), 2.26-2.05 (2H, m), 2.03-1.85 (6H, m), 1.66-1.48 (2H, m), 1.38-1.22 (16H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 131.4, 129.3, 82.8, 80.5, 73.7, 73.6, 65.2, 34.3, 32.6, 31.9, 29.6, 29.6, 29.5, 29.3, 29.2, 28.8, 28.1, 28.0, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 735 379 ([M + Na]+); HRMS (ES+) for C21H40O4Na+, calcd 379.2819, found 379.2813.

(1S,4E)-1-((2S,5R,)-5-((4R)-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-pentadec-4-en-1-ol (31). To a solution of triol 29 (326 mg, 0.91 mmol) in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (15 mL) was added p-TsOH (20 mg), and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2.5 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and washed with H2O (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (2 × 10 mL), and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/hexane) afforded the title compound 31 (333 mg, 0.84 mmol, 92%) as a colorless oil: [R]27D +1.3 (c 0.39, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3476, 2923, 2853 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.45 (1H, dt, J ) 15.3, 5.6 Hz), 5.40 (1H, dt, J ) 15.3, 5.6 Hz), 4.11 (1H, ddd, J ) 7.6, 6.5, 4.8 Hz), 4.02-3.95 (1H, m), 4.01 (1H, t, J ) 7.6 Hz), 3.91-3.85 (1H, m), 3.78 (1H, t, J ) 7.6 Hz), 3.46-3.39 (1H, m), 2.60 (1H, d, J ) 6.5 Hz), 2.26-2.04 (2H, m), 2.02-1.89 (4H, m), 1.86-1.76 (2H, m), 1.63-1.48 (2H, m), 1.45 (3H, s), 1.38 (3H, s), 1.36-1.22 (16H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 131.0, 129.6, 109.6, 82.8, 79.1, 78.0, 73.8, 66.2, 34.1, 32.6, 31.9, 29.6, 29.6, 29.5, 29.3, 29.2, 28.7, 28.1, 28.0, 26.4, 25.5, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 419 ([M + Na]+), 414 ([M+NH4]+); HRMS (ES+) for C24H44O4Na+, calcd 419.3132, found 419.3132. (1S,4S,5S)-1-((2S,5R,)-5-((4R)-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-4,5-dihydroxypentadecan-1-ol (39). To an orange biphasic mixture of H2O (10 mL), tBuOH (10 mL), ADmix R (2.00 g), and MeSO2NH2 (0.08 g, 0.84 mmol) at 0 °C was added mono-THF 31 (0.33 g, 0.84 mmol) in Et2O (3 mL) and t BuOH (3 mL). The resulting orange mixture was stirred for 15 h before it was quenched with Na2SO3 (2.00 g) and then stirred for a further 30 min. H2O (15 mL) was added, and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (4 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with 2 M KOH (3 × 15 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo to an orange oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded the title compound 39 (0.34 g, 0.79 mmol, 94%) as a colorless oil: [R]27D +1.44 (c 0.52, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3408, 2922, 2853 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.10 (1H, ddd, J ) 7.5, 6.3, 4.5), 4.03-3.97 (1H, m), 4.01 (1H, t, J ) 7.5 Hz), 3.92-3.86 (1H, m), 3.78 (1H, t, J ) 7.5 Hz), 3.53 (1H, br s), 3.51-3.37 (3H, m), 3.19 (1H, br s), 2.29 (1H, d, J ) 4.8 Hz), 2.03-1.92 (2H, m), 1.86-1.78 (2H, m), 1.77-1.57 (4H, m), 1.54-1.42 (2H, m), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.38 (3H, s), 1.34-1.21 (16H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13 C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 109.6, 82.9, 79.1, 78.0, 74.8, 74.3, 66.2, 33.7, 31.9, 30.8, 30.7, 29.7, 29.6, 29.3, 28.2, 28.0, 26.5, 25.7, 25.5, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 453 ([M + Na]+), 431 ([M + H]+); HRMS (ES+) for C24H46O6Na+, calcd 453.3187, found 453.3180. (1R)-1-((2R,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-5-((1S)-1-Hydroxyundecyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-ethane-1,2-diol (37). By the ortho-ester cyclization method: To a solution of mono-THF acetal 39 (57 mg, 0.13 mmol) and trimethylorthoacetate (19 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 mL) at 0 °C was added BF3 · OEt2 (2 mg, 0.01 mmol), and the resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature after 1 h. After 35 h acetone (1 mL) was added, and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. The crude oil was redissolved in MeOH (3 mL) before K2CO3 (74 mg, 0.52 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h before concentrating in vacuo to a white solid. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 5% MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded the title compound 37 (34 mg, 0.09 mmol, 71%) as a colorless gum: [R]27D +0.6 (c 1.05, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3404, 2923, 2853 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.14 (1H, td, J ) 6.0, 3.1 Hz), 4.03-3.97 (1H, m), 3.93-3.83 (3H, m), 3.79-3.66 (3H, m), 3.57-3.50 (1H, m), 3.33 (1H, br s), 2.85 (1H, dd, J ) 8.0, 4.0 Hz), 2.06-1.71 (8H, m), 1.41-1.23 (18H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 83.2, 81.6, 80.9, 80.7, 73.5, 71.5, 65.7, 33.1, 31.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.3, 28.6, 28.4, 28.3, 26.0, 23.4, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 395 ([M + Na]+), 373 ([M + H]+); HRMS (ES+) for C21H40O5Na+, calcd 395.2768, found 395.2762. J. Org. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 3, 2009 987

Morris et al. (2R)-2-((2R,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-((1S)-1-Hydroxyundecyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl-4-methylbenzenesulphonate (45). To a solution of triol 37 (197 mg, 0.53 mmol) in benzene (12 mL) was added Bu2SnO (158 mg, 0.63 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. The cloudy white solution was then cooled to room temperature before TsCl (111 mg, 0.58 mmol) and TBAB (85 mg, 0.26 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h and then concentrated in vacuo to a white oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 40% f 60% EtOAc/hexane) afforded the title compound 45 (272 mg, 0.52 mmol, 97%) as a colorless gum: [R]27D +0.2 (c 0.68, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3411, 2923, 2853, 1189, 1176 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.81 (2H, d, J ) 8.1 Hz), 7.34 (2H, d, J ) 8.1 Hz), 4.09-4.01 (3H, m), 3.92 (1H, td, J ) 6.8, 3.8 Hz), 3.87-3.78 (3H, m), 3.70 (1H, ddt, J ) 3.0, 8.0, 6.0 Hz), 3.45 (1H, d, J ) 7.0 Hz), 3.60 (1H, s), 2.45 (3H, s), 2.02-1.70 (8H, m), 1.53-1.21 (18H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ144.7, 133.0, 129.8, 128.0, 83.0, 81.0, 80.6, 78.6, 71.7, 71.4, 71.1, 33.2, 31.9, 30.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.3, 28.5, 28.4, 27.7, 25.9, 23.7, 22.7, 21.6, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 549 [M + Na]+, 527 [M + H]+; HRMS (ES+) for C28H46O7SNa+, calcd 549.2856, found 549.2846. (1S)-1-((1R,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-5-((1R)-Oxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-undecan-1-ol (46). To a solution of tosylate 45 (202 mg, 0.38 mmol) in MeOH (14 mL) was added K2CO3 (58 mg, 0.42 mmol), and the resulting cloudy mixture was stirred for 2 h and then concentrated in vacuo to a white solid. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 40% EtOAc/ hexane) afforded the title compound 46 (109 mg, 0.31 mmol, 81%) as a colorless gum: [R]27D +1.7 (c 0.30, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3477, 2923, 2853, 1466 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.95-3.83 (5H, m), 3.03 (1H, q, J ) 3.5 Hz), 2.78 (1H, br), 2.75 (2H, d, J ) 3.5 Hz), 2.07-1.70 (8H, m), 1.53-1.21 (18H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 82.8, 81.6, 81.0, 78.6, 71.8, 53.7, 44.1, 32.7, 31.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.3, 28.5, 28.4, 28.1, 26.0, 23.7, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 377 [M + Na]+, 372 [M + NH4]+; HRMS (ES+) for C21H38O4Na+, calcd 377.2662, found 377.2661. (1R)-1-((2R,5S)-5-((2S,5R)-5-((1S)-1-Hydroxyundecyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-undec-10-en-1-ol (47). Mg turnings (95 mg, 3.90 mmol) were heated to 400 °C for 10 min and then allowed to cool to room temperature. THF (9 mL) and I2 (1 crystal) were added followed by the dropwise addition of 1-bromononene (50 mg, 0.24 mmol). The resulting orange solution was heated to reflux until the orange color disappeared (∼5 min) before the remaining 1-bromononene (500 mg, 2.44 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for a further 1 h. Titration of this solution using I2 gave an average concentration of 0.28 M. An aliquot of this solution (2.5 mL, 0.69 mmol) was added to a suspension of CuBr (25 mg, 0.17 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at -60 °C, and the resulting gray solution was warmed to -30 °C over 1 h. The mixture was allowed to stir at this temperature for a further 30 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to -60 °C before epoxide 46 (41 mg, 0.12 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was warmed to -40 °C over 1 h before quenching with saturated aqueous NH4Cl (3 mL) and aqueous NH3 (1 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (4 × 5 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% f 40% EtOAc/hexane) afforded the title compound 47 (42 mg, 0.09 mmol, 75%) as a colorless gum: [R]27D +15.8 (c 0.65, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3437, 2922, 2852 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.81 (1H, ddt, J ) 17.1, 10.3, 6.7 Hz), 4.99 (1H, dq, J ) 17.1, 1.8 Hz), 4.93 (1H, ddt, J ) 10.3, 2.3, 1.2 Hz), 3.95-3.80 (5H, m), 3.46-3.37 (1H, m), 2.93 (1H, br s), 2.83 (1H, br d, J ) 5.0 Hz), 2.08-2.01 (2H, m), 2.01-1.74 (8H, m), 1.54-1.42 (2H, m), 1.42-1.21 (30H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 139.2, 114.1, 83.1, 82.9, 81.1, 81.0, 74.0, 71.9, 988 J. Org. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 3, 2009

34.3, 33.8, 32.8, 31.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.4, 29.3, 29.1, 28.9, 28.8, 28.4, 27.9, 26.0, 25.8, 23.8, 22.7, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 503 ([M + Na]+), 481 ([M + H]+); HRMS (ES+) for C30H56O4Na+, calcd 503.4071, found 503.4073. (5S)-3-((11R,2E)-11-Hydroxy-11-((2R,5S)-5-(2S,5R)-5-((1S)-1-hydroxyundecyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)undec2-enyl)-5-methylfuran-2(5H)-one (48). To a solution of alkene 47 (42 mg, 90 mmol) and propargylic alcohol 24 (14 mg, 96 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CpRu(MeCN)3PF6 (4 mg, 9 mmol). The resulting orange mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h and then filtered through a plug of silica (60% EtOAc/hexane). Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 1% f 2% MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded the title compound 48 (28 mg, 49 mmol, 55%) as an orange oil: [R]27D +19.6 (c 0.45, CHCl3); IR νmax (neat) 3448, 2923, 2853, 1757 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.99 (1H, q, J ) 1.9 Hz), 5.58 (1H, dt, J ) 15.1, 6.5 Hz), 5.46 (1H, dtt, J ) 15.3, 6.5, 1.3 Hz), 5.01 (1H, qq, J ) 6.4, 1.9 Hz), 3.95-3.81 (5H, m), 3.42 (1H, dt, J ) 7.5, 4.2 Hz), 2.96 (2H, d, J ) 6.5 Hz), 2.86 (2H, br s), 2.07-1.99 (2H, m), 1.99-1.71 (8H, m), 1.55-1.43 (2H, m), 1.42 (3H, d, J ) 6.4 Hz), 1.39-1.20 (28H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.5, 149.3, 134.1, 133.6, 124.3, 83.0, 82.9, 81.1, 80.9, 77.6, 74.0, 72.0, 34.3, 32.8, 32.5, 31.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.4, 29.3, 29.3, 29.1, 28.8, 28.4, 27.9, 26.0, 25.8, 23.8, 22.7, 19.2, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 1175 ([2M + Na]+), 599 ([M + Na]+), 594 ([M + NH4]+); HRMS (ES+) for C35H60O6Na+, calcd 599.4282, found 599.4286. Membrarollin (2). To a solution of bis-THF 48 (28 mg, 49 mmol) and TsNHNH2 (91 mg, 490 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added a solution of NaOAc (40 mg, 490 mmol) in H2O (4 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at reflux for 29 h before further TsNHNH2 (45 mg, 245 mmol) and NaOAc (20 mg, 245 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated to reflux for a further 18 h, cooled to room temperature, and diluted with H2O (2 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O (5 × 4 mL), and the combined organic phases were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. Purification by column chromatography (silica gel, 0 f 1% MeOH/CH2Cl2) afforded the title compound 2 (19 mg, 33 mmol, 68%) as a colorless oil, which solidified to give a waxy solid: [R]27D +23.5 (c 0.95, CHCl3) and +27.1 (c 0.51, MeOH)36 [lit.4c +10 (c 0.8, MeOH)]; mp 43-45 °C (no reported mp); IR νmax (neat) 3444, 2924, 2853, 1757 cm-1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.99 (1H, appt q, J ) 1.7 Hz), 4.99 (1H, qq, J ) 6.8, 1.7 Hz), 3.95-3.81 (5H, m), 3.45-3.39 (1H, m), 2.89 (2H, br m), 2.27 (2H, tt, J ) 7.8, 1.6 Hz), 2.01-1.72 (8H, m), 1.60-1.39 (4H, m), 1.41 (3H, d, J ) 6.8 Hz), 1.38-1.22 (32H, m), 0.89 (3H, t, J ) 6.9 Hz) ppm; 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.8, 148.8, 134.4, 83.1, 82.9, 81.1, 81.0, 77.4, 74.0, 72.0, 34.3, 32.8, 31.9, 29.7, 29.6, 29.6, 29.5, 29.3, 29.2, 28.8, 28.5, 27.9, 27.4, 26.0, 25.8, 25.2, 23.8, 22.7, 19.2, 14.1 ppm; LRMS (ES+) m/z 601 ([M + Na]+), 579 ([M + H]+); HRMS (ES+) for C35H62O6Na+, calcd 601.4439, found 601.4422.

Acknowledgment. Support has been provided by The Leverhulme Trust (postdoctoral fellowship to Y.H.), The Royal Society (University Research Fellowship to R.C.D.B.), Syngenta and EPSRC (CASE studentship to G.D.H.), and The University of Southampton (L.J.B.). Supporting Information Available: Experimental procedures and spectroscopic data for compounds 9-14, 15a-20a, 15b-20b, ent-20b, 21-23, 25, 26, 30, 32-36, 38, and 40-44; copies of NMR spectra for new compounds; details of stereochemical assignment for derivatives (Mosher’s esters) of compounds 21, 22, and 33. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. JO802012A