Page 1 of 40 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Environmental Science

Mar 15, 2017 - the most up-to-date data and studies available, we find that the highest methane venting and leakage. 248 scenarios modeled yield CO2-e...
0 downloads 10 Views 2MB Size
Evaluating is published by environmental the American Chemical Society. governance 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., along Washington, DC Subscribercrossaccess provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

border electricity supply ischains published by the American Chemical Society. with policy1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., informed

DC SubscriberWashington, access provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

life cycle assessment: is publishedthe by the American Chemical Society. California-Mexico 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., energy exchange

DC SubscriberWashington, access provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

Jose Bolorinos, Newsha Ajami, Gabriela is published by Muñoz Meléndez, and the American Society. Robert B.Chemical Jackson 1155 Sixteenth

Street N.W.,Just Environ. Sci. Technol., Washington, DC Subscriber access provided Accepted Manuscript • DOI:

by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

10.1021/acs.est.7b06580 • Publication Date (Web): 09isApr 2018by published the American

Downloaded from Chemical Society. http://pubs.acs.org 1155 Sixteenth N.W., on April Street 10, 2018

DC SubscriberWashington, access provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

Just Accepted

is published by “Just Accepted” manuscripts have the American online prior to technical editing, for Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Society provides “Just Accepted” a Street N.W., of scientific material as soon as DC SubscriberWashington, access provided

by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

full in PDF format accompanied b peer reviewed, but should not be is published by (DOI®). “J Digital Object Identifier the American the “Just Accepted” Web Chemical Society. site ma a manuscript1155 is Sixteenth technically edited Street N.W., site Subscriber and published as Washington, DC an ASAP access provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

to the manuscript text and/or gr ethical guidelines that apply to t is published consequences arisingby from the u the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., DC SubscriberWashington, access provided by UNIV20036 OF SCIENCES Published PHILADELPHIA by American Chemical Society.

Page Environmental 1 of 40 Science & Technology

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

$"

!"#$%&$'()*+,)#(-.)/,)'$%+*.#,-)$)0,+$%.)*+0-.1123.-4,-+,%,0'-(0('5+1&66%5+ 07$()1+8('7+6.%(052()9.-/,4+%(9,+050%,+$11,11/,)':+'7,+;$%(9.-)($2+

%"

!"#$%&"'"()*"#+,-%.$/#01%23%4516)+-7-8%91:()$'1%;
+G)+"M'6)-".-"M.+G":14':"./"+G'"M.*4'*"1-"+G'"!AAB:#Aj$!Q"E-"+G'"#BBB:7"?,'*1J)-"'-'*6;"J.,()-1':":''_1-6"

#V'`d6V0i%"/*.,"+G'"EX00a:"O1/+G"?::'::,'-+"K'(.*+$C7")*'"F:'4"+."

!B@"

':+1,)+'"31/'"J;J3'"hih"',1::1.-:Q"TG'")1*"`F)31+;"1,()J+:"J.-:14'*'4")*'"31/'"J;J3'"',1::1.-:"./Y"P1+*.6'-"

!BC"

>W14':"fP>Wg7"=.3)+13'">*6)-1J"0.,(.F-4:"f=>0:g"V"[G1JG"*')J+"[1+G"P1+*.6'-">W14':"+."/.*,"6*.F-4V3'2'3"

!BW7"=>0:7")-4"XN!Bd#Q@"/*.,"J.,MF:+1.-"

!C%"

./"41':'3" )-4" -)+F*)3" 6):" +." (.['*" +*FJ_:7" (F,(:" )-4" 4*133" *16:7"*.)4"4F:+7"6):"/3)*1-67"'+JQ" 4F*1-6"['33"

!C@"

J.-:+*FJ+1.-" )-4" .('*)+1.-Q" H'J)F:'" )" J'*+)1-" /*)J+1.-" ./" ['33" 6):" J.-+)1-:" =>0:" :FJG" ):" M'-b'-'7"

!CC"

/.*,)34'G;4'7")-4"G'W)-'"+G)+")*'"_-.[-"+."M'"G)*,/F3"+."GF,)-"G')3+G7"M):1-V3'2'3"=>0"J.,(.:1+1.-"

!C
!0")-4"XN"',1::1.-:")*'"-.+"*'(.*+'4"1-"

!A@"

+G'"5X?"'hKE&"4)+)M):'7":."['")::F,'"',1::1.-"/)J+.*:"/.*"-)+F*)3"6):"J.,MF:+1.-"+F*M1-':"(*.214'4"1-"

!AC"

0)1"'+")3CLQ"?2)13)M3'"4)+)"/*.,"+G'"oO5K".-"J..31-6"[)+'*"[1+G4*)[-"M;"+G'"N'W1J)-"(.['*"(3)-+:")*'"

!A#d['33"

0./6%,'(.)+H9-$0'&-,4I+

JKL+2+@JKM+

J.,MF:+1.-"

@QA$5VB#"

6dH+F"

'hKE&"#B!
##C"

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

HIN"#B!C%A" 'hKE&"#B!#V'`d_DG7" +G'" 3)*6':+" :G)*'" ./" 31/'" J;J3'" 0>#V'`"

#$#"

',1::1.-:Q"5,1::1.-:"./",'+G)-'"4F*1-6"'W+*)J+1.-"f@@"60>#V'`d_DGg")-4"4F*1-6"6)+G'*1-67"(*.J'::1-67"

#$$"

)-4"+*)-:,1::1.-"f@@"60>#V'`d_DGg")*'":,)33'*7"MF+":+133"1,(.*+)-+7"4'+'*,1-)-+:"./".2'*)33"6*''-G.F:'V

#$%"

6):"1,()J+Q"TG'"J.,MF:+1.-"(G):'"1:")3:."+G'"(*1,)*;"J.-+*1MF+.*"+.".2'*)33"[)+'*"[1+G4*)[)3:Q"E-"J.-+*):+"

#$@"

+."0>#V'`"',1::1.-:7"G.['2'*7")-4"1-"31-'"[1+G"(*'21.F:"[.*_7"[)+'*"[1+G4*)[-"/.*"/F'3"'W+*)J+1.-"f%Q$5V

#$C"

B$"h)3d_DGg7")-4"/.*"(*.J'::1-67"+*)-:,1::1.-")-4":+.*)6'"f@Q!5VB$"h)3d_DGg"J.,(*1:':")",1-F+'":G)*'"

#$0:")-4"XN"f:G.[-"1-"B(*&-,+JgQ"5:+1,)+':"./"6):"2'-+1-6"4F*1-6"['33"

#%!"

J.,(3'+1.-7"*'J.,(3'+1.-")-4"31`F14:"F-3.)41-6"J.**':(.-4"+."=>0"',1::1.-:"/*.,"+G'"'W+*)J+1.-":+)6'"

#%#"

./" BQ@!" 6d_DG7" 3)*6'" '-.F6G" +." *'-4'*" ',1::1.-:" /*.," (*.J'::1-67" +*)-:,1::1.-" )-4" :+.*)6'" f#QA5V

#%$"

B#d_DGg")-4"J.,MF:+1.-"f!QW"4F*1-6"['33V:1+'"(*'()*)+1.-")*'"LQB5VB$"6d_DG")-4"$Q%5VB!"6d_DG7"*':('J+12'3;7",.*'"+G)-")-"

#%@"

.*4'*"./",)6-1+F4'"3)*6'*"+G)-"',1::1.-:"/*.,"J.,MF:+1.-")+"+G'"(.['*"(3)-+"fLQ!5VB%"6d_DG")-4"#Q#V'`"',1::1.-:"('*"_DG"+G)+")*'":+133":,)33'*"+G)-"+G'"3.['*V31,1+"J.,MF:+1.-"

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

#@B"

',1::1.-:"./"%#$"6"0>#V'`d_DG"'2'-"1/"F-J'*+)1-+;"1-",'+G)-'"2'-+1-6")-4"3')_)6':"4F*1-6"'W+*)J+1.-7"

#@!"

(*.J'::1-67"+*)-:,1::1.-")-4":+.*)6'")*'":16-1/1J)-+"*'3)+12'"+."+G'"'-+1*'"31/'"J;J3'Q">+G'*"-.+)M3'":.F*J':"

#@#"

./"F-J'*+)1-+;")*'" 31/'" J;J3'" ',1::1.-:"./"=>0:7"P>W7")-4"XN!Bd#Q@" 4F*1-6"-)+F*)3"6):"'W+*)J+1.-7"[G1JG"

#@$"

*'/3'J+"F-J'*+)1-+;"1-"['33"4'2'3.(,'-+"',1::1.-:")-4"1-"+G'",)6-1+F4'"./"2'-+1-6")-4"3')_1-6"./"=>0V

#@%"

J.-+)1-1-6"['33"6):Q"

#@@"

%

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 14 of 40

Page 15 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

#@
1-" #BBC"*'`F1*':"+G)+")33"(.['*"(3)-+:"+G)+"'W(.*+" '3'J+*1J1+;"41*'J+3;"+."0)31/.*-1)",''+" +G'"',1::1.-:"

#13"h):")-4"h'.+G'*,)3"K':.F*J':"f&>hhKg")-4"?1*"K':.F*J':"H.)*4"f0?KHg"+."4'2'3.(":+*1J+"*F3':"/.*"

#LhhK"G):"1-+*.4FJ'4":.,'"./"+G'",.:+":+*1-6'-+":+)+'V3'2'3"*':+*1J+1.-:"*'3'2)-+"+."

$#B"

/*)J_1-6" [)+'*" F:'" 1-" +G'" J.F-+*;_3)G.,)")-4"P'["N'W1J."3'::":+*1-6'-+"+G)-"

$$B"

0)31/.*-1)a:Q"&F'"1-"()*+"+."+G'"J.-+*.2'*:1)3"#BB@"5-'*6;"?J+"'W',(+1.-"./"F-J.-2'-+1.-)3".13")-4"6):"

$$!"

'W+*)J+1.-")J+121+1':"/*.,"/'4'*)3".2'*:16G+"F-4'*"+G'"8)/'"&*1-_1-6"D)+'*"?J+"f'WJ'(+1-6"J):':"./"+G'"F:'"

$$#"

./"41':'3g7"/'4'*)3"*'6F3)+1.-"./"[)+'*"F:'")-4"`F)31+;"1,()J+:"./"/*)J_1-6".-"-.-V/'4'*)3"3)-4:"1:",1-1,)37"

$$$"

[1+G" +G'" 'WJ'(+1.-" ./" +G'" 5X?a:" #B!%" PX&58" 6F14)-J'" /.*" F-4'*6*.F-4" 1-U'J+1.-" J.-+*.3" ./" /*)J_1-6"

$$%"

)J+121+1':"F:1-6"41':'3!B@Q""

$$@"

&':(1+'" :+)+'V3'2'3" 1-J.-:1:+'-J1':" 1-" (.31J1':" *'3'2)-+" +." +G'" [)+'*" `F)31+;" 1,()J+:" ./" 6):"

$$C"

4'2'3.(,'-+" 1-" .F*" J):'" :+F4;7" ['" -.+'" +G)+" )33" ./" +G'" :+)+':" J.-:14'*'4" G)2'" )44*'::'4" .*" )*'"

$$0:")-4"XN"*':F3+"/*.,"

$@@"

1-J.,(3'+'"J.,MF:+1.-")-4"+*)J'"),.F-+:"./"-.-VJ.,MF:+1M3'"J.,(.-'-+:"./"-)+F*)3"6):"/F'3:!BA7"[G1JG"

$@C"

)*'"-.+"G)-43'4"M;"',1::1.-:"J.-+*.3:Q"5,1::1.-:"/)J+.*:"/.*"P>W"[1+G")-4"[1+G.F+"J.-+*.3",'):F*':"31_'"

$@
',1::1.-:"./"=>0:Q"0)31/.*-1)a:"8H%",)-4)+'4"0?KHa:"1-2.32','-+"1-"*'21'[1-6"['33"('*,1+")((31J)+1.-:"

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 20 of 40

Page 21 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

$0"',1::1.-:")-4"0?KH"J1+':"+G'"(.+'-+1)3"G')3+G"M'-'/1+:"

$0" ',1::1.-:" /*.," 6):"

$L%"

3')_1-6")-4"2'-+1-6"'W1:+"1-"T'W):")-4")*'"M'1-6"4*)/+'4"1-"P'["N'W1J.7"+G'1*":J.('"1:"31,1+'4Y"T'W):a:"

$L@"

*'6F3)+1.-" ./" =>0:" .-3;" )((31':" +." ,)U.*" F*M)-" )*'):" +G)+" )*'" -.-VJ.,(31)-+" [1+G" /'4'*)3" >b.-'"

$LC"

:+)-4)*4:!!C" )-4" P'[" N'W1J.a:" -'[" I&?K" (*.+.J.3" .-3;" )((31':" +." -'[" f)-4" -.+" 'W1:+1-6g" :+)+1.-)*;"

$Lb.-'"f*':F3+1-6"/*.,"P>W")-4"=>0:g")*'"*'6F3)+'4"F-4'*"+G'"03')-"?1*"?J+"

$A#"

f0??g7"[G1JG"1:")4,1-1:+'*'4")-4"'-/.*J'4"M;"'2'*;":+)+'"6.2'*-,'-+!!LQ"0)31/.*-1)")-4"P'["N'W1J."G)2'"

$A$"

()::'4"3'61:3)+1.-")33.[1-6"+G'1*")1*"`F)31+;"*'6F3)+.*:"+.":'+":+*1J+'*":+)-4)*4:"+G)-"+G'"5X?a:7")3+G.F6G"

$A%"

+G'1*"),M1'-+"XN")-4">b.-'":+)-4)*4:")*'":1,13)*"+."/'4'*)3":+)-4)*4:!!A7!#BQ"TG'"5X?a:"#B!#")-4"#B!C"

$A@"

F(4)+':"+."1+:"('*/.*,)-J'":+)-4)*4:"/.*"+G'".13")-4"6):"1-4F:+*;")3:.":'+"I&?K"*'`F1*','-+:")-4"M':+"

$AC"

,)-)6','-+" (*)J+1J':" +." +)*6'+" ',1::1.-:" ./" =>0:" /*.," -'[" )-4" 'W1:+1-6" ',1::1.-:" :.F*J':@#7L#Q" D'"

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

$AhhK" *'6F3)+1.-:k" ):"

$AL"

,'-+1.-'4"(*'21.F:3;7"G.['2'*7"+G'1*"J.-+1-F)+1.-"1:"F-J'*+)1-"f*'/3'J+'4"1-"C$3%,+M"M;"+G'"4.++'4"31-'"

$AA"

:F**.F-41-6"98"/'4'*)3"(.31J1':"6.2'*-1-6"+G'"'W+*)J+1.-")-4"hXT8":+)6':gQ""

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 22 of 40

Page 23 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 24 of 40

Page 25 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

"#$!

!"#$%##"&'()'*(+&,"$-(".+,"$)/"&'#!

"#"!

%&'()*'! +,-.! */&! 01'&! '*(23! -++&,! '&4&,1)! 56'57/*'! ,&)&416*! *-! &6&,73! 8-)5039.1:&,';! ??
@P;!"#4+-?#+&"6&$6"')-#.@+ 0)1,2( 3;( %167&'! -+! ="#$%"&'$()#*;+ &-#.'($&')-#;+ "#4+ '-'"6+ ABA+ "#4+ ?"'1(+ ?)'C4("?"6+)=D"&'.+*)51#+E"F"+,"6)%-(#)"G.+789H+161&'()&)'I+1JD-('.+

"CM!

!+

"E#!

4&'$,%#"&'#(

"E@!

]-)503956+-,.&2! >?
"E"!

0-6*,5H(*5-6'!*-!-4&,1))!5.810*!2-!6-*!1)=13'!,&0&54&!*/&!'1.&!,&7()1*-,3!*,&1*.&6*!*/&3!=-()2!H&!754&6!

"EC!

5+!*/&3!-00(,,&2!56!?1)5+-,651;![I5'*567!'*1*&!162!+&2&,1)!8-)503!'*,(0*(,&'!2-!6-*!&6'(,&!*/1*!15,!B(1)5*3!

"EE!

5.810*'! 162! FGF! &.5''5-6'! 2(,567! +(&)! &I*,10*5-6! 1,&! ,&7()1*&2! 0-6'5'*&6*)3;! O6! 1225*5-6A! 1)*/-(7/!

"EJ!

?1)5+-,651!/1'!2&'576&2!8-)505&'!,&)&416*!*-!FGF'!*-!.565.5V&!5.8-,*'!-+!f0-1)9H39=5,&g!*/,-(7/!5*'!%]Q!

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 28 of 40

Page 29 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

"EK!

162!-*/&,!&)&0*,505*3!'(88)3!,&B(5,&.&6*'A!*/&,&!1,&!6-!&B(541)&6*!,&'*,50*5-6'!*/1*!122,&''!5.8-,*'! -+!

"EM!

f=1*&,9H39=5,&g!+,-.!W&I50-!Y-,!-*/&,!UQ!'*1*&'Z;!!

"J#!

\-*=5*/'*162567!*/&!0/1))&67&'!5*!52&6*5+5&'A!-(,!161)3'5'!8,-452&'!'&4&,1)!8-56*&,'!+-,!,&7()1*-,'!

"J@!

'&&:567! *-! 122,&''! &)&0*,505*3N'! 0,-''9H-,2&,! &645,-6.&6*1)! 5.810*';! _-! H&756! =5*/A! 1! .-,&! -H45-('!

"JP!

'*,1*&73!+-,!0-6'5'*&6*!&645,-6.&6*1)!7-4&,6160&!+,-.!1!8-)503956+-,.&2!)5+&!030)&!'*1628-56*!5'!*-!+-0('!

"J$!

&++-,*'! -6! /57/&,! 12.565'*,1*54&! )&4&)'! Y&;7;! +&2&,1)! -,! 56*&,61*5-61)ZA! =/50/! 016! 5.8,-4&! 8-)503!

"J"!

&645,-6.&6*'!=/-'&!H-(621,5&'!&60-.81''!.-,&!T(,5'250*5-6'!162!)5+&!030)&!8/1'&';!O6!*/5'!,&'8&0*A!*/&!

"JC!

)10:!-+!0--,2561*&2!8-)503!.1:567!1*!*/&!YU;Q;Z!+&2&,1)!-,!56*&,61*5-61)!)&4&)!5'!H-*/!1!6-*1H)&!2&+505&603!

"JE!

162!-88-,*(65*3!52&6*5+5&2!H3!-(,!161)3'5';!!

"JJ!

](,0/1'567!,&B(5,&.&6*'!)5:&!?1)5+-,651N'!%]Q!1,&!16-*/&,!&++&0*54&!=13!*-!&I*&62!1!T(,5'250*5-6N'!

"JK!

8-)503! H-(621,3! *-! &60-.81''! (8'*,&1.! 8,-0&''&';!
"K#!

71'!)&1:567!162!4&6*567!-(*'52&!*/&!'*1*&;!_/&!H5))!=-()2!/14&!5.8-'&2!8,-0(,&.&6*!162!2&)54&,3!*,10:567!

"K@!

,&B(5,&.&6*'! -6! */&! '*1*&N'! 71'! '(88)5&,'! 162! )&4&,17&2! ?1)5+-,651N'! 8-'5*5-6! 1'! */&! U;Q;N'! P62! )1,7&'*!

"KP!

.1,:&*! +-,! 71'! *-! 560&6*545V&! &.5''5-6'! ,&2(0*5-6'! 1*! &I8-,*567! 71'! H1'56'@"C;! 16&! ?&6*&,!+-,!*/&!
CP@!

1*!/**8Daa8(H';10';-,7;(

!

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

?28262'$2#( CPP! CP$!

(1)

Water for Energy: Is energy becoming a thirstier resource? In World Energy Outlook; International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 2012; pp 1–33.

CP"! CPC!

(2)

Understanding CO2 Emissions from the Global Energy Sector; World Bank Group: Washington, DC, 2014.

CPE! CPJ!

(3)

Jiusto, S. The differences that methods make: Cross-border power flows and accounting for carbon emissions from electricity use. Energy Policy 2006, 34 (17), 2915–2928.

CPK! CPM! C$#!

(4)

Zafirakis, D.; Chalvatzis, K. J.; Baiocchi, G. Embodied CO2 emissions and cross-border electricity trade in Europe: Rebalancing burden sharing with energy storage. Appl. Energy 2015, 143, 283– 300.

C$@! C$P!

(5)

Perkins, R.; Neumayer, E. Fostering environment efficiency through transnational linkages? Trajectories of CO2 and SO2, 1980-2000. Environ. Plan. A 2008, 40 (12), 2970–2989.

C$$! C$"!

(6)

Vogel, D. Environmental regulation and economic integration. J. Int. Econ. Law 2000, 3 (2), 265– 279.

C$C!

(7)

Merril, T. W. Golden rules for transboundary pollution. Duke Law J. 1997, 46 (5), 50–70.

C$E! C$J!

(8)

Cole, M. A.; Elliott, R. J. R.; Fredriksson, P. G. Endogenous pollution havens: Does FDI influence environmental regulations? Scand. J. Econ. 2006, 108 (1), 157–178.

C$K! C$M!

(9)

Graedel, T. E. Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998.

C"#! C"@! C"P!

(10)

Finnveden, G.; Hauschild, M. Z.; Ekvall, T.; Guinée, J.; Heijungs, R.; Hellweg, S.; Koehler, A.; Pennington, D.; Suh, S. Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. J. Environ. Manage. 2009, 91 (1), 1–21.

C"$! C""! C"C!

(11)

Turconi, R.; Boldrin, A.; Astrup, T. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: Overview, comparability and limitations. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 28, 555–565.

C"E! C"J! C"K!

(12)

Meldrum, J, Nettles-Anderson, S, Heath, G, Macknick, J. Life cycle water use for electricity generation: a review and harmonization of literature estimates. Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8 (15031), 1–18.

C"M! CC#! CC@!

(13)

Jackson, R. B.; Vengosh, A.; Carey, J. W.; Davies, R. J.; Darrah, T. H.; Sullivan, F. O.; Gabrielle, P. The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2014, 39, 327– 362.

CCP! CC$! CC"! CCC!

(14)

Hertwich, E. G.; Gibon, T.; Bouman, E. A.; Arvesen, A.; Suh, S.; Heath, G. A.; Bergesen, J. D.; Ramirez, A.; Vega, M. I.; Shi, L. Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low-carbon technologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 112 (20), 6277–6282.

CCE! CCJ!

(15)

Laurenzi, I. J.; Jersey, G. R. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption of Marcellus shale gas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (9), 4896–4903.

CCK! CCM! CE#!

(16)

Chang, Y.; Huang, R.; Ries, R. J.; Masanet, E. Life-cycle comparison of greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption for coal and shale gas fired power generation in China. Energy 2015, 86, 335–343.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 32 of 40

Page 33 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

CE@! CEP!

(17)

Hadian, S.; Madani, K. A system of systems approach to energy sustainability assessment: Are all renewables really green? Ecol. Indic. 2015, 52, 194–206.

CE$! CE"! CEC!

(18)

Dodder, R. S.; Barnwell, J. T.; Yelverton, W. H. Scenarios for low carbon and low water electric power plant operations: implications for upstream water use. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (21), 11460–11470.

CEE! CEJ! CEK!

(19)

Dale, A. T.; De Lucena, A. F. P.; Marriott, J.; Cesar Borba, B. S. M.; Schaeffer, R.; Bilec, M. M. Modeling future life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts of electricity supplies in Brazil. Energies 2013, 6 (7), 3182–3208.

CEM! CJ#!

(20)

Roberson, T. W. Environmental Concerns of Hydraulically Fracturing a Natural Gas Well. Utah Environ. Law Rev. 2006, 32 (1), 67–136.

CJ@! CJP!

(21)

Centner, T. J.; O’Connell, L. K. Unfinished business in the regulation of shale gas production in the United States. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 476–477, 359–367.

CJ$! CJ"! CJC!

(22)

Kiparsky, M.; Hein, J. F. Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in California: A Wastewater and Water Quality Perspective. Wheel. Inst. Water Law Policy, Cent. Law, Energy Environ. UC Berkeley Sch. Law. Berkeley, CA 2013, 1–61.

CJE! CJJ!

(23)

Warner, B.; Shapiro, J. Fractured, fragmented federalism: A study in fracking regulatory policy. Publius 2013, 43 (3), 474–496.

CJK! CJM!

(24)

Solangi, K. H.; Islam, M. R.; Saidur, R.; Rahim, N. A.; Fayaz, H. A review on global solar energy policy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15 (4), 2149–2163.

CK#! CK@!

(25)

Saidur, R.; Islam, M. R.; Rahim, N. A.; Solangi, K. H. A review on global wind energy policy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14 (7), 1744–1762.

CKP! CK$!

(26)

Sovacool, B. K.; Brown, M. A.; Valentine, S. V. Fact and Fiction in Global Energy Policy; Fifteen Contentious Questions; Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, 2016.

CK"! CKC!

(27)

Willis, M. Energy Supply and Demand Assessment for the Border Region; CEC-600-20; California Energy Comission; Sacramento, CA, 2005.

CKE! CKJ!

(28)

Nance, P. K. Investing in Mexico’s Energy Infrastructure Series: Renewable Energy and CrossBorder Prospects; ICF International; Fairfax, VA, 2014.

CKK! CKM! CM#!

(29)

Reyes Tepach, M. Análisis de la propuesta de cambio estructural del Sector Eléctrico Mexicano: una visión económica; División de Economía y Comercio; Cámara de Diputados; Mexico, D.F., 1999.

CM@! CMP! CM$!

(30)

Grunstein, M.; Carreón Rodríguez, V. G. Comisión Federal de Electricidad: la no empresa de clase mundial. Hacia la creación de una verdadera empresa productiva del Estado. Rev. Legis. Estud. Soc. y Opinión Pública 2014, 7 (13), 7–45.

CM"! CMC!

(31)

Borenstein, S.; Bushnell, J. The US Electricity Industry After 20 Years of Restructuring. Annu. Rev. Econom. 2014, 7 (1), 437–463.

CME! CMJ!

(32)

Powers, B. Energy, the environment, and the California - Baja California Border Region. Electr. J. 2005, 18 (6), 77–84.

CMK! CMM!

(33)

Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional 2015-2029; Secretaria de Energia; Mexico, D.F., 2015.

E##!

(34)

Muñoz Meléndez, G.; Díaz González, E.; Campbell Ramírez, H. E.; Quintero Nuñez, M. Perfil

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

E#@! E#P! E#$!

Energético 2010-2020 para Baja California!: Propuesta y Análisis de Indicadores Energéticos para el Desarrollo de Prospectivas Estatales; prepared for Comisión Estatal de Energía de Baja California; Mexicali, B.C., 2010.

E#"!

(35)

Prospectiva de Gas Natural 2016-2030; Secretaria de Energia; Mexico, D.F., 2016.

E#C! E#E! E#J!

(36)

Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.

E#K! E#M!

(37)

US Geological Survey. Water Use Terminology http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/wuglossary.html (accessed Jan 1, 2016).

E@#! E@@!

(38)

Howarth, R. W.; Santoro, R.; Ingraffea, A. Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations. Clim. Change 2011, 106 (4), 679–690.

E@P! E@$!

(39)

Nugent, D.; Sovacool, B. K. Assessing the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from solar PV and wind energy: A critical meta-survey. Energy Policy 2014, 65, 229–244.

E@"! E@C!

(40)

Kinder Morgan. El Paso Natural Gas / Mojave Pipeline https://www.kindermorgan.com/business/gas_pipelines/west/EPNG_MP/ (accessed Jan 1, 2017).

E@E! E@J!

(41)

Natural gas compressor stations on the interstate pipeline network: Developments since 1996; Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas; Washington, DC, 2007.

E@K! E@M!

(42)

Shale Gas Production; U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2017.

EP#! EP@! EPP!

(43)

Table 10: Total natural gas proved reserves, reserves changes, and production, wet after lease separation, 2015; U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2017.

EP$! EP"! EPC!

(44)

Arent, D.; Logan, J.; Macknick, J.; Boyd, W.; Medlock, K.; O’Sullivan, F.; Edmonds, J.; Clarke, L.; Huntington, H.; Heath, G.; et al. A review of water and greenhouse gas impacts of unconventional natural gas development in the United States. MRS Energy Sustain. 2015, 2 (E4).

EPE! EPJ!

(45)

Review of Emerging Resources: U.S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays; U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2011.

EPK! EPM! E$#! E$@!

(46)

Higley, D.; Gaswirth, S. B.; Abbott, M. M.; Charpentier, R. R.; Hatch, J. R.; Klett, T. R.; Nelson, P.; Pawlewica, M. J.; Pearson, O. N.; Pollastro, R. M.; et al. Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Anadarko Basin Province of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and Colorado, 2010; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC, 2011.

E$P! E$$! E$"!

(47)

Schenk, C. J.; Pollastro, R. M.; Cook, T. A.; Pawlewicz, M. J.; Klett, T. R.; Charpentier, R. R.; Cook., H. E. Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Permian Basin Province of West Texas and Southeast; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC, 2008.

E$C! E$E! E$J! E$K!

(48)

Flores, R. M.; Anna, L. O.; Dolton, G. L.; Fox, J. E.; French, C. D.; Charpentier, R. R. National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Powder River Basin Province of Wyoming and Montana , 2002; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC, 2002.

E$M! E"#! E"@!

(49)

Tuers, C.; Moore, T.; Grant, J.; Parikh, R.; King, J.; Bar-Ilan, A. San Juan and Permian Basin 2014 Oil and Gas Emission Inventory Inputs Final Report; prepared for Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico State Office and Western States Air Resources Council: Santa Fe NM,

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 34 of 40

Page 35 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

E"P!

2014.

E"$! E""! E"C!

(50)

Pring, M.; Hudson, D.; Renzaglia, J.; Smith, B.; Treimel, S. Characterization of Oil and Gas Production Equipment and Develop a Methodology to Estimate Statewide Emissions FINAL REPORT; Austin, TX, 2016.

E"E! E"J! E"K!

(51)

Allen, D. T.; Torres, V. M.; Thomas, J.; Sullivan, D. W.; Hendler, A.; Herndon, S. C.; Kolb, C. E.; Fraser, M. P.; Hill, A. D.; Lamb, B. K.; et al. Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110 (44), 18023–18023.

E"M! EC#!

(52)

Oil and natural gas sector: New source performance standards and national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants reviews: Final Rule. Fed. Regist. 2012, 77 (159), 49490–49600.

EC@! ECP! EC$!

(53)

Heath, G. a.; O’Donoughue, P.; Arent, D. J.; Bazilian, M. Harmonization of initial estimates of shale gas life cycle greenhouse gas emissions for electric power generation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, Early Acce, E3167–E3176.

EC"! ECC! ECE!

(54)

Shires, T.; Lev-On, M. Characterizing Pivotal Sources of Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Production; American Petroleum Institute and American Natural Gas Alliance: Washington, DC, 2012.

ECJ! ECK! ECM! EE#!

(55)

Allen, D. T.; Sullivan, D. W.; Zavala-Araiza, D.; Pacsi, A. P.; Harrison, M.; Keen, K.; Fraser, M. P.; Daniel Hill, A.; Lamb, B. K.; Sawyer, R. F.; et al. Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States: liquid unloadings. Env. Sci Technol 2014, 49 (1), 641–648.

EE@! EEP!

(56)

Logan, J.; Heath, G.; Macknick, J.; Paranhos, E.; Boyd, W.; Carlson, K. Natural Gas and the Transformation of the U.S. Energy Sector; Golden, CO, 2012.

EE$! EE"! EEC!

(57)

Burnham, A.; Han, J.; Clark, C. E.; Wang, M.; Dunn, J. B.; Palou-Rivera, I. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of shale gas, natural gas, coal, and petroleum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (2), 619–627.

EEE! EEJ! EEK!

(58)

Litovitz, A.; Curtright, A.; Abramzon, S.; Burger, N.; Samaras, C. Estimation of regional airquality damages from Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction in Pennsylvania. Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8 (1), 14017.

EEM! EJ#! EJ@!

(59)

Roy, A. A.; Adams, P. J.; Robinson, A. L. Air pollutant emissions from the development, production, and processing of Marcellus Shale natural gas. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2014, 64 (1), 19–37.

EJP! EJ$!

(60)

Logan, J.; Heath, G.; Paranhoset, E.; Boyd, W.; Carlson, K. Natural Gas and the Transformation of the U.S. Energy Sector: Electricity; Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, 2012.

EJ"! EJC! EJE! EJJ!

(61)

Wang, M. Q.; Huang, H. S. A Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Energy and Emissions Impacts of Transportation Fuels Produced from Natural Gas; Argonne National Laboratory, Office of Technology Utilization, Office of Transportation Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington DC, 1999; Vol. ESD.

EJK! EJM!

(62)

King, C. W.; Webber, M. E. Water intensity of transportation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (21), 7866–7872.

EK#! EK@! EKP! EK$!

(63)

Zimmerle, D. J.; Williams, L. L.; Vaughn, T. L.; Quinn, C.; Subramanian, R.; Duggan, G. P.; Willson, B.; Opsomer, J. D.; Marchese, A. J.; Martinez, D. M.; et al. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Transmission and Storage System in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (15), 9374–9383.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

EK"! EKC! EKE!

(64)

Littlefield, J. A.; Marriott, J.; Schivley, G. A.; Skone, T. J. Synthesis of recent ground-level methane emission measurements from the U.S. natural gas supply chain. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 148, 118–126.

EKJ! EKK! EKM! EM#!

(65)

Marchese, A. J.; Vaughn, T. L.; Zimmerle, D. J.; Martinez, D. M.; Williams, L. L.; Robinson, A. L.; Mitchell, A. L.; Subramanian, R.; Tkacik, D. S.; Roscioli, J. R.; et al. Methane Emissions from United States Natural Gas Gathering and Processing. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (17), 10718– 10727.

EM@! EMP!

(66)

Blackman, A.; Chandru, S.; Mendoza-Domínguez, A.; Russell, A. G. Health impacts of powerexporting plants in northern Mexico. Energy Policy 2012, 44, 34–45.

EM$!

(67)

Informe de Sustentabilidad + Informe Financiero 2015; IENova, México, D.F., 2015.

EM"! EMC! EME!

(68)

Cai, H.; Wang, M.; Elgowainy, A.; Han, J. Updated Greenhouse Gas and Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Factors and Their Probability Distribution Functions for Electric Generating Units; Argonne National Laboratory: Oak Ridge, TN, 2012.

EMJ! EMK! EMM!

(69)

Diehl, T. H.; Harris, M. A. Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014– 5184; U.S. Geological Survey: Washington, DC, 2014.

J##! J#@! J#P!

(70)

Zimmerle, D. J.; Williams, L. L.; Vaughn, T. L.; Quinn, C.; Duggan, G. P.; Willson, B.; Opsomer, J. D.; Marchese, A. J. Methane emissions from the natural gas transmission and storage system in the United States -- Supporting Information. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (15), 1–50.

J#$! J#"!

(71)

California Energy Comission (CEC). California Quarterly Fuel and Emissions Report http://www.energy.ca.gov/almanac/electricity_data/web_qfer/ (accessed Jun 6, 2017).

J#C! J#E! J#J!

(72)

Foster, Michael, M.; Hagan, J. O.; Mckinney, J. Issues and Environmental Impacts Associated With Once-Through Cooling At California’s Coastal Power Plants. Calif. Energy Comm. 2005, 700-2005–0.

J#K! J#M! J@#!

(73)

Diehl, T. H.; Harris, M. A.; Murphy, J. C.; Hutson, S. S.; Ladd, D. E. Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5184: Appendix 1. 2014.

J@@! J@P! J@$!

(74)

Mack, J. H.; Gianvecchio, N.; Campopiano, M. T.; M. Logan, S. All RECs Are Local: How InState Generation Requirements Adversely Affect Development of a Robust REC Market. Electr. J. 2011, 24 (4), 8–25.

J@"! J@C!

(75)

Hilton, S. The Impact of California’s Global Warming Legislation on the Electric Utility Industry. Electr. J. 2006, 19 (9), 10–16.

J@E! J@J! J@K!

(76)

Mirza, Michael, Frank, R. M. Senate Bill 4: A Past and Future Look at Regulating Hydraulic Fracturing in California; California Environmental Law and Policy Center, UC Davis School of Law: Davis, CA, 2014.

J@M! JP#! JP@!

(77)

California Code of Regulations Title 17, Division 3, Chapter 1, Subchapter 10 Climate Change, A. 4. Subarticle 13: Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for Crude Oil and Natural Gas Facilities; 2017; pp 1–71.

JPP!

(78)

NM Admin. Code Title 19, §19.15.16.

JP$!

(79)

Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 16, §3.13.

JP"!

(80)

Ok. Admin. Code Tit. 165, §165:10-3-4.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 36 of 40

Page 37 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

JPC! JPE!

(81)

Fact Sheet on Methane Waste Prevention Rule; Bureau of Land Management: Washington, DC, 2015.

JPJ! JPK! JPM!

(82)

EPA’s Actions to Reduce Methane Emissions from the Oil and Natural Gas Industry: Final Rules and Draft Information Collection Request; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2016.

J$#!

(83)

Appellate Case: 16-8068 Document: 01019780139 Date Filed: 03/15/2017, 2017.

J$@! J$P! J$$!

(84)

Pruitt, S. Convening a Proceeding for Reconsideration of Final Rule: “Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emissions Standards for New, Reconstructed and Modified Sources,” published June 3, 2016, 81 Fed. Reg. 35824. Washington, DC 2017, pp 1–2.

J$"! J$C! J$E!

(85)

EPA. Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category; Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards and New Source Performance Standards. Fed. Regist. 1982, 47 (224), 52290–52309.

J$J! J$K!

(86)

EPA. PART 122 - EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM. Fed. Regist. 1972, 22 (2015), 178–301.

J$M! J"#!

(87)

U.S. Energy Information Administration. Form EIA-923 Detailed Data https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/ (accessed Jan 1, 2016).

J"@! J"P!

(88)

Diehl, T. H.; Harris, M. A.; Murphy, J. C.; Hutson, S. S.; Ladd, D. E. Methods for Estimating Water Consumption for Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States; 2013.

J"$! J""!

(89)

California Energy Commission – Tracking Progress – Once-Through Cooling Phase-Out; California Energy Commission: Sacramento, CA, 2016.

J"C! J"E!

(90)

2015 Integrated Energy Policy Report. Publication Number: CEC-100-2015-001-CMF; California Energy Comission: Sacramento, CA, 2015.

J"J! J"K! J"M!

(91)

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 Límites Máximos Permisibles De Contaminantes En Las Descargas De Aguas Residuales En Aguas Y Bienes Nacionales. Norma Of. Mex. 1996, 33.

JC#! JC@!

(92)

Mumby, W. C. Trust in Local Government!: How States’ Legal Obligations to Protect Water Resources Can Support Local Efforts to Restrict Fracking. Ecol. Law Q. 2017, 44, 195–235.

JCP!

(93)

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1722.

JC$!

(94)

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1784.

JC"!

(95)

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1783.

JCC!

(96)

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1786.

JCE!

(97)

Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1788.

JCJ! JCK!

(98)

Murrill, B. J.; Vann, A. Hydraulic Fracturing!: Chemical Disclosure Requirements; R42461; Congressional Research Service: Washington, DC, 2012.

JCM! JE#!

(99)

McFeeley, M. State Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Rules and Enforcement: A Comparison; Natural Resources Defense Council: Washington, DC, 2012; Vol. IB:12-06-A.

JE@! JEP!

(100) Oklahoma Hydraulic Fracturing State Review; State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulations: Washington, DC, 2011.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

JE$! JE"! JEC!

(101) Title 19: Natural Resources and Wildlife; Chapter 15: Oil and Gas; Part 16: Drilling and Production; New Mexico Energy Minerals and Natural Resources Department: Santa Fe, NM, 2016.

JEE!

(102) NM Admin. Code Tit. 19, §19.15.16.

JEJ!

(103) Ok. Admin. Code Tit. 165, §165:10-3-10.

JEK! JEM!

(104) Richardson, N.; Gottlieb, M.; Krupnick, A.; Wiseman, H. The State of state shale gas regulation. Resour. Futur. 2013, No. June, 1–99.

JJ#! JJ@! JJP!

(105) Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Using Diesel Fuels: Underground Injection Control Program Guidance #84; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2014.

JJ$!

(106) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 16, §3.8.

JJ"!

(107) NM Admin. Code Tit. 19, §19.15.17.

JJC! JJE!

(108) Oklahoma Water for 2060; Produced Water Reuse and Recycling. Report of the Oklahoma Produced Water Working Group; Oklahoma City, OK, 2017.

JJJ!

(109) 3.1: Stationary Gas Turbines. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency 2017, I (AP-42), 1–20.

JJK! JJM!

(110) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Current Nonattainment Counties for All Criteria Pollutants https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ancl.html (accessed Apr 6, 2017).

JK#! JK@! JKP! JK$!

(111) Sánchez, R. A. Binational Cooperation and the Environment at the U.S.-Mexico Border: A Mexican Perspective. In Both Sides of the Border: Transboundary Environmental Management Issues Facing Mexico and the United States; Batema, J. J., Fernandez, L., Carson, R. T., Eds.; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2002; pp 53–71.

JK"! JKC! JKE!

(112) Moore, C. W.; Zielinska, B.; Pe, G.; Jackson, R. B. Air Impacts of Increased Natural Gas Acquisition, Processing, and Use: A Critical Review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Manag. 2014, 48 (15), 8349–8359.

JKJ! JKK! JKM!

(113) California State Assembly. SB-4 Oil and gas: well stimulation https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB4 (accessed Apr 6, 2017).

JM#! JM@! JMP! JM$! JM"!

(114) California Natural Resources Agency; California Environmental Protection Agency; California Air Resources Board; California State Water Resource Control Board; California Department of Toxic Substances Control; California Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Division of Oil Gas and Geothermal Resources California Department of Fish and Wildlife. California Interagency Working Group on Well Stimulation Treatment; 2017; Vol. 1–27.

JMC! JME!

(115) California Air Resources Board. Regulation for Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Crude Oil and Natural Gas Operations Standardized Regulatory Impact Assessment. 2017, 1–27.

JMJ!

(116) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 30, §115.120.

JMK! JMM!

(117) New Mexico Air Quality Bureau. Monitoring Protocol VOC/HAPS LDAR Fugitive Monitoring at New Mexico Sources; Version: April 19, 2017; 2017; pp 1–9.

K##! K#@!

(118) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Summary of the Clean Air Act https://www.epa.gov/lawsregulations/summary-clean-air-act (accessed Sep 8, 2017).

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 38 of 40

Page 39 of 40

Environmental Science & Technology

K#P!

(119) NM Admin. Code Tit. 20, §2.3.109.

K#$! K#"!

(120) California Air Resources Board. California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) https://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/caaqs/caaqs.htm (accessed Feb 7, 2017).

K#C! K#E!

(121) Gobierno de la República; Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution; Mexico Distrito Federal, 2016.

K#J! K#K!

(122) Valle-Pereña, J.; Ortega-Navarro, H. Prospectiva de Energías Renovables 2012-2026; Mexico Distrito Federal, 2012.

K#M! K@#!

(123) Secretaria de Energia. NOM-003-SECRE-2011, Instalaciones de aprovechamiento de gas natural.; Mexico, 2013.

K@@! K@P!

(124) Mccarthy, J. E.; Ramseur, J. L.; Leggett, J. A.; Wyatt, A. M.; Dolan, A. M. EPA’s Clean Power Plan for Existing Power Plants: Frequently Asked Questions. Congr. Res. Serv. 2016.

K@$!

(125) NM Office of the Governor. Executive Order No. 33 (2005).

K@"! K@C!

(126) Commission, C. E. Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) http://www.energy.ca.gov/portfolio/ (accessed Jan 22, 2018).

K@E! K@J!

(127) California Legislature. California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (SB32). 2005-2006 Reg. Sess. (September 8, 2006). California State Assembly. Web. 19 Jan. 2018. 2006.

K@K! K@M!

(128) California Legislature. Oil and gas: well stimulation (SB4). 2013-2014 Reg. Sess. (September 20, 2013). Web. 20 Jan. 2018.

KP#! KP@!

(129) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: Cooling Water Intake Structures at Existing Facilities and Phase I Facilities; Requirements. Fed. Regist. 2014, 79 (158), 48300–48439.

KPP!

(130) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 18, §3.29.

KP$!

(131) Conversation with Christopher Dennis, July 2016.

KP"! KPC!

(132) California Department of Conservation. About Senate Bill 1281 http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/SB 1281/Pages/About.aspx (accessed Aug 5, 2017).

KPE!

(133) Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1785.

KPJ!

(134) Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 14, §1787.

KPK!

(135) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 30, §115.122.

KPM!

(136) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 30, §115.123.

K$#!

(137) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 30, §115.125.

K$@!

(138) Tex. Admin. Code Tit. 30, §115.126.

K$P!

(139) NM Admin. Code Tit. 20, §2.3.102.

K$$! K$"!

(140) International Energy Outlook 2016; U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2016.

K$C! K$E!

(141) Hertwich, E.; Peters, G. Carbon footprint of nations: A global, trade-linked analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (16), 6414–6420.

K$J!

(142) Peters, G.; Hertwich, E. G. Policy Analysis CO 2 Embodied in International Trade with

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Environmental Science & Technology

K$K!

Implications for Global Climate Policy. Ind. Ecol. Program. 2008, 42 (5), 1401–1407.

K$M! K"#!

(143) Peters, G. P.; Minx, J. C.; Weber, C. L.; Edenhofer, O. Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011, 108 (21), 8903–8908.

K"@! K"P!

(144) Shui, B.; Harriss, R. C. The role of CO2 embodiment in US-China trade. Energy Policy 2006, 34 (18), 4063–4068.

K"$! K""!

(145) California Legislature. Natural gas: methane emissions (SB1441). 2015–2016 Reg. Sess. (February 19, 2016). Web. 20 Jan. 2018; 2016.

K"C! K"E! K"J! K"K!

(146) Martin, J.; Miranda, T. Clean Energy and Intelligent Interconnections Mexico & United States’ Energy Future: Toward Binational Shale Gas Development and Enhanced Cross Border Electric Interconnection. In Reimagining U.S.-Mexico Relations: From Here to 2024; Tomas Rivera Policy Institute; University of Southern California: Los Angeles, CA, 2015.

K"M! KC#! KC@!

(147) Puppim De Oliveira, J. A.; Doll, C. N. H.; Kurniawan, T. A.; Geng, Y.; Kapshe, M.; Huisingh, D. Promoting win-win situations in climate change mitigation, local environmental quality and development in Asian cities through co-benefits. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 58, 1–6.

KCP! KC$!

(148) Nemet, G. F.; Holloway, T.; Meier, P. Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking. Environ. Res. Lett. 2010, 5 (1), 14007.

KC"! KCC!

(149) RAYNER, S. How to eat an elephant: a bottom-up approach to climate policy. Clim. Policy 2010, 10 (6), 615–621.

KCE! KCJ! KCK!

(150) Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad. México ratifica el Acuerdo de París sobre el cambio climático http://imco.org.mx/medio_ambiente/mexico-ratifica-el-acuerdo-de-paris-sobre-elcambio-climatico/ (accessed May 5, 2016).

KCM!

!

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 40 of 40