PAINTS -
FRAKCIS SCOFIELD,
r\'utionaZ
Paint. F arriish
and Lacquer Association, ZILC., Tushington, D. C. T h i s review on developments in the paint field covers coatings, service testing, fire-retardant and latex paint, and miscellaneous items.
been described by JIillar (22.4) and chloroprene vrhi Stock (20.4).
?;E problem t'hat always confronts the paint user is t8he selection of the right coating for the particular job. The array of available coatings is so great, and the variations or' exposure conditions are so extensive that every new job represents n new problem. There are, fundamentally, tTyo different approaches to this problem which complement each other to some extent,. One approach is to consider the propert,ies of various types of coatings and to observe their perforniance under clifferent conditions of exposure and then t o attempt to apply these observations to the immediate problem at hand. The other approach is to at'tempt t o predict, from the measured chemical and physical properties of the film and from its behavior under v;irions forins of accelerated test the ultimate life of a coat,ing.
CORROSIOS
PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF COATINGS
Seymour (16A j has discussed the factors that guide the choice of finishes for industrial plants and has suminarized the characterist,ics t h a t dominate the various types of coatings available. Coatings based on neoprene, when applied in sufficient thickness, give the best all around results, although other coatings are more satisfactory for certain specific applications. H e has also (15.4 j discussed the new neoprene coatings in more detail. Jarrett ( S A ) has discussed the more general problem of the maintenancae of factories, including the choice of paints. Lewin ( f G A ) has described some of the limitations of specifications for the procurement of paints. Johnson (Q.4)and Marling ( I l A )have discussed the choice of paints for product finishing. If the primary requirement is resist.ance t o a specific form of attack it is often possible to give detailed advice on the selection of a proper coating, since a coating with that resist,ance propertmyto an extreme degree can be chosen, even though it may be less satisfactory in many other respects. \Tallon (ZSA) dealt specifically with acid anti alkali resisting coatings, and Benn (BA) revierred the properties of asphalt coatings for conditions where durability is cloniinaiit and appearance is unimportant. Coatings for even more restricted uses are discussed by It'agner ( % A ) , TTho reviewed the requirements of coatings for food-proccessing plants, Smith (18.4) who discussed the choice for water treating equipment, Baylis ( I A ) the lining of cast iron pipe, arid James ( 7 A ) the requirements of coatings for pipelines. The special problems that arise when a pipeline is carrying hot oil have been studied by Stauffacher and Davidson ( 1 9 A ) , who decided that thick coatings of hot melt aspha,lt met their particular requirements best. Pierce (13.4) also emphasized the importa,nce of thick coatings in getting the best resistance t o aggressive atmospheres. I n this connection the work of Quarendon ( I i A )is interesting, for he evaluated various film thickness meters. Bhanlrweiler ( I T A ) has described the successful use of chlorinated rubber in water and sewage xorks. The specific problems of the Gulf Coast area are dealt with by Volkening (PIA)and of Australia by Bright ( S A ) . Coatings that are resistant t o high temperatures have heen tested by the Houston Production Club ( 6 A ) , and silicone vehicles continue to give outstanding performance. Hedlune ( S A ) also discusses the use of silicones, and Durkin and Horner (4-4) show how such coatings prolong the high temperature life of steel. Heat-resistant, coatings from alkyd-silicone vehicles have
The relation betiveen organic coatirigs and corrosion contiiiue.: to receive much att,eiition. Nobalelr (?B) discussed the gmoral principles a,nd pointed out the relation among the type of coating t o be used, the surface preparation, and other fact,ors. The effect of the composition of the steel on the effectiveness of the paint coating in pIWenTiIlg corrosion has been discussed by LaQue aiid Boylan (5R). Roos (IOB) highlighted the significance of surface defects aiid irregularities in affecting paint performance. 3farpon (717) discussed the application of coatings t o rough steel and showed that different techniques are required from those used on relatively snioot'h sheets. Cat,hodic protection is often effective on steel exposed to very iwrosive environments, but it is uneconomical unless suppleineiiled by adequate coat,ings. Often a combinatiori of the two is the most satisfactory way of handling a problem, and suc>h cases are cited in a series of articles by Spencer ( I I B ) , Mudd ( 6 B ) ,\T'ha,lley( I a B ) ,Barnard ( I B ) ,mid Creiinell also discuss the theoret'ical and pract,ical aspects of tlir problem. I n combatting corrosion, proper adhesion is necessary in order that a coating may do the joh for which it is designed. Johnsoii (@) has revieived some of the difficulties associated nit,h getting adequate adhesion on various metals. One approach t o this problem has been tmheu.ze of rrash primers, containing alcoliolic: phosphoric acid, a chromate pigment, and polyvinyl butyral. hlthough these niat,erials have given very satisfactory serviw, the mode of action has been obscure. Rosenbloom (OB)h w investigated t8hechemistry of the reaction and suggwted some of the mechanisms involved. The use of alkaline earth pluinhates as ant,icorrosi\,c pigment>s heen described by Ilabate ( S B ) , and Zirngibl (19Bj h s discussed the use of lead cyanamide. ACCELERATED AZD SIRICLATEI) SERVICE TESTIS(;
IClm (1OCjhas studied the tensile properties of R nunibor of paint, films and has shoxn hox deductions may be nintie regarding their structure. He points out, however, that attempts to predict the durabilit,y of the films fyom the measurements rni~y fail since no account is taken of the influence of the substrate, which may be considerable. Wolf (BTC)has reported ~iinilar ineasurements. Fsrrer ( I 1C) has iiieasurcd the porosity of films and related it to the performance. In an ntt'enipt to elucidat,e the niechanism of film destruction, FitxGcrald (lac)has analyzed the oxidation product3 during det,erioration and studied the changes in the film surface by niicrointerferoin From these results he has dra1r.n some tentative conclusions :t.: t o t,he nature of the deterioration reaction. Caldwell aiid Creasy ( 4 C ) have shown that the physical properties of a lacquer film, particularly tensile strength and elongation, may be predicted from the viscosity, nitrogen content, and solvent but the moisture permeability may not. Tiooistra ( I S C ) has related the cold cbecalr t,est, on lacquers to their scrvice performance.
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October 1954
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
The prediction of the service life t o be expected from coatings was the subject of a substantial portion of the proceedings of the Second Congress of the Federation d’Associations d e Techniciens des Industries de Peintures, Vernis, Emaux et Encres d’lmprimerie de 1’Europe Continental (FATIPEC). Toeldt’e (24C) and Bermane ( 2 C ) showed that useful results can be obtained by accelerated techniques, but the correlation with natural weathering is by no means perfect,. In another paper, Bermane (SC) showed that the superficial hardness of the film as it ages is a satisfactory measure of the change of properties with time. Talen ( 2 S C ) also recorded the changes in a number of mechanical properties of films with age, and O t t ( d o c ) reported on the changes in certain ethoxy resin films during natural and artificial weathering. Konig ( 1 7 C ) put his emphasis on the shrinkage of films and the dimensional stresses set up by aging. Other accelerated tests, and their significance, have been discussed by Dechaux (6C), Van Rysselberge, and Bermane (26C). Dunlrley and Fancutt ( 8 C ) have described the tests used by the British Railways, and Muller (19C) considered variations appropriate for varying conditions of service. Other discussions of accelerated tests include the description of the Protectomet,er and its use in evaluating anticorrosive primers by Danforth, Larson, and Bosch (5C), test’s in high humidity by tests by sea water immersion by GreenStock and Veltges (&E), blatt ( l d C ) ,and simulated service tests under plant conditions by Fontana ( 1 J C ) . Van Aalst (35C) has discussed the significance of these tests to the paint user and has pointed out that some confirmatory exposure tests must be used t o supplement them. A German method has been described ( 7 C ) wherein a variety of corrosive environments may be simulated. Among the uses of accelerated tests for specific types of materials are the tests of Andersson (1C) which showed that the Taber A4braser could be used to predict t’he service of floor varnishes. Pagani ( S I C ) covered the relation between laboratory tests on insulating varnishes and their practical performance. Eijnsbergen ( S C ) has discussed the correlation between natural and accelerated paint storage tests, and showed that those accelerated tests that rely on storage at higher than normal temperatures are useless For predicting the storage behavior of paint’s. llopkins and Smart ( I S C ) developed an experimental setup to produce blistering of paint,s on wood, and believe that mater vapor pressure, rather than osmosis, is responsible for blistering. Greenwood (15C) has recommended strong solutions of potassium hydroxide and nitric acid for test,ing the alkali and acidresistance of films, cont,rary to generally accepted practice. FIRE-RErARDANT PAINTS
Fire-retardant paints have been the subject of a symposium before the American Chemical Society (ZD)and a round-table discussion ( 1 l D ) before the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs. The mode of action of these materials is still a matter of some controversy ( l D , 5 D ) , and the exact role that they play in practice is still unclear. B wide variety of compositions, described as useful for fire-retardancy, have been patented ( S D , dD, 6D-10D, 12D-150, l’7D). Westgate (16D)has improved his Stick and Kick test for the rapid screening of paints for fire-retardancy. LATEX PAINTS
The subject of latex. or emulsion, paints continues to produce considerable interest and was the subject of a forum discussion before the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs ( 2 E ) , in which problems of manufacture, testing, and consumer acceptance provoked much interest. Other articles ($E, 5E, 7 E , 8E, 10E, 1223) have discussed the problems associated with manufacture, testing, and use, and other resinous binders than butadiene-styrene, Freeze-thaw stability, in particular, has
2109
been a serious problem (6E). Polyvinyl acetate is receiving increasing attention as a vehicle for paints of this type (9E, 12E) particularly for exterior masonry paints. Polystyrene emulsions (423)appear to have potential uses where high moisture resistance is required. The Baltimore Production Club ( 1 E ) has continued its work in comparing the relative merits of latex and alkyd flat paints for interior use. NISCELLAN EOUS
Among the more recent materials introduced to the paint, industry, few have created the interest t h a t has been aroused by the epoxy regins. Their high alkali resistance ( l ? F ) , as \ d l as their toughness and flexibility, has resulted in wide use in industrial finishes ( 9 F ) . Reaction with styrene results in even faster drying finishes, which appear t,o be superior in physical properties t>othe styrenated alkyds ( 5 i F ) . Silicones are used to some extent as paint vehicles ( 8 F ) , b u t their principal consumption is in the form of v a t e r repellents ( 1 8 F , 51F). Sodium methylsilicanate ( S I P ) is a ~-ater-soluble form that may find extensive use. Butyl titanate has also been suggested for use in heat-resistant, coatings (568’). Among other raw materials that are being used for specific purposes, or have been suggested, are cellulose acetate-but,yrate ( % I F ) for metals, paper, and rubber, ethyl cellulose (368’) for specialty lacquers, polysulfide rubbers for aircraft finishes (48F); and vinyl resins for industrial coatings (f48’, 19F, 49F). A methwhich leads t o od for the emulsion chlorination of rubber (408’). water dispersions of the product, has been dwcribed. Vinyltoluene appears to be superior to styrene for reactioii with drying oils and alkyds (25F). illthough the products are essentially similar, the reaction is easier to carry out, and certain oils will react which do not react properly with styrene. Diphenic acid has been suggested ( I S F ) as an ingredient of alkyd resins. The increased availability of safflower oil (QSF) has drawn attention to its remarkable color and color retent,ion. Yiater-soluble wsins, for baking finishes, have had some of their more serious defects ( 5 F ) corrected, and more is being learned about sui~face preparat.ion for improved adhesion. The reaction of isocyanates with oils and resins, leading to the Urethane Oils, has aroused much interest. There is still a great deal to be learned about making and using these products, b u t in many respects they seem to have much promise ( 4 1 F ) . The unsatisfactory performance of paints on wood, under certain conditions, is much more clearly related to a few specific causes than was formerly the case. Moisture ( Z F , 6F,SSF, 4 5 F ) in the wood is often the chief offender, b u t southern yellow pine ( 1 2 F ) is a difficult wood to paint satisfactorily; its physical characteristics serve to impair the adhesion of paint. Hardwood veneer (308’) has given trouble with checking, due mainly t,o checks made in the wood by the cutting knives, and hard board, because of its porosity, needs specially formulated sealers (538’). Mildew and other fungi grow readily on many organic coatings, with adverse effects, not only on the appearance; b u t also on otlier properties ( S ? P ) . T h e selection of the proper fungicide is influenced bv the particular vehicle ( S Q F ) . Hunt (288’) has reviewed some of the problems of mildew-resistant paints. .1 related problem is the preservation of wood from rot. Bromne nntl Zabel ( 7 F ) have studied the rate of penetration of preservatives in ponderosa pine, and Holmgren ( 2 7 F ) has reported on field tests in Sweden. Verrall ( 5 5 F ) has described the use of these preservatives on wooden porches and steps. Heukelekian and Crosby ( 2 6 F ) have shown that coatings have litt,le effect on the accumulation of slime in semage treatment plants. Every year there are certain new or improved coatings of UIIusual properties designed for specialized applicat,ions. Aines ( 1 F ) and Schwefsky ( 5 0 F ) have described the Multicolor finish, an ingenious coating developed b y pigmenting the different phases of an emulsion with different colors. This helps to make
2110
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
minor surface defects in the substrate much less noticeable and creates an interesting decorative effect. Harrison ( d 4 F j has discussed insecticidal coatings, containing DDT, and has shown t h a t actual crystals of D D T must be on the surface for t,hem to be effective. Even ( 1 6 F ) has described the use of extreme1,y brittle coatings to study stresses on mechanical objects. Cowling, King, and Alexander ( 1 1 F ) have investigated bhe preparation of temperature-indicating paints. and have suggevted a number of suitable pigments to cover various temperature ranges. A continually expanding variety of application methods are available. Most industrial applications of coatings are by spray, a n d there are many variat,ions ( 3 F , 44P) being used. The proper adjustment of equipment and the use of equipment fitted to the particular finish are important, (IRF). Hot spraying produces heavier films and has certain other advant,ages (32F, 4 8 F ) , while airless spraying (@‘, 23Fj is receiving wide attention. Flow coating is an economical wag of finishing materials for which it is adapted (2OF). Aerosol application has limited uses but is spreading ( f 5 F ) . Paints comprise about 8% of the aerosol packaged material now sold. The quest,ion of the influence of colors on people is one that has never been settled. Specific uses of color contribute to plant safety ( 3 9 F ) and appear to have some effect on students ( 4 7 F ) and hospital patients (62F). However, there is still a lot to be learned about the proper use of color. The toxicological problems associated with the manufacture and use of food containers have been reviewed (S3Fj. Interest in the toxicity of polyurethane resins has resulted from their use. One variet,y of resin (46F)definitely was t,osic and was withdrawn. No trouble has been experienced with other varieties if proper precautions are taken. Tetracholoroethylene, often used in degreasing, can give rise to serious liver ailmcnte ( 1 0 F ) . Grice ( 8 J F ) has discussed the possibility of sparks arising from the contact between aluminuni paint and rusty iron. This combination should be avoided in hazardous places. The Louisville Production Club ( 3 6 F ) has studied the tendency of various paint vehicles towards spontaneous combustion under favorable conditions. LITERATURE CITED
Properties of Performance of Coatings
(1A) Baylis, .John R., J . .Vew Engl. Water Works Assoc., 67, 38-73 (1953). (2A) Benn, Gale, Illaterials & N e t h o d s , 39, S o . 2, 1 4 2 4 (1954). (3A) Bright, H. E., A u s t d a s i a n Engr., 1953, pp. 69-71. (4A) Durkin. A. E.. and Homer. A. H.. Materials & Methods, 38. No. 3 , 114-6 (1953). (5A) Iledlund, R. C., Finish, 10, 46-6 (1953). ( 6 8 ) Houston Production Club, O&c. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs. 346, 810-3 (1953). (7A) James, W.A , . Can. Paint & I’arnish Mag.,27, KO. 9, 18, 20, 22, 25, 64-5 (1953). (8A) Jarrett, 31. E. D., TeztileRecorder. 71, 261-3 (1953). (9A) Johnson, E., Product FAishin,g (London), 7, No. 2, 53-8, 108,
. ,
110, (1954). (10A) Lewin, G., F A T I P E C Proc., 13840 (1953). (11-4) Marling, Paul E., Product Eng., 25, No. 3, 173-81 (1934). (12-4) Rlillar, Ronald L. (to the Glidden Co.), U. S. Patent 2,663,694 (December 22, 1953). (13A) Pierce, R. R., Chem. Eng., 61, KO.4, 177-81 (1954). (148) Quarendon, R., Engineer, 196, 130-3 (July 1953); 1 6 2 4 (August 1953). (159) Seymour, R. B., Corrosion, 10, No. 4, llfi-21 (1954). (16.4) Seymour, R. B., Southern Chem. Industry, 6, No. 1, 6-8 (1954). (17A) Shankweiler, F. K., Water & Sewage W o r k s , 100,230-3 (1953). (18A) Smith, James Boyd, Org. Finishing, 15, KO. 2, 13-15 (1954). (19A) Stauffacher, E. R., and Davidaon, R. R., Corrosion, 9, 377-81 (1953). (20-4) Stock, Robert P. (to B. I?. Goodrich Co.), U. S. Patent 2,650,206, (August 25, 1953). (2111) Volkening. 1‘. B., Corrosion, 10, 63-9 (1954). (22A) Wagner, E., Id.-Lack.-Betrieb, 20, No. 3, 45-7 (1952). ( S A ) Wallon, J., Batir, KO.26, 27-30 (1952).
Vol. 46, No. 10
Corrosion (1B) Barnard, K. N., Chemistry & Industry, 1954, pp, 172-82. (2B) Bobalek, Edvard G., Corrn.sio?i, 10, 73-81 (1934). (3B) Crennell, J. T., Chemistry & Industry. 1954, pp. 204-9. (4B) Johnson, E., Product F’inishi~ng (London), 6 , Xo. 7 , 61-4 (1953). (ZB) LaQue. F. L., and BoyIan, James A , Corrosion. 9, 237-41 (1953). (6B) Lewis, D. H., and biudd, 0. C., Chemistry & Industrv. 1954. pp. 93-100. Marpon, R., F A T I P E C Proc., 1953, pp. 30-5. Rabate, €I., Peintures, pigments, cernis, 29, 8 9 5 ~ ~(1953). 7 Rosenblooni, Harold, IXD.EXG.CHEx., 45, 2561-8 (1953). Roos, A,, Peiniurss, pigments, rernis, 29, 474-84 (1953). Spencer, K. A., Chemistry & Industru, 1954, pp, 2-10. LVhalley, W.C. R., Ihid., 1954, pp. 140-7. Zirngibl, H., I m , 24, 48-53 (1953). Accelerated and Simulated Service Testing (IC) Andersson, Borje, FATIPEC Proc., 1953, pp. 237-41. (2C) Bermane, D . , Ibid., 1953, pp. 2759. (3C) Ibid., pp. 281-5. (4C) Caldmell, W.A., and Creasy, J. J., J . Oil & Colour Chemiets Assoc., 37, 63-83 (1954). (5Cj Danforth, Rlervin A,, Larson, Keith, H. E., and Bosoh, Wouter, O f i c . Dig.Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 346, 845-55 (1993). (6Cj Dechaux, G., FATIPEC Proc., 1953, pp. 245-9. (7C) Deut. Farhen. Z., 7, 343-6 (1953). (8C) Dunkley, F. G., and Fancutt, F., FATIPEC Proc., 1953, pp. 263-74. (9C) Eijnsbergen, J. I?. H., Ibid., 1953, 113-23, (l0Cj Elm, Adolph C., Ofic. Digest Federation Paint 6: Varnish Production Clubs, 346, 751-74 (1953). (11C) Farrer, T. W., Chemistry & I n d u s t r y , 1954, pp. 77-8. ( l a c ) FitaGerald, Emerson B., IND.ENG. CHEM., 45, 2545-8 (1953). (13C) Fontana, Mars G., Ibid., 45, No. 8 , 91A-93A (1933). (14Cj Greenblatt, J. H.. Corrosion, 10, 95-9 (1954). (l5C) Greenwood, B., Chem. Eng., 60, S o . 11, 199 (1953). (16C) Hopkins, C. V.,and Smart, B. C., Am. Paint J., 38, No. 1, 7 2 , 74, 76, 78-81; N o . 2, 66, 68, 70-1, 74, 76, 78 (1953). (17C) Konig, IT., F A T I P E C Proc., 1953, pp. 211-6. (18C) Kooistra, M.F., Ibid., 1953, pp. 178-80. (19C) Muller, A,, Ibid.,1953, pp. 292-7. (20C) Ott, Gustav H., Ibid., 1953, pp. 44-5. (21C) Pagani, Dante, I b i d . , 1953, pp. 4 6 5 4 . (22C) Stock, E., and Veltges, AI., Deut. Farben-Z., 7,43440 (1953). (23C) Talen, H. W., F A T I P E C Proc., 1953, pp, 55-82. (24C) Toeldte, Walter, I bid.. 1953, pp. 298-309. (25C) Van Aalst, A., Ibid., 1953, pp. 134-6. (26C) Van Rysselberge, S I . . and Bermane, D., Ibid,, 1953, pp. 982.94. (27C) Kolf, Karl, l b i d . , 1953, pp. 90-102.
Fire-Retardant Paints
(1D) Bernhard, P., Industria wrnice ( M i l a n ) , 7, S o . 5, 113-21 (1953). (2D) Chem. Eng. X e w s , 31, 3730-5 (1953). (3D) Dahlstrom, Roy, and Broneon, George E. (to National Lead Co.), U. S.Patent 2,670,297 (February 23, 1954). (4D) Eokert, Lewis K. (to Armstrong Cork Co.), Ibid., 2,632,741 (SIaroh24, 1953). (5D) Hird, D., and Simms. D. L.: E’ood, 1953, pp. 92-5, 134-7, 1767. (6D) Lauring. Edgar 9.(to Minnesota and Ontario Paper Co.), E. 9. Patent 2,594,937 (A4pril29, 1952). (7D) hIalowan, John E., and Hurloy, Forrest R. (to Nonsanto Chemical Co.), Ibid.. 2,596,935 (May 13, 1952). (8D) Marling, Paul E., and Xielsen, Morris L. ( t o Monsanto Chemical Co.), Ibid., 2,596.496 (May 13, 1952). (9D) Nielsen, Rlorris L., Ibid., 2,642,405, (June 16, 1953). (10D) Nielsen, Morris L., and Nason, Howard K., Ibid., 2,596,936, (May 13. 1952). (11D) Ofic. Dig. Pederation Pain: & Varnish Production Clubs, 347, 982-96 (1953). (12D) Parsons, Joseph R., Higgs, Morton C., and Loos, Mary PI. (to United Gypsum Co.,), U. Y. Patent 2,640,786 (June 2, 1953). (13D) Rakos, Jules J., Ibid., 2,593,400 (April 22, 1952). (14D) Robison, John E. (to Firtex Insulating Board Co.) Ihid., 2,648,641 (August 11, 1953).
October 1954
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(15D) Tawney, Pliny 0. (to United States Rubber Co.), Ibid., 2,626,252 (January 20, 1953). (l6D) Westgate, Mark W., Natl. Paint, Varnish Lacquer Assoc., Sci. Sect. Circ. 764 (1953). (17D) Wilson, Ivan V., and Marotta, Ralph (to Monsanto Chemical Co.), U. S. Patent 2,600,455 (June 17, 1952). Latex Paints Baltimore Production Club, Ofic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 346, 804-9 (1953). Hillman, Herbert E., and associates, Ibid., 347, 905-6 (1953). McLean, A , Paint, Manuf., 23, 252-5 (1953). Natl. Painters Mag., 21, No. 1, 14-5, 35 (1954). Paint, ;Manuf., 23, 2 6 3 4 (1953). Paint, Oil, Chem. Rev., 116, No. 20, 22-6, 28, 30, 32-3, 36 (1953). Payne, H. F., Ibid., 116, No. 22, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 42, 44-6, 48-9 (1953). Schroeder, Dorothy J., Am. Paint J., 38, No. 4, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 (1953). Smith, Walter E., Can Paint & Varnish Mag., 27, No. 11, 28, 30, 50, 52, 54 (1953). Twiner, J. H. W., Paint, M a n u f . , 23, 259-61 (1953). Watson, T. A., Ibid., 23, % 28(1953). Zarndt, H. J., Am. Paint J., 38, KO.33, 80, 82-4 (1954). Miscellaneous Ames, Robert, Wood-Working Dig., 55, No. 12, 125-7 (1953). Babbitt, J. D., Can. J . Technol., 32, No. 2, 49-54 (1954). Becham, William, I n d . Finishing (Indianapolis) 30, No. 2, 2 6 32 (1953). Bede, James A., lbid., 30, No. 2, 40, 42, 44, 46 (1953). Brintzinger, H., and Weinmann, K., Deut. F a r b e n . 4 , 8 , 1-6 (1954). Browne, F. L., J. Forest Products Research Soc., 3,108-24 (1953). Browne, F. L., and Zabel, Robert A., Ibid., 4, 101-3 (1954). Cannegieter, D., Verfkroniek, 26, 112-7 (1953). Cerami, Charles E., Org. Finishing, 15, No. 3, 15-18 (1954). Color, H. Robert, and Rossmiller, H. R., Arch. I n d . Hug. and Occupational iMed., 8, 227-33 (1953). Cowling, J. E., King, Peter, and Alexander, Allen L., IND. ENG. Chem., 45,2317-20 (1953). Dallas Production Club, Am. Paint J . , 38, No. 17, 6G7, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84-7 (1953). Dean, R. E. White, E. N., and McNeil, D., J . Appl. Chem. (London), 3, 469-76 (1953). Deckel, E. B., Modern Plastics, 31, Xo. 4, 98-102 (1953). Downing, R. C., and Palmer, F. S., Paint Varnish Production, 43, NO. 9, 23-8, 73 (1953). Even, d.,Peintures, pigments, vernis, 29, 710-8 (1953). Farben, H. L., Materials & Methods, 39, No. 2, 93-5 (1954). Figliolino, Anthony, Paint Varnish Production, 43, No. 8 , 31-3, 58 (1953). Food, 21, No. 249, 209 (1952). Frymire, George L., and Fenton, Robt. E., Ind. Finishing (Indianapolis),30, No. 5, 25-36 (1954).
2111
(21F) Gearhart, W. AI., and Ball, F. hZ., O$c. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 351, 255-65 (1954). (22F) Green, Frank J., I n d . Finishing (Indianapolis), 29, Xo, 12, 42-50 (1953). (23F) Grice, C. S. W., Product Finishing (London), 6, N o . 4, 58-36 (1953). Harrison, R. A., N e w Zealand J . Sci. Technol.. B35, 43 (1953). Henson, Walter A., Paint, Oil Chem. Ret., 116, S o . 27. 11-3 (1953). Heukelekian, A , , and Crosby, E. S., Sewage a n d l n d . T a s t e s , 25, 869-74 (1953) Holmgren, H. F., Holz Roh-u. Werkstof, 11, 70-2 (1953). Hunt.-Davis, Jr., Offic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs. 344, 590-5 (1953). Ind. Finishing (Indianapolis),29, No. 10, 34-8 (1953). Jayne, Ben A,, J . Forest Prodacts Research Soc., 3, No. 3, 7-14, 91 (1953). Kather, William S., and Torkelson, Arnold, IND.ENG.CHBM., 46, 381-4 (1954). Klose, Rudolf, Metalloberfldche, 7A, 81-9 (1953). Lefaux, R., Peinture, pigments, s e m i s , 29, 381-9 (1953). Leonard, John M., and Larson, Helen Louise, U. 9. Dept. Commerce, Washington 25, D. C., OTS, PB 1111250, 1953. Levey, H. A., Am. Paper Converter, 27, No. 5, 24-5, 32 (1953). Louisville Production Club, Ofic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 346, 781-6 (1953). Meier, K., and Schmidt, H., Paint Varnish Production, 44, No. 3,2-4,41 (1954). Natl. Paknt Varnash Lacquer Assoc., Sei. Sect. Circ., 763, 67-81, (1953). NaTatl. Safety News, 69, No. 3, 36-8 (1954). Nijveld, H. A. W., and Poldervaart, J. L.. Chim. peintures, 17, 87-90 (1954). Paint, Oil Chem. Rev., 116, No. 26, 28-30 (1953). Panek, J. R., Jorczak, J. S . , and Colon, H., Ibid., 116, Xo. 24, 30,32-4, 43 (1953). Prane, Joseph W., lbid., 117, No. 4, 18, 36-8, 40 (1954). Preuss, H., Org. Finishing, 14, No. 11, 20-9 (1953). Reichel, Robert C., Housing Research, 6, 9-20 (1953). Reinl, W., Farbe u. Lack, 60, 69-72 (1954). Rice, Arthur H., Nation's Schools, 52, No. 5, I-VI11 (1953). Sanches, Joseph A,, I n d . Finishing (Indianapolis), 29, No. 11, 52-6, 58 (1953). Schwahn, C. O., Ofic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 350, 180-6, (1954). Schwefsky, Melvin (to United Lacquer Mfg. Corp.), U. S. Patent 2,658,002 (Nov. 3, 1953). Sevestre, J., Peintures, pigments, vernis, 29, 912-4 (1953). Shipman, Everett D., Hospital Management, 76, No. 6, 33-8 (1953). Syme, John H., J . Forest Products Research Soc., 4, No. 2, 84-6 (1954). Tess, Roy W., Jakob, Robert H., and Bradley, Theodore F., IND.ENG.CHEM.,46,385-90 (1954). Verrall, A. F., J . Forest Products Research Soc., 3, No. 4, 54-60 (1953). Winter, G., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 36, 689 (1963). I
COURTESY ATLAS MINERAL PRODUCTS
One-Inch Globe Valves Fabricated of Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (See Plastics, p. 2135)
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