Patents: Potential Economic Benefits for Minority-Run Universities

7 Patents: Potential Economic Benefits for Minority-Run Universities

Downloaded by NATL UNIV OF SINGAPORE on May 5, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1978 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1978-0081.ch007

J. RICHARD E V E R E T T Patent Department, Eastman Kodak Co., 343 State St., Rochester, NY 14650

It i s well known that black colleges and universities have extremely small endowments. They are constantly i n need of funds just to meet their operating costs. Capital expenditures are usually financed out of special capital fund drives that sometimes fail to reach the desired goals. This financial anemia has a detrimental effect on the quality of these institutions, including teachers, students, and research workers. The faculties of these institutions have been particularly hard h i t also by the effective efforts of their predominantly white counterparts to integrate their faculties and student bodies. In the United States there are about 120 predominantly black colleges and universities. While they are not all of the same quality, some being excellent and some not being accredited at all, over the years these institutions have served thousands of minority students. They are, indeed, a national resource, since they provide a pool of expertise that enables students who have been educationally deprived prior to entering college to achieve a quality education. Generally, most white institutions are i n a position, financ i a l l y , to offer larger salaries, better working conditions, and many other advantages which enable them to lure both top teaching talent and top students away from black institutions. In the s c i e n t i f i c f i e l d , loss of top teaching talent tends to further lower the quality of the research a c t i v i t i e s at any academic ins t i t u t i o n , as well as the quality of i t s science students. This, in turn, affects the a b i l i t y of the institution to attract money for research. To try to overcome this self-feeding downward s p i r a l , I recommend that predominantly black universities direct a part of their attention and resources to the potential economic benefits which may reside i n their research a c t i v i t i e s . In the following discussion these benefits, and how they may be realized,

0-8412-0454-3/78/47-081-069$05.00/0 © 1978 American Chemical Society Marcy; Patent Policy ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.

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are d e t a i l e d .


Technology T r a n s f e r Most sponsors of r e s e a r c h i n t h i s country, whether p u b l i c or p r i v a t e , are i n t e r e s t e d i n i n c r e a s i n g the number and r a t e of t e c h nology t r a n s f e r s . They seek research r e s u l t s t h a t l e a d to the s o l u t i o n o f human and/or s o c i e t a l problems. Most research d o l l a r s used by academic i n s t i t u t i o n s come from the U.S. F e d e r a l Government. Both Congress and the Executive Branch are p u t t i n g a higher premium on b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f government-sponsored r e search r e s u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y those r e s u l t s t h a t are p a t e n t a b l e . The N a t i o n a l Science Foundation, f o r example, under administ r a t i v e r e g u l a t i o n s , has moved to r e q u i r e r e c i p i e n t s o f r e s e a r c h grants and c o n t r a c t s to develop and i n s t i t u t e patent p o l i c i e s and d i s c l o s u r e procedures i n order to be e l i g i b l e f o r r e s e a r c h d o l l a r s . Although a law s u i t has postponed the enactment o f s i m i l a r r e g u l a t i o n s proposed by the General S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , the a t t i t u d e o f the government embodied i n these proposed r e g u l a t i o n s d e f i n i t e l y represents a trend which emphasizes the need f o r patent p o l i c i e s , patent awareness, and r e s e a r c h management t h a t w i l l be e f f e c t i v e i n a c h i e v i n g greater technology t r a n s f e r s . Patents are the best method i n t h i s country and, f o r t h a t matt e r , i n most of the world, f o r a c h i e v i n g more e f f e c t i v e technology t r a n s f e r from research r e s u l t s . Patents are, i n essence, economic t o o l s , T h e i r most a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e i s that of e x c l u s i v i t y . T h i s e x c l u s i v i t y flows from the patent owner's r i g h t , f o r a p e r i o d o f 17 years, to exclude others from making, u s i n g and s e l l i n g h i s patented i n v e n t i o n . T h i s r i g h t t o exclude others i s a property r i g h t . The patent owner can grant l i c e n s e s t o others to make, use and s e l l h i s i n v e n t i o n , or he can s e l l h i s patent. In r e t u r n f o r t h i s r i g h t to exclude others f o r 17 years the inventor must d i s c l o s e h i s i n v e n t i o n to the p u b l i c . Maximizing Technology T r a n s f e r To maximize the r e a l i z a t i o n of b e n e f i t s from u n i v e r s i t y r e search e f f o r t s , the research program i t s e l f must be planned. Such planning should i n c l u d e c l e a r l y s t a t e d r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s , a comprehensive, as w e l l as a p o s i t i v e , i n s t i t u t i o n a l patent p o l i c y and an appropriate a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e f o r the d i s c l o s u r e and e v a l u a t i o n o f i n v e n t i o n s . The patent p o l i c y should s t a t e the views o f the u n i v e r s i t y regarding the handling of i n v e n t i o n s . I t should d e t a i l income sharing arrangements between the u n i v e r s i t y , the i n v e n t o r and r e s e a r c h sponsors. Administrative

Structures

The a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e may i n v o l v e any one, a combinat i o n , or a l l of these components: in-house management o f f i c e ,

Marcy; Patent Policy ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978.


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u n i v e r s i t y - a f f i l i a t e d foundation, o r a p r o f e s s i o n a l o u t s i d e p a t ent-management o r g a n i z a t i o n . Under the in-house approach, the u n i v e r s i t y i s r e p o n s i b l e f o r e v a l u a t i n g i n v e n t i o n s before the d e c i s i o n to patent i s made, f o r the f i l i n g and p r o s e c u t i o n o f patent a p p l i c a t i o n s , and f o r l i c e n s ing, u s i n g u n i v e r s i t y patent a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s e r v i c e s . The major disadvantage o f t h i s approach i s the requirement f o r an e a r l y outl a y of money f o r patent a p p l i c a t i o n s and f o r the c o n t i n u i n g overhead c o s t s o f patent a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s e r v i c e s . The advantage o f t h i s system i s the much l a r g e r r e t u r n , o r income on r o y a l t i e s , as a r e s u l t o f in-house development and marketing. The second mechanism i s the use o f an i n s t i t u t i o n - a f f i l i a t e d foundation. Examples are the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundat i o n and Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation. The advantages o f the i n s t i t u t i o n - a f f i l i a t e d foundation are an i n c r e a s e d a b i l i t y t o r a i s e funds, g r e a t e r freedom to employ commercial methods t o develop and promote the use o f the i n v e n t i o n and the opportunity t o e s t a b l i s h working r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the u n i v e r s i t y and i n d u s t r y . The major disadvantage i n c l u d e s the need f o r e a r l y o u t l a y o f money f o r s t a r t - u p c o s t s . The t h i r d mechanism i s the use o f s o - c a l l e d patent-management o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Examples are Research C o r p o r a t i o n , B a t t e l l e Development C o r p o r a t i o n , and Arthur D. L i t t l e Inc. T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e provides a s i g n i f i c a n t amount o f l e g a l , marketing and patent exp e r t i s e to be used a t no up-front cost t o the i n s t i t u t i o n . The disadvantage o f t h i s system i s t h a t a l a r g e o r s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f any r o y a l t i e s earned are shared with the patent-management o r g a n i z a t i o n as compensation f o r s e r v i c e s rendered. Research Management Since the m i s s i o n of most sponsored r e s e a r c h i s u t i l i t a r i a n , the p a r t i c u l a r r e s e a r c h , be i t fundamental o r a p p l i e d , i s connected i n one way o r another w i t h improving technology and maxi m i z i n g the output o f s o l u t i o n s f o r i n d i v i d u a l human and s o c i e t a l problems. I t i s obvious t h a t there w i l l be a g r e a t e r need f o r management i n c a r r y i n g out f u t u r e research a c t i v i t i e s . Effective management r e q u i r e s c l e a r l y s t a t e d r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s . Among the o b j e c t i v e s which u n i v e r s i t i e s might p r o p e r l y e n t e r t a i n are: 1. Making r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s complement the teaching r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f the u n i v e r s i t y . 2. U t i l i z i n g research a c t i v i t i e s to maximize the competence o f the f a c u l t y , and u l t i m a t e l y the r e p u t a t i o n o f the u n i v e r s i t y , i n p a r t i c u l a r research f i e l d s . 3. U t i l i z i n g r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s and the funds obtained therefrom to help maintain the o v e r a l l r e s e a r c h overhead o f the u n i v e r s i t y . 4. U t i l i z i n g r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s t o improve, a t t r a c t , and maintain the q u a l i t y o f both teachers and students. 5. U t i l i z i n g r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s t o p r o v i d e a b e t t e r l i n k



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between the u n i v e r s i t y ' s d i s c i p l i n e o r i e n t a t i o n and the i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y o r i e n t a t i o n o f the non-academic world. 6. U t i l i z i n g r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s and patents o r r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s to ensure t h e i r more e t h i c a l use i n s o l v i n g the problems o f s o c i e t y . 7. F a c i l i t a t i n g the t r a n s f e r o f technology t o provide maximum b e n e f i t to the p u b l i c . 8. Encouraging r e s e a r c h and s c h o l a r s h i p t o develop a g r e a t e r s p i r i t o f i n q u i r y , thereby generating new knowledge. 9. P r o v i d i n g b e t t e r machinery f o r determining the s i g n i f i cance of d i s c o v e r i e s so t h a t commercially m e r i t o r i o u s i n v e n t i o n s may be brought promptly i n t o p u b l i c use. 10. A s s i s t i n g i n an e q u i t a b l e d i s p o s i t i o n o f property i n t e r e s t s i n i n v e n t i o n s among the i n v e n t o r , the i n s t i t u t i o n , and a sponsor, when a p p l i c a b l e . 11. A s s i s t i n g i n the f u l f i l l m e n t of the terms of r e s e a r c h grants and c o n t r a c t s . 12. F a c i l i t a t i n g the development o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l patent agreements with the F e d e r a l Government. Once the o b j e c t i v e s of a u n i v e r s i t y ' s r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s are c l e a r l y s t a t e d , the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e s can begin to coo r d i n a t e the r e s e a r c h and r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s i n an e f f e c t i v e and p r o d u c t i v e manner. Research resources can be b e t t e r managed f o r the b e n e f i t o f the e n t i r e u n i v e r s i t y research community, r e s e a r c h grants and c o n t r a c t s can be pursued i n a more comprehensive way, and r e p o r t i n g d e a d l i n e s of sponsors can be met on a more c o n s i s t e n t b a s i s . B e n e f i t s Derived by Some I n s t i t u t i o n s Many academic i n s t i t u t i o n s are beginning to r e a l i z e t h a t the e x i s t e n c e o f a p o s i t i v e patent p o l i c y together with a high degree of patent awareness are e f f e c t i v e t o o l s i n a c h i e v i n g g r e a t e r r e search management. Indeed, the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f patent p o l i c i e s and patent awareness to r e s e a r c h management i s symbiotic. Exi s t e n c e of the former i n c r e a s e s the l a t t e r . Increases i n the l a t t e r r e s u l t i n more e f f e c t i v e use of research resources as w e l l as g r e a t e r technology t r a n s f e r s . A l l o f t h i s r e i n f o r c e s the patent p o l i c i e s and i n c r e a s e s the l e v e l of patent awareness. Some of the b e n e f i t s d e r i v e d from the United S t a t e s Patent System, based on previous case h i s t o r y o f patentable r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a t the u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l , i n c l u d e funds t o augment c o l l e g e and u n i v e r s i t y endowments, t o provide f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h development, and to improve the f i n a n c i a l status o f the i n v e n t o r . Other important b e n e f i t s d e r i v e d from patent a c t i v i t y i n c l u d e enhancing: the u n i v e r s i t y ' s g e n e r a l r e p u t a t i o n i n s c i e n c e ; . the i n v e n t o r ' s r e p u t a t i o n , not o n l y through p u b l i c a t i o n o f patentable m a t e r i a l , but a l s o i n terms o f t h i s i n v e n tive ability;



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the r e s e a r c h status o f the u n i v e r s i t y , thereby enabling i t t o a t t r a c t b e t t e r students, teachers, and g r e a t e r r e search support; the u n i v e r s i t y ' s r e p u t a t i o n i n the community a t l a r g e . Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation i n i t s r e s e a r c h and patent a c t i v i t i e s has generated over $26,000,000 i n r o y a l t y i n come f o r the U n i v e r s i t y o f Wisconsin i n the p a s t 40 years. Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation has r e c e i v e d $7,000,000 i n r o y a l t i e s on a n t i b i o t i c patents. Reportedly the U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a has r e c e i v e d s u b s t a n t i a l r o y a l t i e s from a patent covering "Gatorade". The U n i v e r s i t y o f Rochester has r e c e i v e d over $250,000 i n r o y a l t i e s from patents on orthopedic shoes. The Board of Patents o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a has r e c e i v e d over $1,000,000 i n r o y a l t i e s i n the l a s t 10 years. These are j u s t a few o f the b e n e f i t s t h a t have been d e r i v e d from patented products by white i n s t i t u t i o n s . Other predominantly white academic i n s t i t u t i o n s such as MIT, Stanford, North C a r o l i n a S t a t e , U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , Miami, and C o r n e l l are a l s o b e n e f i t i n g from r o y a l t y income, Research A c t i v i t y a t Predominantly

Black

Schools

The nature and extent o f r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a t some b l a c k i n s t i t u t i o n s have the p o t e n t i a l o f generating economic b e n e f i t s . An unpublished r e p o r t , e n t i t l e d "The Patent P o t e n t i a l a t Predomi n a n t l y Black C o l l e g e s and U n i v e r s i t i e s " , d i s c u s s e s a 1972 study of the r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s a t Tennessee S t a t e , Howard, A t l a n t a , F i s k , and Southern U n i v e r s i t i e s , Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e and Meharry Medical C o l l e g e . T h i s r e p o r t d i s c l o s e d t h a t : 1. A t o t a l o f a t l e a s t $11,000,000 was then being spent by these i n s t i t u t i o n s i n research o r r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d a c tivities . 2. Four o f the schools s t u d i e d expect a s u b s t a n t i a l i n crease o f a t l e a s t 100% i n research expenditures over the next f i v e years. This estimate seems accurate i n view o f the numerous problems f a c i n g t h i s country, such as the energy c r i s i s , i n which the U.S. Government w i l l i n v e s t funds f o r research. 3. Most o f the research i s b a s i c . However, i n a t l e a s t three o f the schools, researchers i n d i c a t e d t h a t they f r e q u e n t l y design and/or modify techniques, procedures and devices i n order t o achieve t h e i r r e s e a r c h g o a l s . 4. Research w i l l become more a p p l i e d than b a s i c . In p a r t , t h i s change i n the nature o f research w i l l a r i s e as a consequence o f new p o l i c i e s adopted by government fundi n g agencies. During the study, i t was noted s e v e r a l times t h a t government agencies were tending t o use the c o n t r a c t route t o achieve t h e i r goals r a t h e r than the grant r o u t e . T h i s p o l i c y d i c t a t e s a change i n the nature o f r e s e a r c h .


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5,

The a t t i t u d e s o f most f a c u l t y members and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s toward the patent system were p o s i t i v e . Indeed, the need f o r g r e a t e r i n v e n t i o n and patent awareness i n b l a c k academic i n s t i t u t i o n s was e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y supported. There i s no question t h a t b l a c k s can i n v e n t . The l i s t o f patented i n v e n t i o n s i s l o n g . In chemistry one outstanding b l a c k s c i e n t i s t , the l a t e Dr. Percy J u l i a n , generated over 150 patents and b u i l t h i s own company, which he s o l d f o r more than $3,000,000. George Washington Carver, a superb r e s e a r c h chemist who worked a t Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e , d i s c o v e r e d many uses f o r the peanut, and, i n so doing, generated many p o t e n t i a l l y v a l u a b l e i n v e n t i o n s . For h i s e f f o r t s , n e i t h e r Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e nor Carver reaped any f i n a n c i a l b e n e f i t s s i n c e these v a l u a b l e i n v e n t i o n s were not p a t ented. Reportedly, the State of Alabama has r e c e i v e d over $60,000,000 from h i s i n v e n t i o n s . Today, years l a t e r , Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e i s s t r u g g l i n g with the same f i n a n c i a l burdens which beset b l a c k c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s a l l over America. Had Carver patented h i s i n v e n t i o n s , Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e would today be f i n a n c i a l l y comfortable. We s t r o n g l y recommend t h a t b l a c k i n s t i t u t i o n s use the resource o f r e s e a r c h i n the same ast u t e ways t h a t they have used other i n s t i t u t i o n a l resources t o maintain the v i a b i l i t y o f b l a c k education. As I have shown, some white schools have b e n e f i t e d form these resources i n the p a s t and others are c u r r e n t l y o r g a n i z i n g themselves toward t h i s end. Black schools should do the same, i f f o r no other reason than t o maint a i n t h e i r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r r e c e i v i n g f e d e r a l funds a v a i l a b l e f o r academic r e s e a r c h . Patent Awareness at Black I n s t i t u t i o n s To i n c r e a s e patent awareness, a program was conducted i n 1974 and 1975 over a p e r i o d o f twelve months a t A t l a n t a , Howard and Southern u n i v e r s i t i e s , Tuskegee I n s t i t u t e and Meharry Medical C o l l e g e , P r e s e n t a t i o n s were made d u r i n g the course o f one or more s i t e v i s i t s t o each school t o approximately 370 people i n c l u d i n g academic deans, a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , researchers and students. The p r e s e n t a t i o n s were w e l l r e c e i v e d . Feedback has i n d i c a t e d t h a t while the program s t i m u l a t e d a great d e a l of i n t e r e s t and awareness a t the time, these have d e c l i n e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i n c e then. Many a d m i n i s t r a t o r s expressed an i n t e r e s t i n using patent awareness as a v e h i c l e f o r improving r e s e a r c h management. They a l l f e l t somewhat r e s t r a i n e d s i n c e t h e i r i n s t i t u t i o n s d i d not have c l e a r p o l i c i e s r e g a r d i n g i n v e n t i o n s or other i n t e l l e c t u a l propert y . We t r i e d t o persuade key o f f i c i a l s of each i n s t i t u t i o n o f the n e c e s s i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g such p o l i c i e s . In c e r t a i n i n s t a n c e s , where we were requested, d r a f t patent p o l i c i e s were presented t o i n t e r e s t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s as " t a l k i n g papers". To date however, no patent p o l i c i e s have been adopted where none e x i s t e d before the patent awareness program. P o l i c i e s which should have been c l a r i f i e d have not been improved. My campus contacts have r e p o r t e d


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that a few individuals involved in research have become very much aware of patents are making inquiries concerning the p o s s i b i l i t y of patenting certain of their research results. Apparently, some of these researchers feel that i t i s advantageous that their university does not have a patent policy. They believe that i n the absence of a policy a l l financial proceeds would be theirs exclusively. Clearly, for a patent awareness program to have a continued effect at any university, (1) the program must be presented regul a r l y , (2) the university must have a clear patent policy, and (3) the relevant people on campus must be informed regularly of the existence of the policy. Abstract Many minority-run universities suffer from financial anemia. This condition adversely affects their a b i l i t y to attract top students, teachers and research and development support. Studies show that the current and expected research activity at some minority-run universities would benefit from the adoption and implementation of a patent policy and better research management. The benefits would include increased financial strength and improvement in the a b i l i t y to attract higher quality students, better teachers and additional research funding. Literature Cited 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

Presentation of Norman J. Latker before National Congress on "The A v a i l a b i l i t y of New Technology to Industry from American Universities and Technological Institutes" Sponsored by Dr. Dvorkovitz & Associates i n Cooperation with the I l l i n o i s Institute of Technology Research Institute Chicago, I l l i n o i s , A p r i l 2-5, 1973. Presentation of Norman J. Latker at Conference on Technology Transfer - University Opportunities and Responsibilities. Case Western Reserve University - October 15, 1974. Case Western Reserve University Memorandum of August 12, 1974 - "A Reminder About A Special Conference" - "Technology Transfer - University Opportunities and Responsibilities". News and Comment - January 31, 1974 (No. 163) A-5. NSF Proposes Regulations for Disposition of Rights. NSF Inventions Made with Foundation Awards. Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal, September 13, 1973, (No. 144) D-1. General Services Administration Revision of Proposed Regulations on Rights in Inventions. Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal, June 20, 1974 (No. 183) A-1. Justice Department Airs Shift on "Cramton Memo" as Public Citizen II i s Argued. Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal, August 26, 1971 (No. 42) D-1. Texts of (1) Memorandum from President Nixon


76


8.

9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23.

24. 25.

PATENT POLICY

to the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the New Policy of Disposition of Patent Rights Resulting from Government-Sponsored Grants and Contracts; (2) White House Statement of Government Patent Policy; and (3) Statement and Explanation of the Changes in Government Patent Policy, by the President's Office of Science and Technology. Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal, December 6, 1973 (No. 156) D-1. U.S. Government Memorandum on Constitution a l i t y of Proposed Regulations Granting Contractors Greater or Principal Rights i n Patents Arising out of Government Research and Development Contracts. Letter dated October 29, 1973 from R. H. McCarthy on Cornell Patent and License A c t i v i t y . Letter dated A p r i l 17, 1974 from Josephine Opalka of the Regents of the University of California with Information on University Policy Regarding Patents. A r t i c l e i n Business Week, July 22, 1972. MIT Aims to Grow a New Route 128. Research Corporation Annual Reports (1968 through 1972). Science Invention and Society, Research Corporation, New York, N.Y. (1972). The Role of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in the Support of Research at the University of Wisconsin by Ε. B. Fred. Patents at Colleges and Universities, Guidelines for the Development of Policies and Programs by the Committee on Governmental Relations NACUBO (1974). Encyclopedia of Patent Practice and Invention Management, Robert P. Calvert. Scientific Innovation and Industrial Prosperity by J. A. Allen. Technology, Management & Society, Essays by Peter F . Drucker. Fundamentals of Research Management, by William G. McLoughlin - American Management Association, Inc. The Interaction of Science and Technology, edited by W. Dale Compton. Factors in the Transfer of Technology, edited by William H. Gruber and Donald G. Marquis. U.S. Department of Commerce. Patents: Spur to American Progress. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office (1970). U.S. Department of Commerce. Patents and Inventions: An Information Aid for Inventors. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office (1970). U.S. Department of Commerce: General Information Concerning Patents. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office (1973). U.S. Department of Commerce. The Story of the United States Patent Office. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office pages 625-627.


7.

EVERETT

26.

27. 28.


29.

30.

Economic Benefits for Minority-Run Universities

77

"Georgia Tech Black Inventors' Technology Display" provided by Mr. Rufus Stokes, Chairman of the Board and President of the A i r Purification Company of America, Inc., Chicago, I l l i n o i s . Palmer, Archie M. Survey of University Patent P o l i c i e s . Washington: National Research Council (1948). Palmer, Archie M. University Research and Patent P o l i c i e s , Practices and Procedures, Publication No. 999. Washington: National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. Wilson, O. J. Patent and Copyright Policies i n Forty-five Colleges and Universities. Office of Institutional Research, Western Kentucky University (June 1967). Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal No. 2, A-3 and A-4, A p r i l 1, 1971.

Biographic Notes J. Richard Everett i s presently employed as an attorney at Eastman Kodak Company specializing in patent matters. His responsibilities include all phases of patent a c t i v i t y , including prosecution, enforcement and licensing in all the major countries of the world. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Bankers Trust of Western New York. As a panel member of the New York State Public Employees Relation Board, he acts as a mediator and fact finder in reaching agreements between municipal governments and their employees. Mr. Everett is particularly interested in raising the level of patent awareness and research management at predominantly black universities. His academic awards include baccalaureates from Morehouse University in science and from St. John's University i n law. RECEIVED June 20, 1978.


Patents: Potential Economic Benefits for Minority-Run Universities

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