NEWS
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EXPANDED TEFLON* TUBING
Professor I. M. Kolthoff, University of Minnesota, and Professor I. P. Alimarin, University of Moscow, Editor of the Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Zhurnal Analiticheskof Khimii)
HOW IT WORKS: PF expands tubing mechanically to a much larger diameter. In use, tubing is positioned and heated to gel point. On cooling, it recovers its original diameter» shrinking to form a tight fit over the part it encloses.
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JAutaud E X P A N D E D
T U B I N G ;
• CLAMPS TIGHTLY any inserted objeet, including irregular shapes and other Teflon tubing • CHEMICALLY INERT •
LOW PERMEABILITY
• LOW COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION • TOUGH AND FLEXIBLE NON-FLAMMABLE EXCEPTIONAL ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
PF Expanded Tubing is made in all popular thin and standard wall sizes, in 11 colors and it can be printed and cut to the lengths you require. Send for a free sample and try it yourself or let us show you how it works and what it can do for you. JUST WRITE, WIRE OR PHONE,
PENNSYLVANIA F L U O R O C A R B O N CO., INC Circle No. 74 an Readers' Service Carl
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
tography and extraction analysis, 100 hours micro qualitative and quantitative analysis, 40 hours gas analysis, 80 hours analytical control methods in industry, and 60 hours analysis of rare elements. The experimental work in these specialized topics is carried out in a number of well equipped laboratories. M y impression is t h a t a "diploma chemist" has satisfied requirements slightly above those for our Master of Science (with thesis). A "diploma chemist" accepts a position in industry or becomes a teacher in a high school or a research worker in the University or in an Institute of the Academy, or continues advanced work toward the "candidate" degree. I t m a y be added t h a t most high school teachers receive their education in special paedagogical institutes (teachers colleges) not connected with universities. I have been assured by colleagues in Moscow t h a t these institutes provide education on a high level. After the stiff entrance examination it is not surprising t h a t mortality among the students for the title of ''diploma-chemist" is small—less t h a n 10%. The University of Moscow has a total of 300 students in chemistry about 250 of whom are U.S.S.R. citizens and 50 foreigners. About 70% of the students are women. Approximately 2 5 % of the "diploma chemists" continue advanced studies leading to the degree of "candidate." The student elects a major. H e takes a course in philosophy (Marxism), one or two courses in foreign languages and also in his major; the rest of the time is devoted to research for his thesis. T h e normal time to finish all requirements is three years. These requirements are comparable to those for our Ph.D.'s.
The degree of "candidate" is conferred by a special unit attached to the Minist r y of Higher Education after an examination at which the student must defend his thesis before a special board of examiners and officially appointed opponents. Only few chemists have a degree of "Doctor of Science." This title is earned by the publication of a considerable number of papers of high quality. I t takes at least five years before a "candidate" can earn the doctor's degree and usually much longer. The published work is submitted in the form of a thesis to a specially a p pointed board of examiners and, when accepted, defended orally before a large group of specialists composed of professors and members of Institutes of the Academy. Only chemists with the doctor's degree can become full professors ; "candidates" can become "docents" (dotsents) b u t not professors. Academician Spitsyn told me t h a t there are only about 500 "doctors" (in chemistry) in the U.S.S.R., several of whom had earned this degree twenty years after they had become "candidate." I n the University of Moscow the analytical department has three professors and 7 docents, several of whom are women. A docent spends about 15 hours a week in teaching and the rest in research. In Moscow a few teaching assistants have the degree of "candidate," while the rest are "diploma chemists." These assistants have teaching duties of 20 hours a week b u t do not give class room instruction. In the University of Leningrad I was told t h a t all teaching assistants in chemistry have the degree of "candidate." M a n y "candidates" also carry out research in the university without teaching duties. This research is often
