Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on May 26, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 15, 2000 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2001-0772.pr001
Preface This monograph, Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals I: Fate and Exposure, represents one of two books derived from a symposium sponsored by the American Chemical Society (ACS) Division of Environmental Chemistry, Inc., March 21-25, 1999 in Anaheim, California. The symposium was originally inspired by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1998 program on persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals (PBTs). The E P A ' s national P B T program based its priority chemical list on those previously agreed to by the United States and Canada in 1997 for "virtual elimination" of PBTs in the Great Lakes. This action was preceded by a 1995 agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to develop and implement North American Regional Action Plans (NARAPs) under the North American Free Trade Agreement ( N A F T A ) to phase out or reduce emissions of PBTs. Other regional agreements that are responsible for the surge of interest in PBTs include the protocol for Long Range Transport of A i r Pollutants (LRTAP) under the U . N . Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE). Globally, such reduction and phaseout of PBTs is being led by the U.N.'s Environmental Program (UNEP) through global persistent organic pollutants (POPs) negotiations. The Anaheim symposium provided a much-needed means for research scientists and policy-makers to exchange information regarding the state of scientific knowledge and theory on this subject, and how these findings can be used in the decision-making process. With the encouragement of A C S Books Department, the Editors also recruited additional papers for the monographs to fill gaps. These monographs provide a means of disseminating this information to a larger audience. This volume includes contributions from Israel, Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, covering fate and exposure. The fate section includes chapters on behavior in the environment covering the theory of movement of such hydrophobic chemicals through sediments, uptake by plants, bioconcentration (theoretical framework, and bioaccumulation of toxaphene, D D T , and dieldrin), soil degradation, and remediation. Chapters are included related to emissions at the local and regional level for polychlorinated biphenyls, butyltin, toxaphene, and tetrachlorodioxin. These are followed by chapters pertaining to human exposure for PCBs (generic model, soil concentrations, and concentrations in breast milk), dioxin (food from animal sources and body burdens in California populations), and mercury (hair analysis and atmospheric deposition studies). This monograph contains an introductory chapter that puts the discovery, use, and findings of adverse environmental problems with PBTs into historical perspective. This chapter details how chlorinated pesticides such as D D T initially provided a great service to humankind, especially to combat malaria and other diseases; the industrial utility of PCBs and other such substances; and the unintended production, disposal, and bioaccumulation of highly toxic polyxi Lipnick et al.; Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals I ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000.
Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on May 26, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 15, 2000 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2001-0772.pr001
chlorinated dibenzo-/?-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and other industrial by-products. The companion volume to this monograph, entitled Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals II: Assessment and New Chemicals, includes chapters on characterizing P B T properties for selecting candidate chem icals, including their long-range environmental transport. These are followed by coverage of estimation of bioavailability and toxicity of individual PBTs and mixtures from physicochemical properties; case studies of emissions and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls; P B T partitioning between air and vegetation; P B T hazard and risk assessment; and new categories of PBTs including chlorinated paraffins, musk fragrances, polychlorinated naphthalenes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and a recently isolated chlorinated contaminant in Antarctic seals. The Editors gratefully acknowledge the continuing support and encouragement provided by Anne Wilson, Senior Product Manager, Kelly Dennis, Editorial Assistant, and Margaret Brown, Senior Production Specialist, A C S Books Department, in preparing this A C S Symposium Monograph.
R O B E R T L . LIPNICK
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W., Mail Stop 7403 Washington, DC 20460
JOOP L. M. HERMENS Research Institute of Toxicology Utrecht University P.O. Box 80176 NL-3508 T D Utrecht, the Netherlands
KEVIN C. JONES
Environmental Science Division Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
DEREK C. G. MUIR National Water Research Institute Environment Canada Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
xii Lipnick et al.; Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Chemicals I ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000.
