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T H E JOURNAL OF I N D V S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
interpretation, together with the formulation of laws. We have abstract science and we have concrete science. The former is not concerned primarily with matter; but the latter is. Chemistry lies between the two, and might be termed a n abstractconcrete subject. Then we have pure chemistry and applied chemistry, and a t the foundation of all work in chemistry we find analysis. All chemists are analysts of greater or less degree, depending upon the extent of their training, experience, and innate qualities. To speak in disparaging language of the analyst or the analytical chemist is to reproach the great and good men in the profession of chemistry, past and present. Such terms as “has-been” and “would-be” need no comment, except t o say that it is far better to be a “good-old-has-been” than “a never-was’’ or “a never-will-be.” Then there is the term research. What does it mean? Is it a going after a nebular something floating about in the cosmos of Chemistry? Some Seem to think so, and such chemists I should term research chemists devoting their time and ability to pure chemistry per se. We shall always need such men; but these men must have private fortunes, or must be provided with funds by others. We need patrons of recluses. The work of the recluse is invaluable, and should be encouraged; but he must not forget the Latin phrase per aspera ad astra. However, there is another meaning t o research. Perhaps the word inquiry defines it. With this definition in mind, I should say that there is the research chemist who is searching along synthetical lines by means of analytical methods for the purpose of producing a given product, which product he has produced by abstract reasoning, for a given purpose. That is t o say, the end product to he is predetermined, and its measure of value when found is applicability. Research men fall naturally into one of the above categories; but some are so endowed as to fit either. Then again some fit one or the other by adaptability, a n extremely valuable asset. Hence, we have two genera and four species of research chemists. In considering the industrial phase of research chemistry, we are confronted with the ’fact that the manufacturer is not engaged in business as a recreation or as a philanthropic enterprise, but for the purpose of producing remunerative products. The German manufacturer does not employ a research chemist from per se motives; but for what he will or hopes to get from results. There is no lack of money in Europe or America or Canada or Mexico for the research man who can “deliver the goods;” but everybody fights shy, financially, of him who cannot present a reasonable demonstration of his ability to find out by inquiry through research some method to reduce cost or increase production or both, just as he fights shy of the novitiate in Chemistry. High ambition and lofty ideals are right and just and commendable; but they are by no means confined to the research chemist in pure science per se. This type of chemist might and may bring about the results desired by the manufacturer, and we wish him every success and encouragement; but he is too great a risk for the manufacturer who is looking for an industrial research chemist. If the industrial research chemist is treated as a hireling, he is himself largely a fault, and the thing for him to do is to stop “kicking against the pricks” if he wishes t o occupy a higher plane, and there are m a n y u p there to-day. Perhaps I have been unfortunate in my professional dealings with research men and various enterprises for the past twenty odd years, and perhaps I “see through a glass darkly;” but I am convinced that “by their works ye shall know them,” the research men in industrial chemistry. J. CULVERHARTZELL BLUE ASH, OHIO September 1 1 , 1913
ON CALCULATING THE FAT-FREE RESIDUE ,OF MILK Editor of the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: I n Chem. Abst., 7,2444,under “Foods,” there is give$a formula
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proposed by H. M. Hoyberg for “Calculating the Fat-free F)/4 = fat-free dry residue], Skand. Residue of Milk” [(V Vet. Tidskrift, 1912, 259-62; Deutch. tierarztl. Woch., 21, 253. It appears that the above formula was first suggested by Dr. S. M. Babcock as long ago as 1891 in the Eighth Annual Report of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for the year ending June 3 0 , 1891, page 298. Dr. Babcock writes the formula (L F)/4 = solids-not-fat, in which L = the Quevenne lactometer reading. The Quevenne lactometer reading = V in Hoyberg’s formula since both = “a figure obtained b y subtracting unity from the specific gravity and placing the decimal point after the first two numerals (neglecting 0).” During the year 1907,while comparing the per cent of solids of a very large number of chemical analysis of milk with the results secured by using different formulas for calculating the solidsnot-fat after determining the Quevenne lactometer reading and the per cent of fat by the Babcock method, I noticed that when the per cent of fat was added t the Quevenne reading and the sum secured was divided by 4, the quotient equaled very closely the per cent of solids-not-fat secured by the chemical method. Then I developed the formula (L F)/4 = the per cent of solidsnot-fat. Before going further, I looked up the work done by others along this line and found that the formula was suggested by Dr. Babcock as stated above. I n 1909,along with other formulas commonly used, this one was published in the book: “Questions and Answers on Milk and Milk Testing,” p. 68, by C. A. Publow and H. C. Troy, Orange Judd Company. The formula is very simple and easy to apply and since three different chemists, working independently, have developed i t and find it to give accurate results, it appears that it should have a permanent place in practical milk inspection and factory work where it is necessary to secure a n approximately correct composition in the shortest possible time. HUGH C. TROY
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N. Y. STATE COLLEGE O F AGRICULTURE CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA September 18, 1913
NOTE ON COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR TITANIUM IN IRON AND STEEL I n describing the procedure for determining titanium in steel 5, 735), when less than 0.02 per cent is present (THISJOURNAL, I referred to the importance of conducting the ether separation so as to have small and nearly constant amounts of iron in the acid solutions. This essential condition is best attained by carrying out the ether separation in the following manner: Cool the concentrated terric chloride solution, pour into the separatory funnel, and wash with hydrochloric acid ( 2 parts strong acid : I part water) until the volume amounts to 25 cc. Add 50 cc. alcohol-free ether, agitate thoroughly, and allow t o stand for five minutes after the two solutions have separated. Draw off the acid solution, avoiding the ether solution entirely even though a slight loss of acid solution may be necessary to do so. These precautions insure a greatly reduced and practically constant amount of iron in the acid solution. CHAS. R. MCCABE LIMA,OIUO Sept. 19, 1913
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION IN 1912 GAIN
OF T W O MILLION BARRELS
The great production of petroleum in 1911,which was 220,449,391 barrels, was equaled and passed in 1912,when the total reached 222,538,604 barrels. Higher prices were the rule in 1912except in California, and even in t h a t State there was no material decline. The total value therefore increased markedly,
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reaching $164,087,342,or 22.41per cent above the value for 1911. The greatest increase in quantity was in California, where the total advanced from 81,134,391t o 86,450,767 barrels, a gain of 5,316,376 barrels, or 6.55 per cent. Wyoming showed the remarkable gain of 742 per cent, from 186,695barrels to 1,572,306 barrels, owing to the increased activity of the Mid-West Oil Co. and the Wyoming Oil Fields Co. Operations in northern Texas also more than offset the usual decline in the Gulf region and resulted in a significant gain for the State.
to $20,000,000 when the respective plants have been completed. The new law provides t h a t : ( I ) During the time the right of individuals to denounce iron mines is suspended, the State shall be authorized to make the necessary declaration and inscription of such deposits. ( 2 ) Such claims t o have the superficial dimensions decreed by the President of the Republic, and possession to be taken in the usual way provided in case of individuals by the mining code, though the State shall not be obliged to start work within the term laid down in such cases. (3) The rights thus acquired by the State shall be in perpetuity, INCREASED EXPORTS and no license or other rates shall be paid. (4) The mensuration The volume of crude oil and of all the usual products exported and establishment of titles to be undertaken by the mining from the United States increased, owing t o the fact that foreign section of the Direction of Public Works. ( 5 ) All iron mines conditions were much more favorable to American exporters. the property of individuals, the rights to which shall lapse through Meanwhile the importation of gasoline from the East Indies non-payment of the necessary taxes, shall revert directly to the was a favorable element in relieving the growing demand for State and shall not be sold by auction as provided in the mining this product on the Pacific coast. code. ( 6 ) The President of the Republic is authorized to esDECREASED STOCKS tablish the regulations necessary for carrying out this law. The South Pacific Mail, of 1-alparaiso, states the case quite The improved conditions in the export trade and the inclearly from the viewpoint of the Chilean: “The present mining creased capacity of the refiners to take care of the great yield of crude oil resulted in a marked decline in stocks in all fields code considers all metals wherever found as the property of the except California, and even there the storage of petroleum was State, but grants the privilege of denouncing and staking out claims to individuals. The recent discoveries of rich extensive checked by an increase in consumption. The total stocks of all crude oils a t the beginning of 1912 ag- deposits of iron ores suitable for export in their primitive form led t o the filing of many claims, in the hope of being able to pass barrels. By the close of the year they had gregated 138,000,000 declined t o 125,000,000barrels, a decrease of about IO per cent, them on later t o foreign capitalists. As large tracts of valuable The decline was greatest in the fields east of the Rocky Moun- State lands were thus being taken possession of by individuals tains, where on January I. 1912,the stocks aggregated g~,000,ooo who had no intention of themselves working the mines, but barrels; they were reduced during the year to 79,000,000barrels, merely wished to clear a commission on their sale, the right of denouncing and staking out claims as regards iron ores was a decrease of about 16 per cent. indefinitely suspended. This decline a t once brought out a marked stimulation of pi ices It is understood that Government surveyors have already all over the East, with a view t o increasing the activity of drilling. determined the existence of vast deposits of iron ore. These Its effect was so marked, t h a t the natural decline of the older deposits will now definitely become State property on the payfields was checked. Even Ohio showed a slight increase in ment in the usual terms of the surface value of the ground in production in 1912,for the first time in 1 2 years. cases where the land is privately owned. Government will, The total production by States is given below: therefore, be in position either of reserving these supplies against the time when smelting works have been established in this QUANTITY A N D VALUEOF PETROLEUM PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES AND country, or of treating directly with foreign syndicates for workTHE AVERAGE PRICE PER BARREL I N 1912 Average ing the ore; and in either case the treasury will reap the benefit Quantity price per formerly accruing to the person who first denounced the claims, (barrels) Value STATE barrel a solution which must be considered a just one, in view of the California.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 . 4 5 0 , i67 $ 3 9 , 2 1 3 , 5 8 8 $ 0 . 4 5 4 fact that the surveys are being carried on a t Government exColorado. . . . . . . . . . .., . . . . . . . . 206,052 199,661 0.973 pense.” Illinois., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,601,308 24,332,605 0.851 Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970,009 885.975 0.913 One American company has acquired extensive deposits of Kansas.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 5 9 2 , 796 I , 095,698 0.688 rich iron ore that it is proposed to ship to the United States Kentucky.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484,368 424,842 0.877 in large quantities, beginning with the opening of the Panama Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,263,439 7,023,827 0.758 Canal, which will place a large tonnage a t the disposal of -4merican New Y o r k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874y128 1,401,880 1.604 Ohio and Michigan.. , , , , , . . , , . 8,969,007 12,085,998 1,347 interests who are after business in this part of the world
...
....
Texas.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming. . . . . . West Virginia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total for 1 9 1 2 . , . . . . . . . . . . . Total for 191 I . . . . . . . . . . . .
}
51.852.457 7.837.948 11,735,057
34,957,612 12,886,752 8 , 8 5 2 , : 13
0.674 1.644 0.i54
1.572,306
iY8,470
0.507
12.128,962
19,927,721
1.643
222,538,604 220,449,391
164,087,342 134,044,752
0.737 0.608
GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF CHILEAN MINERAL DEPOSITS Consul Alfred A . n’inslow, Valparaiso, reports that much interest is taken in the law just passed by both branches of the Chilean Congress which suspends the old mining code indefinitely, and which really means much for the future of Chile, since the mineral resources are its greatest attraction for foreign capital. It is understood that this is a result of heavy investments of American capital in copper and iron ore properties during 1 9 1 2 and 1913,which will represent an expenditure of $Ij,ooo,ooo
SCOTTISH OIL FUEL FOR BRITISH NAVY Winston Churchill, the British Lord of Admiralty, estimates a probable annual output of 400,000 to 500,ooo tons of oil fuel from Scottish shale fields for I j o years to come, if necessary. I t is announced that the present output is about 250,000 tons. An Edinburgh writer states that “Scottish shale oil has proved. by repeated and prolonged tests, to be highly suitable for the purposes of the Admiralty, which in turn has shown a lively appreciation of the importance of having a reliable supply of the new fuel within easy reach.” PROGRESS OF ARTIFICIAL-SILK INDUSTRY Consul William H. Hunt, St. Etienne, France, reports that processes for producing artificial silk continue to multiply. hTew means of rendering the silk strong, supple, and brilliant are
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