Pheromone Research for the Control of Lepidopterous Pests in New

5 Pheromone Research for the Control of Lepidopterous Pests in New York W. L. ROELOFS, R. T. CARDÉ,* E. F. TASCHENBERG, and R. W. WEIRES, JR.

Downloaded by MONASH UNIV on April 23, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1976 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1976-0023.ch005

Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva,Ν.Y.14456 * Current address: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich. 48824 The numerous species of insects and mites that feed on apple trees in New York represent one of the most formidable pest complexes affecting any cultivated crop. The high quality insect -free f r u i t desired by the consumer has necessitated the use of a preventive chemical pesticide program that blankets the growing season from bud break in April practically u n t i l the f r u i t is har vested in the fall. The divergent concerns of economics, ecology and pesticide resistance, however, have increased pressure for the implementation of pest management programs that integrate a v a r i ety of techniques. The development of pheromone lures for the major lepidopterous pests has provided the capability of monitor ing for the presence of these species for more accurate timing of insecticide sprays. A pest management research project in New York (1) has relied heavily on the use of pheromone monitoring traps for most of the species listed in Table I. The change from preventative spray programs to well-timed sprays applied only as required has resulted in a monetary savings to the growers, as well as in increased populations of beneficial parasites and predators. Although at least 47 species of t o r t r i c i d moths have been found to feed on apple in New York (2!) , only the ones listed are currently considered to be pests. On grapes, only two t o r t r i c i d species, the grape berry moth and the redbanded leafroller moth, are major pests. Sex pheromone monitoring traps for these pest species can help reduce the amount of needless spray applications, but further reduction in the use of chemical insecticide w i l l require an alternative method of controlling the target species. Sex pheromones have been proposed as a promising control agent and many research programs have been initiated to tap this potential (_3) . We have conducted experiments in both apple orchards and vineyards for control of several t o r t r i c i d species by sex pheromone trapping and mating disruption, and we w i l l summarize the results in this paper. Mass trapping 75

Beroza; Pest Management with Insect Sex Attractants ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1976.

76

PEST MANAGEMENT WITH INSECT SEX ATTRACTANTS

Apple OrcharD. Our f i r s t experiments with sex pheromone mass t r a p p i n g were conducted with the redbanded l e a f r o l l e r moth (RBLR) i n apple orchards. This species has been recorded to feed on over 65 host p l a n t s and can commonly be found throughout wooded areas surrounding orchards. I t overwinters as a pupa and i n New York t h i s species has a d u l t f l i g h t p e r i o d s i n April-May, i n J u l y August, and a p a r t i a l f l i g h t i n September. I t i s not an i d e a l i n s e c t f o r mass t r a p p i n g experiments because of the outside population pressures and i t s c a p a c i t y to b u i l d up large i n f e s t a t i o n s with each succeeding generation. I t was chosen, however, f o r the f i r s t experiments because of the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a potent l u r e and because i t had developed i n t o a major pest of apple. In 1968 an 8 ha orchard with a heavy i n f e s t a t i o n of RBLR was used during the summer f l i g h t p e r i o d ( 4 ) . A t o t a l of 1700 i c e cream carton t r a p s l i n e d with Stikem and b a i t e d with c - l l : 1 4 : A c (8% trans) were useD. Although ca. 4000 RBLR males were captured, the l a r v a l damage became so extensive t h a t i n s e c t i c i d e sprays were r e q u i r e d to salvage the f r u i t . The dodecyl acetate pheromone component was then found t o enhance the l u r e potency many f o l d (_5) , and so the experiment was repeated i n 1969 i n the same h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d orchard, as w e l l as i n an a d d i t i o n a l 6 ha orchard with a low i n i t i a l pest p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l such as i s found i n a commercial orchard (60 . S t i c k y traps from the 3M Co. were b a i t e d with the 3component pheromone blend (Table I ) . In the h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d orchard, 2400 traps (3/tree) captured over 17,000 RBLR males, but the r e s u l t i n g f r u i t i n j u r y averaged 32%. This experiment demons t r a t e d that mass t r a p p i n g i s not p r a c t i c a l at high p o p u l a t i o n levels. T h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s (6) based on the competitiveness of t r a p s , moth emergence p a t t e r n s , s u r v i v a l r a t e s and protandry i n d i c a t e d t h a t an i n i t i a l trap:female r a t i o of at l e a s t 5:1 was needed to o b t a i n a 95% suppression o f mating with RBLR. The r a t i o would have r e q u i r e d the i m p r a c t i c a l number of 50 t r a p s / t r e e i n the h e a v i l y - i n f e s t e d orcharD. In the other orchard, 1100 traps (2/tree) a t t r a c t e d 700 males i n the s p r i n g f l i g h t and only 76 i n the summer flight. The p o p u l a t i o n was apparently kept at a low l e v e l , i n s p i t e of outside p o p u l a t i o n pressures, and l e s s than 0.1% f r u i t i n j u r y was recordeD.


R

The l a t t e r mass t r a p p i n g experiment was continued f o r another 3 years i n the same orchard, although the t e s t area was increased to a t o t a l o f 24 ha of apple {!). I t was found that a t r a p d e n s i t y of 1/tree was s u f f i c i e n t to maintain the RBLR p o p u l a t i o n at a commercially acceptable l e v e l . A t o t a l annual moth catch of 2552, 4513, and 1153 was obtained i n 1970, 1971, and 1972, r e s p e c t i v e l y , with corresponding f r u i t i n j u r y of 0.5%, 2.3% and 0.1%. The m a j o r i t y o f males were trapped i n p e r i p h e r a l t r a p s , as seen i n F i g . 1, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t there were high popul a t i o n s i n the surrounding areas and t h a t the p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n the orchard remained very low. A check p l o t of 6 ha l o c a t e d 800 m from the mass-trapped s e c t i o n was s t a r t e d i n 1971 and the RBLR p o p u l a t i o n developed r a p i d l y , causing 12% f r u i t i n j u r y i n the


5.

ROELOFS ET AL.

Table I .

77

Control of Lepidopterous Pests

Sex a t t r a c t a n t l u r e s used f o r monitoring t o r t r i c i d populations i n New York orchards and vineyards. 1

Species

Sex A t t r a c t a n t

Reference


T o r t r i c i d a e : Olethreutinae C o d l i n g moth (Laspeyresia pomonella)

t8,tlO-12:OH

Lesser apple worm (Grapholitha prunivora)

c8-12:Ac(2% trans)

15,16

O r i e n t a l f r u i t moth (Grapholitha molesta)

c8-12:Ac(7% trans)

15,16,17

Eyespotted bud moth (Spilonota ocellana)

c8-14:Ac

18

Grape b e r r y moth (Paralobesia viteana)

c9-12:Ac

19

14

Tortricidae: Tortricinae Redbanded l e a f r o l i e r moth (Argyrotaenia velutinana)

c l l - 1 4 : A c ( 7 % trans) + 200% 12:Ac

20,21,22

Obliquebanded l e a f r o l l e r moth (Choristoneura rosaceana)

c l l - 1 4 : A c ( 7 % trans)

23

F r u i t t r e e l e a f r o l l e r moth (Archips a r g y r o s p i l u s )

c l l - 1 4 : A c ( 3 0 % trans) + 400% 12:Ac

24

T h r e e l i n e d l e a f r o l l e r moth (Pandemis l i m i t a t a )

cll-14:Ac + 7% c9-14:Ac

Tufted apple bud moth (Platynota i d a e u s a l i s )

tll-14:OH + t l l - 1 4 : A c (1:1)

unpub.

25

1

A t t r a c t a n t s t r u c t u r e s are abbreviated with c i s and trans denoted by c and t , followed by the double bond p o s i t i o n , the carbon chain length, and Ac o r OH f o r acetate and a l c o h o l moieties




78

woods Figure 1. Distributional pattern of 2637 male redbanded leafroller captures in 2809 pheromone traps in blocks A-D of an apple orchard during the 1971 summerflight.Each dot represents one moth.



5.

ROELOFS ET AL.


79

f i r s t year. The experiment showed t h a t we could s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n t r o l RBLR with sex pheromone traps a t a d e n s i t y o f 100/ha (1/tree), but the r a p i d build-up o f obliquebanded l e a f r o l l e r (OBLR) and t h r e e l i n e d l e a f r o l l e r (TLLR) i n f e s t a t i o n s i n the t e s t p l o t a l s o demonstrated the f u t i l i t y o f mass t r a p p i n g when a comp l e x o f i n s e c t species i s involveD. E f f o r t s were then made (8) to mass t r a p a t reduced t r a p d e n s i t i e s o f 43/ha and 10/ha f o r the c o n t r o l o f c o d l i n g moth, TLLR, OBLR, RBLR, o r i e n t a l f r u i t moth and l e s s e r appleworm. None o f the populations were suppressed a t those t r a p d e n s i t i e s , but the r e s u l t s d i d r e v e a l t h a t there i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p among t r a p catch, the apple f o l i a g e volume and t r a p d e n s i t y . The f o l i a g e volume, t h e r e f o r e , i s a v a r i a b l e that must be considered when determining t r a p d e n s i t y f o r mass t r a p p i n g experiments i n d i f f e r e n t orchard environments. Grape Vineyards. I n s e c t i c i d e sprays i n New York vineyards are a p p l i e d only f o r c o n t r o l o f the RBLR and the grape b e r r y moth (GBM) throughout much o f the summer. T h i s represents a l e s s complex system than apple f o r the use o f an a l t e r n a t i v e method of i n s e c t c o n t r o l . Although the pheromone mass t r a p p i n g potent i a l had been demonstrated with RBLR on apple, the technique was t r i e d with RBLR i n the vineyard i n 1971 and 1972 {9) . A t o t a l of 334 RBLR pheromone traps were p l a c e d i n one vineyard s e c t i o n (rows 1-26, 1.1 ha), while the remaining rows, with the exception of the end check rows (48-52), were t r e a t e d with i n s e c t i c i d e . A l a r g e number (4700) o f RBLR males were trapped i n 1971, although 70% o f these were captured i n the border row t r a p s , suggesting t h a t the endemic vineyard p o p u l a t i o n was much lower than i n d i c a t ed by the t o t a l catch. Even though the i n d i c a t e d p o p u l a t i o n was high i n the trapped area, f r u i t damage due to RBLR went down from 6.2% i n 1970 t o 3.7% i n 1971, compared t o an increase i n the check area values-of 7.0% f o r 1970 t o 16.7% i n 1971. In 1972 only 185 RBLR t r a p s were used t o capture 2700 males, with the crop damage remaining a t 4.0%. The l a r g e RBLR populations i n the surrounding environment makes mass t r a p p i n g f o r c o n t r o l o f t h i s species d i f f i c u l t unless l a r g e areas, i n c l u d i n g b u f f e r zones o u t s i d e the vineyard, are employeD. The GBM should be more amenable t o the mass t r a p p i n g technique s i n c e i t i s found only on grape. The use o f 226 GBM pheromone traps i n the same vineyard s e c t i o n as d e s c r i b e d above f o r RBLR t r a p p i n g caught 115 GBM males and r e s u l t e d i n a decrease of f r u i t damage from 16.2% i n 1970 t o 5.9% i n 1971, as compared to 11.3% i n 1970 and 13.0% i n 1971 i n the check area. Continuance o f the experiment i n 1972 r e s u l t e d i n a capture o f 300 males with r e s u l t i n g 7.1% f r u i t damage, as compared to 16.0% damage i n the check p l o t . The mass t r a p p i n g technique appeared t o have a s u b s t a n t i a l e f f e c t , but i t d i d not suppress the pest p o p u l a t i o n to commercially acceptable l e v e l s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , the c o s t and e f f o r t i n v o l v e d i n mass t r a p p i n g r e l a t i v e to grape grower bene-


80


f i t d i d not j u s t i f y continued experimentation along t h i s l i n e at t h i s time. Research programs were then set up to i n v e s t i g a t e the use of sex pheromones i n mating d i s r u p t i o n programs.


Mating D i s r u p t i o n Grape Vineyard - Widely-Spaced Evaporators. The sex phero mone mating d i s r u p t i o n technique i s based orwthe premise t h a t continuous evaporation o f pheromone i n the atmosphere over large areas can e l i m i n a t e the male moth's a b i l i t y to l o c a t e a female i n that area [see (3_) and r e f e r e n c e s t h e r e i n ] . In our i n i t i a l s t u d i e s i n 1972, we used widely-separated evaporators as the method f o r a i r permeation. Shorey and co-workers (10, 11, 12) have conducted c o n s i d e r a b l e research on t h i s method with the cabbage looper moth, T r i c h o p l u s i a n i , and the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora g o s s y p i e l l a . Pheromone f o r the RBLR and GBM was evaporated i n separate 2.5 cm planchets p l a c e d side by s i d e i n pheromone-release s t a t i o n s p o s i t i o n e d on an 8 χ 13 m spacing i n a 0.4 ha v i n e y a r d (9). A smaller v i n e y a r d (0.2 ha) l o c a t e d 12 m away was used as a check. In the previous year, pheromone traps had caught 2900 and 3400 RBLR males, and 88 and 25 GBM males i n the t e s t v i n e y a r d and the check vineyard, r e s p e c t i v e l y . During the d i s r u p t i o n season, only 6 RBLR and 0 GBM were able to l o c a t e s y n t h e t i c pheromone and v i r g i n female t r a p s i n the t e s t v i n e y a r d , whereas, 429 RBLR and 62 GBM males were captured i n the check vineyarD. The c l o s e p r o x i m i t y of the check v i n e y a r d was not i d e a l , s i n c e a t t r a c t a n c y was probably a f f e c t e d by pheromone from the d i s r u p t i o n p l o t and g r a v i d females could r e a d i l y f l y from the check p l o t to the t e s t vineyarD. Nevertheless, the f r u i t i n j u r y due to RBLR i n the t e s t vineyard was reduced from 4.7% i n 1971 to 3.8% i n 1972, while i t i n c r e a s e d from 6.5% to 9.2% i n the check vineyarD. F r u i t i n j u r y due to GBM decreased from 4.7% to 3.1% i n the t e s t v i n e y a r d and increased from 5.5% to 8.5% i n the check vineyarD. The above experiments i n d i c a t e d a p o t e n t i a l f o r using pheromones simultaneously f o r the c o n t r o l of s e v e r a l s p e c i e s . The method o f using spaced pheromone r e l e a s e s t a t i o n s , however, appeared to be uneconomical and not completely e f f i c i e n t f o r the species s t u d i e d due to p o s s i b l e l a y e r s and f e n e s t e l l a e of pheromone-free a i r . E f f o r t s were then made t o develop microencapsu l a t e d pheromone formulations t h a t could be sprayed onto the f o l i a g e f o r a uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n of pheromone. Grape Vineyard - Microencapsulated Formulation. In 1974 some small t e s t p l o t s (0.12 ha) were set up to t e s t s e v e r a l pheromone formulations f o r d i s r u p t i o n of male GBM o r i e n t a t i o n to a t t r a c t a n t t r a p s . A microencapsulated formulation prepared by Pennwalt Corp. to c o n t a i n ca. 10% by weight of GBM pheromone i n polyamide capsules of 30-50 μ average diameter was d i l u t e d with water so t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n o f 90 1/ha of s o l u t i o n provided 25 g



5.

ROELOFS ET AL.


81

of pheromone per ha. The formulation was a p p l i e d to one s i d e of the grape row with a r o l l e r pump sprayer d r i v e n by the power t a k e - o f f on a t r a c t o r . E i g h t hundred f i f t y l a b o r a t o r y - r e a r e d GBM males were r e l e a s e d i n both the t e s t and check p l o t s (separated by 170 m) on 0,2,4,6, and 9 days a f t e r applying the pheromone. Nine pheromone traps each i n the t r e a t e d and check p l o t s caught 4 and 77 males, r e s p e c t i v e l y over a p e r i o d of 13 days. This i n d i c a t e d that the formulation could d i s r u p t male o r i e n t a t i o n to the t r a p s . A 1% wettable powder of GBM pheromone was obtained from Zoecon Corp. and a p p l i e d at the r a t e of 25 g of pheromone per ha i n a s i m i l a r t e s t . In t h i s case 160 l a b o r a t o r y - r e a r e d males were r e l e a s e d i n both the t e s t and check p l o t s on days 0 and 7 a f t e r treatment. Only 5 GBM males were a t t r a c t e d to the pheromone traps i n the t r e a t e d p l o t over the f i r s t 8 days, compared to 70 i n the check p l o t , but on the 10th day the d i s r u p t a n t e f f e c t was gone and the t r e a t e d p l o t traps caught 42 males, compared to 29 i n the check p l o t . Again, the i n d i c a t i o n was that the formulation could d i s r u p t o r i e n t a t i o n of GBM males to t r a p s , i n t h i s case f o r l e s s than 8 days. Another microencapsulated formulation from Pennwalt c o n t a i n ing 10% by weight of c l l - 1 4 : A c (11% trans) was used i n a seasonlong experiment f o r d i s r u p t i o n of RBLR. The 0.4 ha vineyard employed p r e v i o u s l y as the s i t e of the d i s r u p t i o n t e s t with widely-spaced evaporators was used, but the 0.2 ha check p l o t was set up 100 m away t h i s time. The formulation was a p p l i e d 11 times at the r a t e of 22 g/ha every other week s t a r t i n g A p r i l 22, 1974. Only 9 RBLR males were trapped i n the d i s r u p t i o n block compared to 307 i n the check. F r u i t damage could not be used as an i n d i c a t o r of success i n t h i s t e s t since both p l o t s had l e s s than 1% damage. I n d i c a t i o n s were t h a t t h i s formulation could d i s r u p t male o r i e n t a t i o n to the traps at the r a t e useD. The above experiments with the mating d i s r u p t i o n technique u t i l i z e d the pheromone components i n approximately t h e i r natura l l y - o c c u r r i n g r a t i o s , such as c l l - 1 4 : A c + 11% t l l - 1 4 : A c f o r RBLR. Since the trans component when present i n higher r a t i o s g r e a t l y reduces male a t t r a c t a n c y to a pheromone dispenser, there i s a p o s s i b i l i t y that atmospheric permeation with t l l - 1 4 : A c or a 50:50 c i s / t r a n s mixture would be more e f f e c t i v e than the compounds i n the appropriate pheromone r a t i o . In 1975, 3 r e p l i c a t e s of d i s r u p t i o n p l o t s (0.25 ha each) t r e a t e d with microencapsulated (Pennwalt formulation) c l l - 1 4 : A c / t l l - 1 4 : A c mixtures i n 89:11, 50:50 and 0:100 r a t i o s and corresponding check p l o t s were monitored with RBLR traps (see F i g . 2). The r e s u l t s are shown i n Table I I , i n d i c a t i n g that the c o r r e c t pheromone r a t i o , 89:11, was the most e f f e c t i v e d i s r u p t a n t , whereas the t l l - 1 4 : A c component was the l e a s t e f f e c t i v e d i s r u p t a n t f o r RBLR. There was very good consistency among the r e p l i c a t e s of each treatment, making p o s s i b l e v a l i d s t a t i s t i c a l separations among a l l t r e a t ments. The 89:11 r a t i o was very e f f e c t i v e i n d i s r u p t i n g male




0:100

89:11 189:11

B0:50

Ε ο 55

b0:5d

0:100

0:100 -490 mFigure 2. Placement of treatment and check plots in grape vine yards. Treatments of cll-14:Ac/tll-14:Ac (89:11, 50:50 and 0:100) were applied to the 50 χ 50 m plots at 22g/ha. The corresponding check (no treatment) plots are stippleD. Two pheromone-baited traps were used as an attraction monitor in all plots.


5.

ROELOFS ET AL.


83

RBLR from o r i e n t i n g to the traps and, thus, shows e x c e l l e n t p o t e n t i a l f o r use i n mating d i s r u p t i o n programs. Table I I .

D i s r u p t i o n of communication o f male redbanded l e a f r o l l e r moths using 11-tetradecenyl acetates i n Fredonia, Ν. Y. Test conducted from May 8 to 19, 1975.

Treatment 1


c l l - 1 4 : A c to t l l - 1 4 : A c

χ males/plot

2 x% d i s r u p t i o n

89:11 check

1.0 49.0

d a

98 a

50:50 check

4.6 43.7

c a

89 b

0:100 check

13.0 39.3

b a

67 c

1

Means followed by an uncommon l e t t e r d i f f e r a t the 5% l e v e l according to an a n a l y s i s of variance of the number of males per p l o t transformed to /x + 0.5 and Duncan's new m u l t i p l e range t e s t 2 Percentages followed by an uncommon l e t t e r d i f f e r a t the 5% l e v e l according to an a n a l y s i s of variance of the percentages of d i s r u p t i o n per p l o t transformed to the a r c s i n /percentage and Duncan's new m u l t i p l e range t e s t

Apple Orchard - Microencapsulated Formulation. The Pennwalt microencapsulated formulation of c l l - 1 4 : A c (11% trans) was spray ed i n small t e s t p l o t s i n apple to t e s t f o r d i s r u p t i o n of male RBLR o r i e n t a t i o n to a t t r a c t a n t traps (13). The t e s t p l o t s were 3 x 3 arrays of standard, mature apple t r e e s p l a n t e d on a 12 m spacing. There were 3 r e p l i c a t e s o f each treatment i n both the s p r i n g and the summer f l i g h t of RBLR. Treatments c o n s i s t e d of 1) one a p p l i c a t i o n of pheromone a t the i n i t i a t i o n of f l i g h t , 2) a p p l i c a t i o n o f pheromone at 5-7 day i n t e r v a l s , and 3) no pheromone. The microencapsulated formulation was added to 750 1 of water along with 0.01 1 of T r i t o n B-1956 Spreader-Sticker (Rohm and Haas) and sprayed u n t i l r u n o f f with a John Bean hand sprayer at ca. 26-38 1 per t r e e i n the s p r i n g (when there was l i t t l e f o l i a g e ) and ca. 57 1 per t r e e i n the summer. The micro-



84


encapsulated formulation (10.4% pheromone by weight) was d i l u t e d so t h a t i t was a p p l i e d at the r a t e of 22 g of pheromone per ha. Laboratory emission r a t e s t u d i e s had shown (_13) that the phero mone was r e l e a s e d at an i n i t i a l r a t e of 0.7% per day, but t h a t i t was only 0.1% by the 8th day. The l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a l s o revealed t h a t the emission r a t e a f t e r 16 days was only 0.02% per day, even though only 3.7% of the t o t a l q u a n t i t y of pheromone had been releaseD. This underscores the need f o r more e f f i c i e n t formulations maintaining steady emission r a t e s f o r s e v e r a l weeks. The r e s u l t s i n apple (Table III) show t h a t t h i s formulation e f f e c t s good d i s r u p t i o n of o r i e n t a t i o n to the t r a p s , e s p e c i a l l y when a p p l i e d at 5-7 day i n t e r v a l s to maintain a r e l a t i v e l y con s i s t e n t r e l e a s e of pheromone. B e t t e r d i s r u p t i o n was e f f e c t e d i n the summer f l i g h t , probably due to increased f o l i a g e that would r e t a i n the pheromone formulation more e f f i c i e n t l y during a p p l i cation. Table I I I .

D i s r u p t i o n of communication i n the RBLR with micro encapsulated c l l - 1 4 : A c and t l l - 1 4 : A c (89:11)

25 Apr-30 May Treatment

χ males/

1974

χ %

12 J u l y -23 Aug x males/

1 Schedule

Experimental check

χ %

1 disruption

plot

10.0 8.3

1974

2 a a

disruption

plot

70.3

a

2

A p p l i c a t i o n at i n i t i a t i o n of flight

2.3

b

75

6.0

b

91

A p p l i c a t i o n at 5-7 i n t e r v a l s

1.3

b

86

1.0

b

99

1 Means i n the same column followed by the same l e t t e r do not d i f f e r at the 5% l e v e l according to analyses of variance and Duncan's new m u l t i p l e range t e s t . 2 Two

experimental

check blocks i n the s p r i n g t e s t .

Although the c l l - 1 4 : A c (11% trans) formulation was s u c c e s s f u l i n d i s r u p t i n g males from o r i e n t i n g to t r a p s , i t was not success f u l i n preventing mating when RBLR moths, confined i n small cages, were p l a c e d i n sprayed areas. T h i s l a c k of i n f l u e n c e on mating


5.

ROELOFS ET AL.

85



suggests that the c l l - 1 4 : A c (11% trans) pheromone a f f e c t s the d i s t a n c e o r i e n t a t i o n response more s t r o n g l y than the a c t u a l mat ing response. The a d d i t i o n o f the t h i r d pheromone component, 12:Ac, could p o s s i b l y exert more e f f e c t on the close-range r e sponses . Apple Orchard - Microencapsulated Formulation For M u l t i p l e Species. Since the l e a f r o l l e r complex on apple i n New York uses c l l - 1 4 : A c as a common chemical i n most o f the pheromone systems, i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t d i s r u p t i o n with t h i s chemical, o r p o s s i b l y a mixture o f s e v e r a l chemicals, would e f f e c t c o n t r o l over the whole t o r t r i c i d complex. Experiments were i n i t i a t e d i n 1975 i n the Hudson V a l l e y t o t e s t the e f f e c t o f microencapsulated c l l - 1 4 : Ac (11% trans) on o r i e n t a t i o n o f males o f s e v e r a l species t o t h e i r corresponding pheromone t r a p s . Two r e p l i c a t e p l o t s (0.4 ha) were sprayed with the formulation on June 17, 23 and 27, and two p l o t s (0.4 ha) were l e f t as checks. The data from two mon i t o r i n g traps f o r each species i n each area are given i n Table IV. I t i s apparent that the formulation i s e x c e l l e n t i n d i s r u p t i n g RBLR o r i e n t a t i o n , as shown p r e v i o u s l y , and that i t apparently i s almost as s u c c e s s f u l i n d i s r u p t i n g o r i e n t a t i o n o f the t h r e e l i n e d l e a f r o l l e r (TLLR). I t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t o f i n d a l a c k o f e f f e c t with the t u f t e d apple bud moth (TABM), s i n c e t h i s species does not use c l l - 1 4 : A c i n i t s pheromone system, but i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t h a t no e f f e c t was observed with OBLR. The OBLR u t i l i z e s the same c i s : t r a n s r a t i o as RBLR, but without the dodecyl acetate (see Table I ) . The lack o f d i s r u p t i o n o f OBLR with t h i s formulation i s unexplained a t t h i s time. Perhaps a higher c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f pheromone i n the a i r i s r e q u i r e d t o disorient t h i s species. Table IV.

species

Communication d i s r u p t i o n o f t o r t r i c i d moths i n U l s t e r , Ν. Y. u t i l i z i n g microencapsulated c l l - 1 4 : A c (11% trans) a t 22 g/ha and pheromone-baited t r a p s as monitors. Test conducted from June 17 t o J u l y 3, 1975. χ males/plot at 22 g/ha

χ males/plot check

χ % disruption

RBLR

0.4*

31.4*

99

TLLR

4.0

42.2 N.S.

91

OBLR

63.4

60.0 N.S.

0

TABM

92.0

62.0 N.S.

0

• D i f f e r e n t a t the 5% l e v e l according t o an analyses o f v a r i a n c e and Duncan's new m u l t i p l e range t e s t . N. S. Not s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5% l e v e l .


86



The success o f d i s r u p t i o n programs may be dependent on the maintenance o f a c e r t a i n concentration o f a t l e a s t one pheromone component. The lowered success o f the 50:50 c i s / t r a n s mixture with RBLR may have been due t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c i s below t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r d i s r u p t i o n . I t should be p o s s i b l e t o mix together compounds f o r v a r i o u s species i n d i s r u p t i o n programs as long as each compound i s being r e l e a s e d i n t o the a i r a t an appropriate r a t e . A new formulation t h a t e f f i c i e n t l y emits the pheromone a t a steady r a t e f o r a long p e r i o d o f time would mean t h a t lower amounts would need t o be used and a p p l i c a t i o n would be l e s s frequent. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t a formulation could be developed t h a t would emit 2 t o 3 pheromone components found i n t o r t r i c i d pheromone systems a t r a t e s s u f f i c i e n t t o d i s r u p t a l l the l e a f r o l l e r pests o f apple i n New York.

Literature Cited 1. Brann, J. L. and Tette, J. P. 1st Ann. Rep. N. Y. S. Apple Pest Management Project (1974). 2. Chapman, P. J. and Lienk, S. E. "Tortricid Fauna of Apple in New York", 142 p., Spec. Publ. Ν. Y. State Agric. Exp. Stn., Geneva, 1971. 3. Roelofs, W. L. Environ. Lett. (1975) 8, 41-59. 4. Glass, Ε. H., Roelofs, W. L., Arn.H.and Comeau, A. J. Econ. Entomol. (1970) 63, 370-3. 5. Roelofs, W. L. and Comeau, A. Nature (1968) 220, 600-1. 6. Roelofs, W. L., Glass, Ε. Η., Tette, J. and Comeau, A. J. Econ. Entomol. (1970) 63, 1162-7. 7. Trammel, Κ., Roelofs, W. L. and Glass, Ε. H. J. Econ. Entomol. (1974) 67, 159-64. 8. Willson, H. R. and Trammel, K. Environ. Entomol. (1975) 4, 361-4. 9. Taschenberg, E. F., Cardé, R. T. and Roelofs, W. L. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 239-42. 10. Farkas, S. R., Shorey, H. H. and Gaston, L. K. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 876-7. 11. Kaae, R. S., Shorey, H. H., Gaston, L. K. and Hummel,H.H. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 87-9. 12. Shorey, H. H. and Gaston, L. K. In "Pheromones," Birch, M.C., ed., 421-6, North Holland Pub., Amsterdam, 1974. 13. Cardé, R. T., Trammel, K. and Roelofs, W. L. Environ. Entomol. (1975) 4, 448-50. 14. Roelofs, W. L., Comeau, Α., Hill, A. and Milicevic, G. Science (1971) 174, 297-9. 15. Roelofs, W. L. Comeau, A. and Selle, R. Nature (1969) 224. 723. 16. Roelofs, W. L. and Cardé, R. T. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 586-8. 17. Beroza, M., Muschik,G.M.and Gentry, C. R. Nature (1973) 244, 149-50.


5.

ROELOFS ET AL.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Downloaded by MONASH UNIV on April 23, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 1, 1976 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1976-0023.ch005

25.


87

Arn, H., Schwarz, C., Limacher, H. and Mani, E. Experientia (1974) 30, 1142-4. Roelofs, W. L., Tette, J. P., Taschenberg, E. F. and Comeau, A. J. Insect Physiol. (1971) 17, 2235,-43. Roelofs, W. L. and Arn, H. Nature (1968) 219, 513. Klun, J. Α., Chapman, O. L., Mattes, K. C., Wojkowski, P. W., Beroza, Μ., and Sonnet, P. E. Science (1973) 181, 661-3. Roelofs, W., Hill, A. and Cardé, R. T. J. Chem. Ecol. (1975) 1, 83-9. Roelofs, W. L. and Tette, J., Nature (1970) 226, 1172. Roelofs, W. L., Hill, Α., Cardé, R. T., Tette, J., Madsen, H. and Vakenti, J. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 747-51. Hill, Α., Cardé, R., Comeau, Α., Bode, W. and Roelofs, W. Environ. Entomol. (1974) 3, 249-52.


Pheromone Research for the Control of Lepidopterous Pests in New

Recommend Documents