Phosphinoalkylidene and -alkylidyne Complexes of Titanium

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Phosphino-Alkylidene and -Alkylidyne Complexes of Titanium. Intermolecular C-H Bond Activation and Dehydrogenation Reactions. Masahiro Kamitani, Balázs Pintér, Keith Searles, Marco G. Crestani, Anne Hickey, Brian C Manor, Patrick J. Carroll, and Daniel José Mindiola J. Am. Chem. Soc., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06973 • Publication Date (Web): 24 Aug 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 25, 2015

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Journal of the American Chemical Society

Phosphino-Alkylidene and -Alkylidyne Complexes of Titanium. Intermolecular C-H Bond Activation and Dehydrogenation Reactions. Masahiro Kamitani,‡ Balazs Pinter,† Keith Searles,‡ Marco G. Crestani,† Anne Hickey,† Brian C. Manor,‡ Patrick J. Carroll,‡ and Daniel J. Mindiola.‡* ‡

Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. †Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The ethylene complex (PNP)Ti(η2t t t H2C=CH2)(CH2 Bu) or (PNP)Ti=CH Bu(CH2 Bu) (PNP− = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-methylphenyl]2) react with H2CPPh3 to form the κ2-phosphinoalkylidene (PNP)Ti=CHPPh2(Ph) (1), which was structurally elucidated and fully characterized. Compound 1 activates benzene via the transient intermediate [(PNP)Ti≡CPPh2] (C). By treating (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(OTf) with compound 1 or isotopologue, LiCH2PPh2, (PNP)Ti=CDPPh2(C6D5) (1-d6), can be produced by an independent route involving intermediate C, which activates benzene or benzene-d6, and dehydrogenates cyclohexane-d12. Addition of MeOTf to 1 results in elimination of benzene concomitant with formation of the first zwitterionic titanium complex having a terminally bound phosphonioalkylidyne ligand, namely [(PNP)Ti≡CPPh2Me(OTf) (2), which was also structurally and spectroscopically characterized. Theoretical studies of 2 suggest a resonance with dominant Ti−C triple bond character with some contribution also from C−P multiple bond. High-oxidation state metal complexes having a phosphinoalkylidene (LnM=CR’PR2) are a relatively unexplored ligand class where the phosphine group is attached to the alkylidene carbon, whereas the capped P(V) analogues, LnM=CR’P(X)R2 (X = O, S, NR), are more widely explored.1 Examples of the phosphinoalkylidene ligand with high-valent, early-transition metals are somewhat common for Ta, Mo, and W, and this scaffold can

Figure 1. Solid state structures of the phosphino-alkylidene complex 1 displaying thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability level. All hydrogens, except for the alkylidene α-H have been omitted for clarity.

sometimes chelate via the pendant phosphino group.2 Surprisingly, the chemistry involving the heterosubstituted M−C multiple bond has been rather unexplored and examples of group 4 transition metal complexes having a PR2 substituent are

Scheme 1. Dehydrogenation and P-C bond activation of the ylide H2CPPh3 via the transient phosphino-alkylidene and alkylidyne intermediates.

unknown, which is rather remarkable since phosphorus has been regarded as the carbon copy3 – Schrock carbenes being ubiquitous in transition metal chemistry and catalysis.4 In this work we wish to extend this underexplored ligand to titanium, by reporting titanium-carbon multiple bonds with the α-carbon atom having a PPh2 group. Notably, we demonstrate that the phosphinoalkylidene ligand can be a precursor to a titanium phosphinoalkylidyne,5 akin to how titanium alkylidenes can undergo αhydrogen abstraction.2h,6 The latter ligand can engage in a rare case of intermolecular C−H bond activations which includes cyclohexane dehydrogenation to cyclohexene. Our entry to these reactive species is depicted by several independent routes which provide convincing support to some of the proposed intermediates responsible in the C−H bond splitting steps. In addition, we report structural information for a stable titanium complex having a terminally bound phosphonio-alkylidyne ligand7,8 exhibiting the shortest Ti−C bond length known to date. Theoretical studies have been applied to elucidate the structure and bonding involving this scaffold. Our entry to the phosphino-alkylidene moiety involves the use of a masked low-valent Ti(II) reagent (PNP)Ti(η2H2C=CH2)(CH2tBu)6c,d with the ylide H2CPPh3 (Scheme 1). Instead of methylidene group-transfer, as one might have expected,9 we observed gradual, but clean formation of a new species, (PNP)Ti=CHPPh2(Ph) (1)10 over 7 days at 60 oC (Scheme 1). Examination of the volatiles reveals the exclusive formation of ethylene and H3CtBu as the organic by-products. Complex 1 can be also prepared over 2 days at room temperature, independently, from addition of ylide (1 equiv) to a cyclohexane solution of (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(CH2tBu). CH3tBu along with cyclohexene are observed as side products10 therefore implying that the transient [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] intermediate dehydrogenates cyclohexane first and that a Ti(II) species formed, presumably “(PNP)Ti(CH2tBu)”11 or its cyclohexene adduct, reacts with the ylide, H2CPPh3. In fact, monitoring the reaction by 31P NMR

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spectroscopy at 29 oC yields a pseudo-first order rate constant of k = 3.06 × 10−5 s−1,10 which is quite similar to rates measures for the dehydrogenation of alkanes through [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] and therefore implying a similar mechanism being operative in the formation 1.6c,d Complex 1 is characterized by the presence of three inequivalent resonances in the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum at 27.1 (dd, 2JPP = 50.1 Hz, 3JPP = 16.7 Hz), 20.9 (d, 2JPP = 49.4 Hz), and 21.3 ppm (d, 3JPP = 17.3 Hz). The alkylidene carbon was

Scheme 2. C−H activation of benzene and dehydrogenation of cyclohexane via intermediate C.

unambiguously assigned in the 13C{1H} NMR spectrum at 248.8 ppm as a doublet of doublet of doublets (ddd, 1JCP = 93.4 Hz, 2JCP = 16.9 and 7.1 Hz) and correlated to the proton chemical shift on alkylidene carbon at 10.59 ppm (dd, 2JHP = 6.2 Hz, 3JHP = 2.2 Hz) via an HSQC experiment.8 A solid-state X-ray diffraction study of 2 confirmed the presence of the phosphino-alkylidene ligand, confined to a κ2-bonding mode via chelation of the pendant PPh2 group (Figure 1). The Ti=C bond length of 1.922(3) Å is slightly longer than prototypical Schrock-like titanium alkylidenes such as LnTi=CHR (R = aryl or alkyl group),4 but significantly shorter than the bond lengths in ligands such as Ti-CH2PPh2 (i.e. 2.203(3) and 2.183(3) Å)12 suggesting that such species might contain a three-centered bonding topology at Ti−C−P, but with significant Ti=C character. Interestingly, the Ti−C distance is quite similar to the only titanium phosphonio-alkylidene complex Cp*Ti=CHPPh3(Cl)2 reported by Li and co-workers.13 The bonding mode of the [CHPPh2]2- ligand in 1 could be also construed as a phosphaalkyne HCPPh2 that coordinates in an η2fashion and, indeed, such canonical forms have been discussed previously with other transition metals.2 The assembly of 1 clearly implies that C−H and P−C bond activation processes involving the ylide H2CPPh3 take place. Scheme 1 depicts our proposed mechanism to account for the

Scheme 3. Synthesis of the titanium phosphonio-alkylidyne 2 (and resonances thereof) from complex 1 and the electrophile MeOTf.

formation the phosphino-alkylidene ligand in 1. A dissociative mechanism involving ethylene release from (PNP)Ti(η2H2C=CH2)(CH2tBu) and trapping by the ylide of the Ti(II) fragment “(PNP)Ti(CH2tBu)”11 forms the adduct-intermediate [(PNP)Ti(CH2PPh3)(CH2tBu)] (A), which then undergoes αhydrogen abstraction to produce the phosphonioalkylidene zwitterion [(PNP)Ti=CHPPh3)] (B).14 The highly reducing nature of this formally Ti(II) alkylidene intermediate could promote the migration of a Ph+ group to to produce 1 (Scheme 1). Alternatively, formation of 1 from B could be also interpreted as a redox event where a Ti(II) reductively splits (or oxidatively add) the P−Ph bond of the phosphonio group. At this point we cannot

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argue for methylidene transfer and PPh3 release, followed by coordination of this Lewis base at a later stage of the reaction. However, we discourage this route since a strong C−P bond is broken and later re-formed.15 Noteworthy, complex 1 is remarkably stable, akin to the alkylidene-phenyl derivative (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(C6H5) previously reported by our group.6a Nevertheless, heating a C6D6 solution of 1 over 16 hours at 80 oC resulted in the formation of (PNP)Ti=CDPPh2(C6D5) (1-d6) depicted in Scheme 1.10 This result implies that a phosphinoalkylidyne, [(PNP)Ti≡CPPh2] (C), is responsible for the activation of a C−D bond of C6D6 through a 1,2-addition step, and similar to how the transient neopentylidyne [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] derivative activates arenes and other hydrocarbons (Scheme 1).6 To explore other pathways to generating the reactive species C, we turned our attention to a transmetallation step involving the alkylidene precursor (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(OTf)16 and LiCH2PPh2.17 As hypothesized, addition of the phosphinoalkyl lithium to the titanium alkylidene complex in benzene (16 h at 60 oC) results in clean formation of the phosphinoalkylidene 1, in 92% isolated yield (Scheme 2).10 Formation of 1 from (PNP)Ti=CHtBu(OTf) and the alkylphosphine involves a salt elimination process to form [(PNP)Ti=CHtBu(CH2PPh2)] (D), which upon tautomerization produces [(PNP)Ti=CHPPh2(CH2tBu)] (E). An α-hydrogen abstraction in E produces the phosphino-alkylidyne C and H3CtBu, which as demonstrated (vide supra), ultimately activates benzene via a 1,2-CH bond addition across the reactive Ti≡CPPh2 moiety to form 1 (Scheme 2). Conducting the same reaction in C6D6 produces the isotopologue 1-d6 cleanly, while the use of cyclohexane-d12 as the solvent produces cyclohexene-d10 along with multiple titanium based products that we have been thus far unable to characterize (Scheme 2).8 Similar dehydrogenation chemistry has also been observed with transient [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] and cyclohexane.6c,d Given the reactive nature of species C, coupled with the ability of the phosphine to coordinate to the metal as in the case of 1, we explored the use of MeOTf as an electrophile to compromise the

Figure 2. Solid state structure of the phosphonio-alkylidyne complex 2 displaying thermal ellipsoids at 50% probability level. All hydrogens along with a second crystallographically independent molecule (but chemically equivalent) have been omitted for clarity.

phosphine’s lone pair and produce a more reactive phosphonioalkylidene reagent. Accordingly, addition of MeOTf to 1 in benzene at 25 oC rapidly produced a single new product isolated in 85% yield, but interestingly, such species was accompanied with liberation of C6H6.10 The 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectra of this new product were consistent with a C1 symmetric structure, supported by the observation of three inequivalent phosphorus resonances at 30.72 (d, 2JPP = 49.7 Hz), 18.57 (d, 2JPP = 49.8 Hz), and −88.07 (s) ppm,10 and the highly shielded signal was consistent with formation of a phosphonio group.7,8 The most salient spectroscopic is the observation of a highly deshielded 13 C{1H} NMR resonance at 250.2 ppm that is strongly coupled to


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all three inequivalent phosphorus atoms (ddd, JCP = 32.5, 10.0, and 6.1 Hz). This data, suggested that the Ti−C multiple bond was preserved (Scheme 3).10 A single crystal X-ray diffraction study allowed us to establish the precise connectivity of this new product resulting from the quaternization of the phosphine moiety in 1 in addition to the coordination of the triflate anion. Figure 2 shows the molecular structure of the first mononuclear titanium phosphonioalkylidyne [(PNP)Ti≡CPPh2Me(OTf)] (2),18 having the shortest reported Ti−C distance of 1.784(3) Å. For comparison, the computed Ti−C bond length for the transient 4-coordiante titanium alkylidyne [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] is 1.749 Å.6a Additionally, the Ti−C−P angle is approaching linearity at 166.0(2)o. Interestingly, there are two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, deferring primarily by the Ti−C−P angle (166.0(2) versus 176.32(19)o).10 In compound 2 the nature of the Ti−C triple bond is called into question given the reasonable canonical forms one could propose involving the phosphonio group. Scheme 3 depicts the synthesis of 2 and the three most likely resonances 2a-c. While resonance 2a depicts a zwitterionic phosphonioalkylidyne with a legitimate Ti≡C bond, the short C−P bond length in 2 (1.690(3) Å) suggests an ylene (or rather a phosphonio vinylidene) resonance form such as 2b to be also operative. Another possible resonance is the ylide 2c, which does not possess either Ti≡C or C=P multiple moieties but instead, has ylide character. Formation of 2 most likely transpires via phosphine attack to the Me+ to form a putative phosphonio-alkylidene [(PNP)Ti=CHPPh2Me(Ph)(OTf)] intermediate.13 Based on prior studies addressing α-hydrogen abstraction, we propose that the triflate group must bind to promote elimination of benzene along with 2.4b Table 1. Experimental and calculated structural and bonding features for complexes 1 and 2 and compared to [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu]. 1

2

[(PNP)Ti≡CtBu]a

Ti−Cexp(Å) 1.922(3) 1.784(3)/1.785(3) Ti−Ccalc(Å) 1.918 1.761 1.653a Ti−Pexp(Å) 2.4981(9) 2.495 Ti−Pcalc(Å) C−Pexp(Å) 1.726(3) 1.690(3)/1.689(3) C−Pcalc(Å) 1.725 1.671 86.24(14) 166.0(2) Ti−C−Pexp(°) Ti−C−Pcalc(°) 86.3 167.7 Ti−C Mayer b.o. 1.39 2.11 2.55-2.49a C−P Mayer b.o. 1.02 1.38 Ti−P Mayer b.o. 0.67 a Complex [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] has only been only studied computationally since this is a reactive intermediate. Its Mayer bond order was previously computed to be 2.496a and more recently we computed it to be 2.55.10 Ti−P represents the interaction between the phosphine group of the phosphinoalkylidene and the metal center. To explore which resonance form is most likely operative in 2 we relied on computational studies and to compare its bonding scheme with a more authentic Schrock alkylidyne such as [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu]. Using the X-ray structures, the full models of 1 and 2 were optimized with the hybrid B3LYP functional in combination with the Def2-TZVP(-f) basis set. Dispersion has been also taken into account during optimizations using Grimme’s D3 method.10 For 2, the two crystallographically independent structures in the asymmetric unit (vide supra) were used as initial guiding structures, nevertheless, both simulations converge to one structure with a Ti−C−P angle of ~167o. These simulations suggest that the observed angle of 176o in one of the crystallographically independent molecule most likely arises from

Figure 3. Most important orbitals for 2 (top) and compared to [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] (bottom).

condensed phase effects. Table 1 presents structural and theoretical information, including bond order analyses, for both compounds 1 and 2, as well as the [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu]6a intermediate previously investigated by our group. While the Ti−C bond of [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] has a Mayer bond order of 2.496a to 2.55,10 a projected value for a triple bond, the corresponding bond order in 2 is 2.11, indicating a notably lower degree of covalent character. The C−P bond order is also quite large at 1.38 and reflects a somewhat greater degree of bonding than a traditional single bond. These values indicate that compound 2 has dominant 2a character but augmented with 2b, and without too much contribution from 2c. These conclusions are also supported by our MO analysis given in Figure 3; the orthogonal Ti−C π-orbitals of 2 (π1 and π2), not being strictly two-center localized as in the alkylidyne analogue [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu] (Figure 3, bottom), and involve the phosphorous atom of the −PPh2Me group to some extent. Accordingly, these MOs are rather consistent with a 3center 2-electron in-phase interactions in accord with resonance 2b being operative given the ability of phosphorus to be hypervalent. Similarly to methylenephosphorene, H2C=PH3,19 the out-of-plane p orbitals of phosphorous, which have antibonding character with the remaining substituents (Ph2Me), are involved in these 3-center interactions. As a note, the 2a character can be recognized as a shift of these π MOs towards the Ti−C end, which is apparent in the plotted MOs. The Ti−C σ-bond is quite similar in 2 and in [(PNP)Ti≡CtBu]6a when judged by the resemblance of σ orbitals (Figure 3). Consequently, the electronic structure analysis of 2 indicates a Lewis structure that can be best described as a mixture of 2a (major) and 2b8 but where the latter should not be confused with an allene-like fragment since in 2b the two orthogonal-π bonds are 3-atom centered. Akin to the delocalized nature of bonding in 2, the C−P bond order in 1 is 1.02, which is higher in value than a typical C−P single bond; e.g., 0.91 in the PNP backbone (P-Aryl).10 Together with a Ti−C bond order bond order of 1.39, our analysis indicates that the Ti−C π-bond in 1 also delocalizes to the P atom to a small extent (Table 1). The molecular orbital picture also corroborates our bond order analysis.10 In conclusion we have shown that alkylidene and alkylidyne scaffolds having a phosphine group can be now expanded to titanium. We have thus far revealed that the former group can activate the C−H bond of benzene and even dehydrogenate cyclohexane to cyclohexene. Also, our titanium phosphinoalkylidene 1 can be alkylated to form a stable phosphonioalkylidyne complex of titanium, which should be also described as a phosphonio-vinylidene due to the hypervalency of phosphorus. We are presently examining the ability of 1 to perform catalytic dehydrogenation reactions since the ylide could



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act, in principle, as an acceptor of two hydrogens (formally H+ and H−), a source of a phosphino-alkylidene group as well as precursor to the phosphino-alkylidyne moiety.

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(a) Bailey, B. C.; Fan, H.; Huffman, J. C.; Baik, M.-H.; Mindiola, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 8781-8793. (b) Flores, J. A.; Cavaliere, V. N.; Buck, D.; Chen, G.; Crestani, M. G.; Pinter, B.; Baik, M.-H.; Mindiola, D. J. Chem. Sci. 2011, 2, 1457-1462. (c) Cavaliere, V. N.; Crestani, M. G.; Pinter, B.; Chen, C.-H.; Pink, M.; Baik, M.-H.; Mindiola, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 10700-10703. (d) Crestani, M. G.; Hickey, A. K.; Gao, X.; Pinter, B.; Cavaliere, V. N.; Ito, J.-I.; Chen, C.-H.; Mindiola, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 14754-14767.

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Group 4 transition metal phosphonio-alkylidynes are extremely rare. (a) Schmidbaur, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1983, 22, 907-927. (b) Schmidbaur, H.; Muller, G.; Pichl, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 574-575. For examples of high-valent transition metal phosphonio-alkylidynes see. (c) Holmes, S. J.; Schrock, R. R.; Churchill, M. R.; Wasserman, H. J. Organometallics 1984, 3, 476-484. (d) List, A. K.; Hillhouse, G. L.; Rheingold, A. L. Organometallics 1989, 8, 2010-2016. (e) Jamison, G. M.; White, P. S.; Templeton, J. L. Organometallics 1991, 10, 1954-1959. (f) Li, X.; Schopf, M.; Stephan, J.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2356-2358. (g) Li, X.; Stephan, J.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2004, 23, 3359-3361. (h) Liu, N.; Zhu, G.; Sun, H.; Li, X. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2013, 27, 36-39. (i) Li, X.; Wang, A.; Sun, H.; Wang, L.; Schmidt, S.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2007, 26, 3456-3460. (j) Li, X.; Sun, H.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2005, 24, 4699-4701. (k) Li, X.; Wang, A.; Wang, L.; Sun, H.; Harms, K.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2007, 26, 1411-1413. (l) Schrӧder, F. G.; Lichtenberg, C.; Elﬀerding, M.; and Jӧrg Sundermeyer, J. Oganometallics 2015, 32, 5082-5091.

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Hulley, E. B.; Bonanno, J. B.; Wolczanski, P. T.; Cundari, T. R.; Lobkovsky, E. B. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 8524-8544.

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Schwartz, J.; Gell, K. I. J. Organomet. Chem. 1980, 184, C1-C2.

Supporting Information Available: Experimental procedures, spectral data, crystallographic, and computational information are provided. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author [email protected]

Present Address †Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Notes The authors declare no competing financial interests.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank the US NSF (CHE-0848248 and CHE-1152123) and the University of Pennsylvania for financial support of this research. M.K. acknowledges financial support from the JSPS for a postdoctoral fellowship (12J03390). REFERENCES (1)

(a) Cavell, R. G.; Babu, R. P. K.; Kasani, A.; McDonald, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 5805-5806. (b) Kamalesh Babu, R. P.; McDonald, R.; Cavell, R. G. Chem. Commun. 2000, 481-482. (c) Aparna, K.; Kamalesh Babu, R. P.; McDonald, R.; Cavell, R. G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4400-4402. (d) Kamalesh Babu, R. P.; McDonald, R.; Cavell, R. G. Organometallics 2000, 19, 3462-3465. (e) Kamalesh Babu, R. P.; McDonald, R.; Decker, S. A.; Klobukowski, M.; Cavell, R. G. Organometallics 1999, 18, 4226-4229. (f) Cantat, T.; Ricard, L.; Mézailles, N.; Le Floch, P. Organometallics 2006, 25, 6030-6038. (g) Gessner, V. H.; Meier, F.; Uhrich, D.; Kaupp, M. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 16729-16739. (h) Spichty, M.; Kulicke, K. J.; Neuburger, M.; Schaffner, S.; Mueller J. F. K. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 5024-5028.

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(10) See supporting information. (11) Hickey, A. K.; Crestani, M. G.; Fout, A. R.; Gao, X.; Chen, C.-H.; Mindiola, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 9834-9837. (12) Cuenca, T.; Flores, J. C.; Royo, P. Organometallics 1992, 11, 777800. (13) Wang, A.; Sun, H.; Li, X. Organometallics 2009, 28, 5285-5288.

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For examples of high-valent phosphino-alkylidenes. (a) Gibson, V. C.; Kee, T. P.; Carter, S. T.; Sanner, R. D. J. Organomet. Chem. 1991, 418, 197-217. (b) Gibson, V. C.; Graimann, C. E.; Hare, P. M.; Green, M. L. H. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton. Trans. 1985, 20252035. (c) Gibson, V. C.; Grebenik, P. D.; Green, M. L. H. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1983, 1101-1102. (d) Green, M. L. H.; Hare, P. M.; Bandy, J. A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 330, 61-74. (e) Townsend, E. M.; Kilyanek, S. M.; Schrock, R. R.; Muller, P.; Smith, S. J.; Hoveyda, A. H. Organometallics 2013, 32, 46124617. (f) Kee, T. P.; Gibson, V. C. J. Organomet. Chem. 1987, 325, C14-Cl8. (g) Sattler, S.; Parkin, G. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12828-12830. For a recent study on phosphinocarbenes. (h) Colebatch, A. L.; Hill, A. F.; Sharma, M. Organometallics 2015, 24, 2165-2182 and references therein.

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Dillon, K. B.; Mathey, F.; Nixon, J. F. In Phosphorus: The Carbon Copy: From Organophosphorus to Phospha-organic Chemistry, Wiley, NY, 1998.

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(a) Schrock, R. R. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 145-179. (c) Mindiola, D. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2006, 39, 813-821.

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High-valent early-transition metal complexes with a phosphinoalkylidyne are extremely rare and unknown with group 4 transition metal. (a) Greco, J. B.; Jonas C. Peters, J. C.; Baker, T. A.; Davis, W. M.; Cummins, C. C.; Wu, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5003-5013. (b) Cordiner, R. L.; Gugger, P. A.; Hill, A. F.; Willis, A. C. Organometallics 2009, 28, 6632-6635. For some examples of Fischer-type carbynes see reference 1h.

(14) de Boer, H. J. R.; Akkermann, O. S.; Bickelhaupt, F.; Erker, G.; Czisch, D.-C. P.; Mynott, R.; Wallis, J. M.; Krüger, C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1986, 25, 639-640. (15) Predominant intermolecular C-H bond activation of S=PPh2R Ligand was reported with a Ru complex: Cantat, T.; Demange, M.; Mézailles, N.; Ricard, L.; Jean, Y.; Le Floch, P. Organometallics 2005, 24, 4838-4841. (16) Bailey, B. C.; Huffman, J. C.; Mindiola, D. J.; Weng, W.; Ozerov, O. V. Organometallics 2005, 24, 1390-1393. (17) Eisentrager, F.; Gothlich, A.; Gruber, I.; Heiss, H.; Kiener, C. A.; Kruger, C.; Notheis, J. U.; Rominger, F.; Scherhag, G.; Schultz, M.; Straub, B. F.; Volland, M. A. O.; Hofmann, P. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 540. (18) For examples of bridging phosphonioalkylidynes, see: Schröder, F. G.; Lichtenberg, C.; Elfferding, M.; Sundermeyer, J. Organometallics 2013, 32, 5082-91. (b) Rice, G. W.; Ansell, G. B.; Modrick, M. A.; Zentz, S. Organometallics 1983, 2, 154-157. (19) Streitwieser, A.; Rajca, A.; McDowell, R. S.; Glaser, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1987, 109, 4184-4188 and references therein.


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Phosphinoalkylidene and -alkylidyne Complexes of Titanium

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