ROOH REVEWS Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Fourth Edition Douglas A. Skoog and Donald M. West, Saunders College Publishing, New York, NY, 1982. iii f 859 pp. Figs. and tables. 24 X 19.5 cm.
This is the fourth edition of an excellent text used to teach quantitative analysis a t a level suitable for chemistry majors. The authors state that the aims of this edition are identical to orevious editions. Much of the
spectroscopy and separations, and some dated material has been deleted. Improvements have been made in the organization of material in the areas of equilibria, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy. The authors and the new publisher have used bold type and a numbering system to set off section headings in this edition. These changes should make it much easier to refer t o material in the text during lectures and to find specific material. Each chapter ends with a set of well-chosen problems which are similar in content to previous editions but which are increased in numbers in many eases. The review material found in the second and third chapters of the previous edition has been combined into a single chapter. The following chapter on data analysis has been improved through the addition of a clear and detailed descriotion of the use of analvtical calibration curves and least squares analysis. The solution of equilibria problems has been made more consistent throughout the text by using mass balance and charge balance ex-
pressions. This change is important. While mass balance and charge balance expressions appear too formal for use in solving simple equilibrium problems, this approach becomes necessary when solving more complicated problems in this text or problems encountered later in higher level courses dealing with equilibria. The use of the term "formal concentration" has been abandoned in this edition and replaced by the term "molar analytical concentratiin" following the suggestion of many users of the previous edition. Chaoter 13 is an introduction to electro-
ductively coupled plasmas in atomic spectroscopy is another important addition in this edition. The authors have made sweeping changes in their treatment of separations with excellent results. Chapter 26 introduces the area of analytical separations and the following three chapters separately treat the theory af chromatographic separations, liquid chromatography, and gas~liquidchromatography. These four chauters are well oreanized and verv current.
combined to provide a more concise treatment. The chapter on voltammetric techniques has been shortened in this edition. The material describing classical direct current polarography remains essentially unchaneed includine descri~tiansof manual
ments dealing with recent analytical p r o b ~ lems have been added and a selection af experiments which serve t o develop good laboratory technique is retained. This edition retains the elements which have established the wide acceptance of the previous edition and includes changes in many areas which improve clarity. Users of the previous edition of this text will find this edition to be markedly improved. Those who have chosen alternative texts in the past would do well to examine this text for possible future use. Fred M. Hawkridge Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond. VA 23284
"H" cell. It is unfortunate that this material was included in this edition while the techniques of differential pulse pularography and stripping analysis have been deleted entirely. These latter techniques are widely used in industrial. eovernmental. and academic
ter 19 provides a clear iniroductiokto prihciales of soectroscoav. The chaoter on mo-
fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of in-
Physical Chemistry, Second Edition P. W. Atkins, W. H. Freeman and Cornpany, San Francisco, CA 1982. viii 1095 PP. Figs. and tables. 17 X 24 cm. $29.95.
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The first edition of "Physical Chemistry" by P. W. Atkins was reviewed in THIS (Continued on page A 6 4
Reviewed in this Issue Reviewer Fred M. Hawkridge
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P. W Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Second Edition
Rebecca O'Malley
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Anthony N. Stranges, Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theory, 1900-1925
Marshall S. Wright, Jr.
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Douglas A. Skoog and Donald M West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Fourth Edition
Titles of Interest New Volumes in Continuing Series
Volume 60
Number 2
February 1983
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/ JOURNAL (J. CHEM.EDUC.,56, A 260,1979) as "one of t h e best recent introductory level physical chemistry textbooks." However, as noted by that reviewer, and confirmed by those who have taught from the book, it contains "numerous small slips in the text, illustrations and derivations." In producing t h e second edition of this book, the author has obviously expended cunsiderable time and effort in attempting to rectify this sit^ uation. Many of the worked examples have heen reworked. or reolaced bv better ones.
extensively, the presentation of same topics has been improved and certain new materials have been added. T h e original organization of the hook has been retained. T h e book is conveniently divided into three main parts entitled "Equilibrium," "Structure," and "Change," and lhese are prefaced with a broadly based introductory chapter. "Equilibrium" deals with thermodqnamics and in this section of the book there have been major revisions. A number of rather obvious omissions have been corrected. T h e concept of thermodynamic temperature is now developed and identified with the perfect gas temperature. "Standard molar enthalpy of formation" is now defined in the chapter on thermochemistry and there is a more detailed description of the calorimetric measurement of AU and AH. Other topics that are treated a little more fully include: the Joule-Thomsan cooling effect and its significance in refrigeration applications, the third law of thermodynamics, and the definition a n d use of the standard Gihbs function. "Structure" deals with quantum mecham ics and its application to atomic and molecular structure, symmetry, spectroscopy, s t a ~ tistical thermodynamics, and macro mole^ cules. Revision in this part of the book has been less extensive, but some new material has been added. T h e phenomenon of quantum mechanical tunnelling is discussed more fully, and a number of three-dimensional computer graphics are reproduced in the chapters covering quantum mechanics to illustrate the forms uf various wave hnctions. Laser action receives more extensive treatment, the basic principles of most of the different types af laser currently in use being covered. A section describing Fourier transIorm NMR spectroscopy is another welcome addition. Chapter 24, "Macromolecules" is completely new and treats a number ol' fundamentallv imwortant tonics: osmotic aressure
loids. "Channe" deals with kinetic throrv and its
chapter covering surface phenomena. A substantial amount of this material has bccn rewritten and some of the more recent de-
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Journal of Chemical Education
veloaments in this area are discussed. T h e surface compositions and the use of molecular beams in the investigation of the catalytic activity of surfaces. T h e "Learning Objectives" listed a t the beginning of each chapter throughout the hook h a w obvicwslv been considered care-
written and as a result are much improved. They shuuld prove extremely useful for both student and teacher. In reviewing the hook I was dismayed to find that there remains a small number of errors in the text. However, this is still a n outstanding textbook, covering, at a n appropriate level, virtually the whole range of topics iikely t o be considered in any under^ graduate physical chemistry course. I t is clearly written, well illustrated and attractively produced. The problem sets (an absolulelv essential a a r t of the teachine of ahvsanyone needing a comprehensive text in physical chemistry. R e b e c c a O'Malley University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620
Electrons and Valence: Development of the Theorv. 1900-1925 0 ,
Anthony N. Sfranges,Texas A & M University Press. 1982. xii 291 pp. Figs. and tables. 15 X 2 3 cm. $28.50.
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For the historian of modern chemical theory, Anthony Stranges' new book will surely become as important a resource as Hans Kangrov's "Early History of Planck's Radiation Law" has become for the historian of modern physics since its appearance in English translation in 1976. Additionally, those teachers of chemistry who wish to supplement the normally cursory and abrupt account of the introduction of the shared electron pair concept into chemical theory found in most, textbooks should find Strang e ~ 'portraits of the models of chemical bonding which preconditioned Lewis' semi^ nal proposal of 1916 to he richly suggestive of u s d d heuristic devices. T h e core of the book is bracketed by a first chapter on the nineteenth century origins of t h e electrochemical bond, and by the eighth and final chapter, "The New Theory of Valencey." T h e former reviews the impact of the ideas of Faraday, Davy, and Berzelius. conceptually linked by the work of such fiaures as Laurent, Williamson, Gerhardt, Frankland, and Werner to lhe theory deployed hy Arrhenius at the close of the last century. The last chapter discusses the conflii:t between proponents of the "static" atom-including Lewis, ,J. .I. Thornsun, and Langmuir-and those who subscribed lo a "dynamic" view derived from Bohr. Here William A. Noyes is credited with initiating the measures which led to an eventual reconciliation. A brief Epilog summarizes the directions that honding theury was to take after 192:l at the hands of Heisenberg, Dirac, Van Vleck, and Pauling. Rut the heart of the hook, h u n d in the middle six chapters, traces the history of theories chemical affinity and atomic s t r u c ~
I
ture from Thomson's discoverv of the electron in 1897 to the celebrated JACS article of Lewis in 1916. In what follows I will attempt t o sketch what seemed to me to be the highlights of Stranges' treatment of this period. With the presentation of the content of the early (1878) papers of Alfred M. Mayer on floating magnets and their impact on Thomsan's eilorts to provide a "visual d e m ~ onstration of the possible arrangement of the electrons in an atom" we see the genesis of Thomson's early vision of the relation brtween atomic structure and chemical periodicity. In retrospect, Mayer's work assumes a n almost ominous aspect in view of the eventual recourse that Lewis and his contemaoraries were to have to magnetic force in descrihine chemical bondine. In anv" case. -~~ ~, Stranges allows us to see the emergence of an atomicmodel that is surely more interesting and suggestive than the raisin pudding found in most textbook summaries. Further, we are presented with an overview af the lines of conflict between the rejection of Thomson's model (occurring before Rutherford's ex^ periment) by (principally) Arrhenius, Charles Barkla, and George A. Schott (arising from the model'srailure to arcountadrquately for the number of electrons and the distribution of mass in the atom), and the support which Thomson's views received from the spectro~ scapic studies of Rydberg, Carl Runge, and Heinrich Kayser. Having portrayed Thomson's initial contributions to the electrostatic theory of chemical valence, Stranges allows us to see the extent of the introduction of' such terms as "tubes of force," "residual valence," and "Faraday bundle" into the theoretical liter^ ature of the early twentieth century. T h e last af these terms we find t o hare heen an intrinsic part of the language employed by 01iver Lodge, in 1904, for whom such a "bundle" could form a "full chemical b o n d but which was also capable of making available "a few threads or feelers" for "partial adhesion in cross directions. . . " I n the %?meyear, and with the same electrostatic conceptions, we see Percv Frankland seekine to account far both the*colors of hydrates and solubility differences in terms of the divisibility of the "residual affinities'' contained in the "bundle." Chapters 3 and 4 outline the gradual enlargement of the domain of chemical applications oi'Thomson's ideas in the 1897-1909 neriod and the imnaet of this on the thinkine bf American chemists from 1909 to 1915. 1; a continuation of the story which begins in the first chapter, we are made aware of the persistent efforts which were exerted to make electrostatic attraction the foundation of chemical honding theory The prominent figures here are Richard Ahgg, Harry S. Fry, William A. Noyes, K. George Falk, and John M. Nelsarr. A b e c ~a, n early advocsle of the "rule of eight," emerges as one who was wedded to the idea that "electroaffinity" was capable ol'accounting Sor chrrnical valence in general, including the "secondary" (nonionic) valences which Werner had introduced into his theory dhondingin 1891 and 1897. I11 the work of F d k and Nelson we see the applica~ tion of an "Electron Theory of Valencc" to organic chemistry as exemplified hy the incorporation of "directive valences" into their treatment of the structure of carbi,aylic acids. The same conceptual model oS bonding a p pears in Fry's elahorate assignment of e k e troralenres to benzene and ils derivatives in ~~~
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