Physicochemical Stability of the Antibody−Drug Conjugate

Aug 10, 2010 - The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047. ...... (12) Lu, S. X., Takach, E. J., Solomon, M., Zhu, Q., Law...
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Bioconjugate Chem. 2010, 21, 1588–1595

Physicochemical Stability of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Trastuzumab-DM1: Changes due to Modification and Conjugation Processes Aditya A. Wakankar,*,† Maria B. Feeney,‡ Javier Rivera,† Yan Chen,| Michael Kim,| Vikas K. Sharma,§ and Y. John Wang† Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, and Protein and Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047. Received October 5, 2009;

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Revised Manuscript Received July 19, 2010

In the manufacture of the antibody-drug conjugate Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1), the lysine residues on the antibody trastuzumab (Tmab) are modified to form the intermediate Tmab-MCC (T-MCC) and then conjugated with the drug DM1. Our goal is to understand the effects of modification and conjugation steps on the physicochemical stability of the antibody. The structural stability of Tmab relative to its modified and conjugated forms was assessed, employing thermally induced stress conditions to formulations containing Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1. DSC, SEC, CE-SDS, and LC-MS were used to study the stability of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 to thermal stress. The DSC thermograms show a decrease in melting temperature for the CH2 transition, in the order Tmab > T-MCC > T-DM1. As per SEC analysis, a significant increase in level of aggregation was detected in T-MCC (∼32%) and T-DM1 (∼5%) after 14 days at 40 °C. Tmab did not show significant aggregate formation. CE-SDS and LC-MS data demonstrate that the aggregation in the case of T-MCC is largely covalent and involves mechanisms other than formation of intermolecular disulfide cross-links. The aggregation observed for T-MCC was significantly inhibited upon addition of amino acids with nucleophilic side chains containing thiol (Cys) and hydroxyl moieties (Ser, Tyr). The covalent aggregation observed for T-MCC and the ability of nucleophilic amino acids, particularly Cys, to inhibit it indicate that the maleimide moiety in the MCC linker may react to form intermolecular covalent cross-links between T-MCC molecules, possibly through a Michael addition mechanism. In addition, DSC results demonstrate that the conjugation of the drug moiety DM1 to Tmab results in destabilization of the CH2 domain of the antibody.

INTRODUCTION Antibody-drug conjugates, or immunoconjugates, are a class of chemotherapeutic agents that harness the site specificity of monoclonal antibodies to achieve targeted delivery of cytotoxic drug moieties (1, 2). On the basis of the targeted delivery of these cytotoxins, these antibody-drug conjugates selectively eliminate the cancer cells that express the surface antigen (3-6). Antibody-maytansine conjugates are a subclass of these immunoconjugates that provide for selective delivery of the cytotoxin maytansine to the tumor cells. Maytansines, first isolated from the East African shrub Maytenus serrata by Kupchan and co-workers, are members of the ansamycin group of natural products (7, 8). DM1, a semisynthetic ansamacrolide derived from the naturally occurring compound maytansine, exhibits its cytotoxicity by inhibiting microtubule polymerization, thereby blocking cell division (9, 10). Several antibodymaytansinoid conjugates involving the maytansine derivative, DM1, have been evaluated in clinical trials. Examples of these include bivatuzumab mertansine (7), huN901-DM1, BB-10901, MLN-DM1 (3, 7), and DM1-huJ591 (11, 12), which are evaluated in clinical trials to treat different forms of cancers, including small-cell lung cancer and prostate cancer. * [email protected]. † Late Stage Pharmaceutical and Processing Development, Genentech Inc. ‡ The University of Kansas. § Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc. | Protein and Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc.

Trastuzumab-DM1, or T-DM1, consists of the therapeutic anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) covalently linked to DM1 via a linker moiety to achieve targeted delivery of the cytotoxic agent to tumor cells overexpressing HER2 (3, 10, 13, 14). This antibody-drug conjugate is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of HER2 refractory metastatic breast cancer (13, 15). Scheme 1 illustrates the synthesis involved in the manufacture of the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1. The manufacture of T-DM1 consists of a two-step process in which the lysine residues on the antibody trastuzumab (Tmab) are first modified using the linker species SMCC to form the intermediate TmabMCC (T-MCC). In the second step, T-MCC is reacted with the drug DM1 to obtain the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1. This conjugation scheme results in a heterogeneous distribution having an average of ∼3.5 DM1 molecules per molecule of the antibody Tmab (16). The heterogeneity of T-DM1 arises due to the potential number of lysines (total ∼88) on Tmab that could be linked to DM1, as well as the variability in the particular sites of conjugation. Previous studies with antibody-drug conjugates have provided insight into the distribution, load, and location of conjugation sites on these antibodies (9, 12, 17-19). However, the effect of these modification and conjugation reactions on the physicochemical stability of the antibody has not been addressed. As shown in the synthetic scheme for T-DM1, the manufacturing process results in neutralization of the surface charge on the lysine residues that are modified and conjugated, as well as addition of a hydrophobic DM1 moiety to the surface of the antibody molecule. We hypothesize that the addition of

10.1021/bc900434c  2010 American Chemical Society Published on Web 08/10/2010

Physicochemical Stability of Trastuzumab-DM1 Scheme 1. Process Flow for Production of T-DM1 from Tmab, via the Key Intermediate T-MCC

the linker and drug moieties during processing, as well as the hydrophobicity of the drug DM1 itself, could lead to structural changes on the antibody molecule that affect its physicochemical properties. In our studies, we employed thermal stress using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) temperature scan to assess the changes in structural stability of Tmab due to modification and conjugation reactions. The thermal stability of Tmab has been investigated previously using DSC (20). In this study, the stability of Tmab (an IgG1) and its modified (TMCC) and conjugated forms (T-DM1) to thermally induced stress was analyzed using DSC, SEC, CE-SDS, and LC-MS. This information could be important for selecting appropriate processing, storage, and handling conditions for critical intermediates during manufacture of antibody-drug conjugates such as T-DM1.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials. Trastuzumab (Tmab), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, was manufactured at Genentech, South San Francisco. The modified (T-MCC) and conjugated (T-DM1) forms of Tmab were obtained from an early developmental manufacturing run. The amino acids used in the blocking studies had their N-termini capped as an N-acetyl derivative. The amino acids used were obtained from different sources: cysteine and serine from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), histidine from VWR (West Chester, PA), and lysine and tyrosine from Fisher Scientific. (Pittsburgh, PA). Formulation Preparation. Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 solutions were dialyzed into 10 mM sodium succinate buffer (pH 5) and then concentrated using tangential flow filtration (TFF). After measuring the protein concentration of this TFF pool by UV absorption, 10 mM sodium succinate buffer (pH 5) was added to adjust to a target protein concentration of 24

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mg/mL. To five parts of this solution was added one part of a conditioning buffer, containing 10 mM sodium succinate, 36% (w/v) trehalose dihydrate, and 0.12% (v/v) polysorbate 20 (pH 5). The final formulation thus consists of 20 mg/mL antibody in 10 mM sodium succinate buffer (pH 5), containing 6% w/v trehalose dihydrate and 0.02% w/v polysorbate 20. The final formulation was filtered through a 0.2 µm filter prior to using it for our stability investigations. Accelerated Stability Studies. The formulations were prepared as aliquots of either 200 or 60 µL per vial, depending on the study, in 3 mL Foma Vitrum glass vials, covered with 13 mm Daikyo D777-1 Fluoro Tec coated stoppers, and then sealed with Parafilm to prevent evaporation of solution during incubation. The glass vials and rubber stoppers were autoclaved prior to use. Duplicate vials were prepared for each sample time point and then placed in an incubator room held at 40 °C. The vials were sampled at each predetermined time point and then stored frozen at -70 °C prior to analyses. Formulation with Selected Amino Acids. Using a stock solution of amino acids in deionized water, each amino acid was added to a formulation to achieve an amino acid concentration of 3 mM in the final protein formulations. This concentration corresponds to a 5-fold molar excess of the amino acid over the linker moiety, MCC. The concentration of the linker moiety was calculated based on the average antibody/linker ratio of 4.5, determined using LC-MS analysis (internal document) of the development lot. In separate sample sets, N-Ac-Cys was tested using a 2-fold molar excess of this amino acid, and N-Ac-Ser was tested using a 20-fold molar excess over the linker moiety. Accelerated stability studies of the formulation samples spiked with amino acids were conducted as described under the section “accelerated stability studies”. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Thermal analysis of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 was performed using highthroughput VP Capillary DSC (MicroCal; Northampton, MA). Formulations of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 were diluted to give a final protein concentration of 1 mg/mL by adding 475 µL formulation buffer to 25 µL of sample in a 96-well plate, alternating with wells containing 500 µL formulation buffer. The instrument scanned each sample-buffer pair over the temperature range 15-95 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. In the case of experiments to evaluate the reversibility of the melting transitions, samples were scanned twice at the rate of 1 °C/min in the temperature range 15-70 °C. Data analysis was performed using Origin software (OriginLab; Northampton, MA). Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). TSKgel G3000SWXL 7.8 × 300 mm size-exclusion column from Tosoh Biosciences (So. San Francisco, CA) was connected to an Agilent 1100 series HPLC system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). The mobile phase consisted of 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 0.2 M potassium chloride, and 15% isopropyl alcohol and was pumped at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. 5 µL of sample volume was injected for analysis. The column was maintained at 25 °C using a built-in thermostat. Detection was performed by monitoring UV absorbance at 280 nm. On-Chip Capillary Gel Electrophoresis (Nonreduced Conditions). Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and Agilent Protein 230 Kit were purchased from Agilent. Formulations of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 were diluted with water to a final protein concentration of 1 mg/mL. Gel-dye solution, destaining solution, sample buffer, and ladder kit reagents were prepared as per the protocol (internal document). To 24 µL of sample buffer was added 4 µL of sample and 2 µL of denaturing solution. Samples and ladder were heated to 70 °C for 5 min in a temperature-controlled water bath, then cooled and diluted with 60 µL water. The chip was primed as instructed by the manufacturer, and 6 µL of each sample was loaded onto a well

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on the chip. The chip was placed into the Bioanalyzer, and electrophoresis with fluorescence detection was performed using the manufacturer’s preprogrammed assay parameters in the software. Peaks were manually integrated, and relative peak areas were used to calculate percentages for aggregate, monomer, and fragment. On-Chip Capillary Gel Electrophoresis (Reduced Conditions). The on-chip capillary gel electrophoresis was conducted using the same instrument as described in the protocol above. The sample preparation involved addition of 4 µL of sample (protein concentration 1 mg/mL), 2 µL of denaturing solution, and 4 µL of β-mercaptoethanol (BME) to 20 µL of 0.5% SDS solution. The sample treatment, priming, and analysis was identical to that described in the previous section. LC/MS Analysis of Deglycosylated and Reduced TMCC Samples. A PE-Sciex QSTAR Pulsar mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was used for proteinmass measurement. Samples were analyzed in positive ion mode. The capillary and cone voltages were optimized for maximum sensitivity. The optimized instrument conditions included applying an electrospray voltage of 5200 V, a first and second declustering potential (DP) of 60 V (DP1) and 15 V (DP2), and a focusing potential of 200 V. MS data were acquired and deconvoluted using Analyst QS 1.1 software. The mass spectrometer was calibrated using an aqueous solution containing 2 mg/mL NaI, 0.05 mg/mL CsI, and 30% acetonitrile for acquiring mass ranges of 650 to 2000 m/z for protein mass measurement. Deglycosylation was performed by incubating 200 µg of T-MCC samples with 2 µL of PNGase F (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) at 37 °C overnight. Deglycosylated T-MCC samples were reduced with 20 mg/mL tris(2-carboxy-ethyl) phosphine (TCEP) at 37 °C for 60 min. Approximately 15 µg reduced, deglycosylated sample was loaded onto a PLRP-S 2.1 × 150 mm, reverse-phase HPLC column (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA) equilibrated at 78 °C and coupled with QSTAR mass spectrometer. The column was eluted with a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min using a gradient of acetonitrile in water as follows: 15% acetonitrile in water for 3 min, then 15-47% acetonitrile in 37 min, 47-95% in 0.5 min, equilibration at 95% for 2 min, and back to 15% acetonitrile in 0.5 min and equilibration at 15% for 7.5 min. The HPLC flow was diverted to waste during the first 4.5 min of the gradient to avoid salt interference.

RESULTS DSC Analysis. The thermal stability of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 was assessed using DSC (Figure 1). Tmab and its modified and conjugated forms were analyzed in solutions containing the same formulation components with the antibody concentration at 1 mg/mL. The DSC thermograms for these three molecules show two major transitions. The second DSC transition did show differences in melting temperatures (tm) for the three forms investigated. A slight decrease (∼0.8 °C) in tm was observed following modification and conjugation of Tmab, giving the following order for tm values: Tmab > T-MCC > T-DM1. The first transition showed a significantly greater difference in the thermal stability of Tmab and its modified and conjugated forms. The first transition for Tmab occurred at 68.2 °C, whereas the same transition for T-MCC and T-DM1 occurred at 66.2 and 63.8 °C, respectively. The reversibility of the first transition was also evaluated for Tmab and its modified and conjugated forms. This calorimetric reversibility typically indicates that the transition from the native to the unfolded state is reversible and that the unfolded state does not undergo any subsequent reactions such as aggregation. The implication of reversibility in DSC is that the unfolded state will return to the native state upon cooling (20). For testing

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Figure 1. Comparison of the DSC thermograms of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 ([antibody] ) 1 mg/mL) in 10 mM sodium succinate, 6% w/v trehalose dihydrate, and 0.02% w/v polysorbate 20. Inset in the figure depicts reversibility of the first (CH2) transition for Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1.

Figure 2. SEC chromatograms showing elution profiles of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 after 7 days of storage at 40 °C. Each individual SEC elution profile shows the main peak (Peak 1), the dimer peak (Peak 2), and the high molecular weight aggregate peak (Peak 2′).

reversibility, the samples were rescanned following the initial sample scan in temperature range ∼15-70 °C. The trace of the DSC thermograms of the initial sample scan and the subsequent rescan were assessed for superimposability, as shown in the inset on Figure 1. On the basis of our results, the first DSC transition for Tmab and T-DM1 was reversible. However, in the case of T-MCC, the first transition was observed to be partially reversible. Effect of Modification and Conjugation on Aggregation Behavior. SEC Analysis. The aggregation behavior of Tmab and its modified (T-MCC) and conjugated (T-DM1) forms was assessed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The changes in the SEC profile following storage for 7 days at 40 °C are shown in Figure 2. Each chromatographic profile shows monomer species (Peak 1), dimer species (Peak 2), and highermolecular-weight aggregate species (Peak 2′). No significant level of fragmentation was detected under conditions of the assay. The aggregation kinetics for Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 were followed for up to 70 days at 40 °C using the SEC assay (Figure 3). T-MCC showed an increase of up to ∼40% aggregate

Physicochemical Stability of Trastuzumab-DM1

Figure 3. Time course displaying the formation of the aggregates, as per SEC analysis, in T-MCC (b), T-DM1 (2), and Tmab (9) samples incubated at 40 °C over ∼70 day time period.

formation at the end of the 70day incubation period, whereas Tmab and T-DM1 showed ∼0% and ∼11% increase, respectively. Also, the aggregation kinetics for T-MCC exhibited a biphasic increase: a fast initial aggregation rate followed by a much slower rate of aggregation. The majority of the aggregate formation occurred during the first 14 days of storage at 40 °C. On-Chip Nonreduced and Reduced CE-SDS Analysis. The aggregate formation in Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 samples after storage at 40 °C for 14 days was further analyzed using nonreduced and reduced CE-SDS. The nonreduced CE-SDS profile of T-MCC showed the presence of covalent aggregates corresponding to molecular weights of 260, 330, and 390 kDa (Figure 4a). The nonreduced CE-SDS profile of T-DM1 upon incubation was similar to T-MCC. However, the total peak area contribution from the covalent aggregates in T-DM1 was ∼3% compared to ∼39% observed in the case of T-MCC. Aggregates were not detected in Tmab sample incubated at 40 °C (data not shown).

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To assess whether the covalent aggregation observed in T-MCC was due to formation of interchain disulfides, on-chip CE-SDS was performed under reducing conditions. As shown in Figure 4b, the reduced CE-SDS profile of T-MCC shows two main peaks corresponding to the heavy chain (molecular weight ∼60 kDa) and light chain (molecular weight ∼20 kDa). These peaks were the only two peaks observed in the reduced CE-SDS profile of Tmab (data not shown). However, in case of T-MCC in addition to these two main peaks, several other peaks corresponding to molecular weights of ∼85, 120, 140, and 160 kDa were observed. On the basis of the calculated molecular weights, these additional peaks corresponded to fractions such as HL, HH, HHL, and HHLL. These peaks contributed to ∼45% of the total peak area. The detection of these peaks suggests that, in the case of T-MCC, the formation of interchain cross-links involves mechanisms other than disulfide bond formation. The reduced CE-SDS profile of T-DM1 sample was similar to T-MCC; however, the peaks corresponding to interchain cross-links contributed to less than 10% of the total peak area (data not shown). The reduced T-MCC samples were also analyzed using LCMS. The most intense ions in the deconvoluted mass spectra of the reduced T-MCC samples correspond to light chain and heavy chain related fragments as expected (data not shown). As shown in Figure 5, minor species with m/z of 72 822 and 73 041 Da were also observed. The theoretical and experimental molecular weights for cross-linked species comprising light chain and heavy chain linked through one and two MCC linkers are shown in Table 1. Our results show agreement between the experimental molecular weights and the theoretical molecular weights. The total extents of aggregation, both covalent and noncovalent, for Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 were compared after 14 days of storage at 40 °C using results obtained from SEC and nonreduced CE-SDS analysis (Figure 6). For T-MCC, a majority of the aggregation observed was covalent in nature. However, for T-DM1, the majority of the aggregation observed was noncovalent in nature (Figure 6). No significant level of aggregation, either covalent or noncovalent, was observed for Tmab under the conditions of incubation. A comparison of the results for T-DM1 with T-MCC demonstrates that the extent

Figure 4. Electropherograms showing the elution profile of T-MCC upon incubation for up to 14 days at 40 °C. Panel A is the elution profile of T-MCC (0 and 14 days) analyzed using on-chip CE-SDS under nonreduced conditions, whereas Panel B is the elution profile of T-MCC analyzed by on-chip CE-SDS under reduced conditions. The labels on Panel B correspond to the heavy chain (H) and light chain (L) moieties and also the combinations of these H and L moieties that were observed.

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Figure 5. Deconvoluted mass graph of T-MCC showing cross-linked heavy chain-light chain (HL) with one linker and two linkers. Table 1. Masses of Reduced Fragments, Heavy Chain (H) and Light Chain (L), and Cross-Linked Heavy Chain-Light Chain (HL) Observed from LC-MS along with Their Respective Theoretical Masses theoretical experimental

L

H

HL+1 Linker

HL+2 Linkers

23443 23443

49157 49156

72819 72822

73038 73041

of aggregation is substantially inhibited when T-MCC is conjugated with the drug DM1 (Figure 6). Effect of Blocking Agents on Aggregation of T-MCC. On the basis of this result, it was hypothesized that maleimide species in T-MCC could be responsible for covalent aggregation. Our goal was to assess whether the aggregation behavior of T-MCC could be inhibited using agents that react with the free maleimidyl species. N-acetyl derivatives of amino acids such as Cys, Lys, His, Ser, and Thr, each with nucleophilic sidechains, were added to the formulation of T-MCC to investigate their ability to react with the maleimide moiety of the T-MCC species. Tmab has very low levels of free Cys residues ∼0.2 mol/mol of Tmab (internal document), as these residues are involved in formation of both inter- and intrachain disulfide linkages. On the other hand, nucleophilic residues such as Lys, His, Ser, and Thr are abundant in Tmab and could also potentially interact with the maleimide moiety of the linker.

Figure 7. Effect of addition of N-acetylated amino acids Cys (b), Ser (2), Tyr (1), Lys ([), and His (+) on aggregate formation observed in the control (9) formulation. The control formulation consisted of 20 mg/mL T-MCC, 10 mM succinate (pH 5.0), 6% w/v trehalose dihydrate, and 0.02% w/v polysorbate 20. The concentration of the N-acetyl amino acids was maintained at 3 mM, and the different formulation samples were incubated at 40 °C for up to 11 days.

T-MCC and its formulations with the different amino acid residues were incubated for a period of ∼11 days at 40 °C. The samples were then assessed using SEC analysis. Our results shown in Figure 7 demonstrate ∼25% increase in aggregation in the control sample of T-MCC, with no amino acids added, following storage for up to 10 days at 40 °C. No significant level of aggregate formation was detected in formulations containing 3 mM Cys as an additive. Also, formulations containing 3 mM Ser or Tyr greatly reduced the extent of aggregation observed relative to the control. The total amount of aggregation observed for T-MCC in the presence of 3 mM His and Lys was comparable to the control. To determine if lower amounts of Cys could result in a similar inhibitory effect on T-MCC aggregation, a formulation containing a 2-fold excess of Cys over the MCC moiety in T-MCC was prepared. This formulation was stored at 40 °C and the stability assessed over a 10 day period. On the basis of our results, the inhibitory effect on T-MCC was comparable in formulations containing a 2-fold and a 5-fold molar excess of Cys. Also, formulations containing a 20-fold molar excess of Ser showed one-third the amount of aggregation observed in solutions containing a 5-fold excess (data not shown). To further confirm the results obtained using SEC analysis, the T-MCC formulation samples containing no added amino acid (control), Cys, Ser, and Tyr incubated at 40 °C for ∼11 days were reduced and analyzed using LC-MS assay (Figure 8). Figure 8 shows the relative peak areas of the cross-linked HL species for the control and samples containing the different amino acid additives. Both the addition of Ser and Tyr leads to reduction in the HL peak area, whereas no HL species was observed in incubated samples containing Cys.

DISCUSSION

Figure 6. Comparison of the aggregate formation in formulation samples of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1 incubated for 14 days in 40 °C based on SEC (black bars) and nonreduced CE-SDS data (white bars).

In the manufacturing scheme for T-DM1, the lysine residues on the antibody Tmab are first modified via reaction with SMCC to obtain the intermediate T-MCC (Scheme 1). This intermediate consists of lysine residues on the antibody covalently bonded to the linker moiety MCC through an amide bond. In the subsequent conjugation reaction, the free thiol of the drug moiety DM1 reacts with the maleimide of the intermediate T-MCC via a Michael addition mechanism to produce the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1. This process, a modification of the surface lysine residues, results in neutralization of the positive charge

Physicochemical Stability of Trastuzumab-DM1

Figure 8. Differences in levels of cross-linked species present in thermally stressed samples of T-MCC and T-MCC treated with N-acetylated amino acids Ser (NAS), Tyr (NAY), and Cys (NAC). Relative levels of cross-linking were quantified from deconvoluted mass spectra.

on these residues as well as addition of a large (molecular weight ∼959 Da) hydrophobic moiety on the antibody surface. The conjugated antibody T-DM1 that results from this processing is a heterogeneous species, with regard to both the number of lysine residues that are conjugated as well as the location of these conjugation sites. The average drug to antibody ratio of T-DM1 is 3.5 having anywhere from 1 to 7 lysine residues modified. Our studies assess the impact of these modification and conjugation reactions on the physicochemical attributes of the antibody. To assess the structural stability of Tmab and its modified and conjugated forms, the three antibody forms were subjected to temperature-induced unfolding using DSC. The DSC profile for Tmab, the parent antibody, shows two transitions: the first transition at 68.2 °C and the second transition at 82.2 °C (Figure 1). Using DSC, Ionescu et al. studied the temperature-induced unfolding of three humanized IgG1 molecules and their Fab and Fc fragments (20). Their studies also included an investigation of the effect of variable domains present in IgG1s on the structural stability of the antibody. On the basis of the measured enthalpy of unfolding, it was proposed that, if the variable domain sequences in the IgG1 do not affect the thermal stability of the Fab fragment, then the first transition in the DSC thermogram represents the melting of the conserved heavy chain 2 (CH2) domain and the second transition represents melting of the CH3 domain and the Fab fragment. Tmab was one of three IgG1s investigated in their research study, and it was demonstrated that the first transition, which has a lower experimental enthalpy, represents the unfolding of the CH2 domain, while the second transition, with a higher experimental enthalpy, represents melting of the CH3 domain and the Fab region. Our results for Tmab were consistent with their observations. The DSC profiles of T-MCC and T-DM1, similar to Tmab, also showed two transitions (Figure 1). A comparison of the DSC profiles of the three antibody forms showed a decrease in tm for both the first and second transitions following modification and conjugation processes with the following order: Tmab > T-MCC > T-DM1. The decrease in tm observed for the first transition of Tmab following modification and conjugation processes was ∼4.4 °C, whereas the decrease in tm observed for the second transition was only ∼0.8 °C. Also, the CH2 domain unfolding was observed to be a partially reversible transition in case of T-MCC. These results suggest that the modification and conjugation of Tmab has a significantly greater impact on the thermal stability of the CH2 domain than on the rest of the antibody.

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Comparison to huN901-DM1, another humanized IgG1 antibody-maytansinoid conjugate that utilizes a similar linker chemistry to covalently attach the drug species DM1 to lysine residues on the antibody surface, provides some insight to the results presented here for T-DM1. The structural characterization of huN901-DM1 was performed by Wang et al. using mass spectrometry (9). Their studies identified 40 different conjugation sites on the IgG1 antibody, out of a total of 86 lysine residues that could possibly be covalently attached to the DM1 species. A majority of these conjugation sites were observed to be in the constant heavy chain and light chain regions of the antibody. Their investigations demonstrated that the drug molecules can distribute over ∼47% of the available lysine residues, with the abundance of drug molecules at each particular site being relatively low. Out of the 40 conjugation sites that were identified, 12 were identified in the CH2 domain. The X-ray crystal structure of the CH2 domain of an IgG1 molecule (PDB ID: 1L6X) structure reveals that the Lys residues in the CH2 domain of the IgG1 show a high degree of solvent accessibility (structure not shown). The atomic displacement parameter, the B values, for the Lys side chains were computed based on the X-ray crystal structure of the IgG1. The B values were used to determine the local flexibilities of the lysine side chains. The values for the lysine side chain residues indicate that these lysine residues located in the CH2 domain are associated with more flexible regions of the IgG1 molecule (9). Both the surface accessibility and the flexibility are factors that could lead to greater reactivity of the CH2 Lys residues. The decrease in the structural stability observed, as per DSC, for the CH2 domain of Tmab after modification and conjugation could be attributed to the density of Lys residues present in the CH2 region as well as their propensity to react with the linker and drug species. To further assess the biophysical stability of Tmab, T-MCC, and T-DM1, the three antibody forms were incubated at a stress condition of 40 °C over approximately 70 days (Figure 3). The major degradants identified following temperature stress at 40 °C using SEC were the dimer species and some highermolecular-weight aggregate species (Figure 2). With regard to formation of these degradants, the following order of stability to temperature stress was observed among the three antibody forms investigated: Tmab > T-DM1 > T-MCC. Recall that the structural stability predicted as per DSC was as follows: Tmab > T-MCC > T-DM1. Thus, the order of susceptibility of the three antibody forms to aggregate formation is not consistent with the order of thermal stability predicted as per DSC. Also, the aggregation behavior of T-MCC demonstrated a biphasic profile with a faster aggregation rate observed during the initial time period of 14 days (Figure 3), followed by a much slower aggregation rate upon prolonged storage. The unique aggregation behavior observed for T-MCC may be indicative of mechanisms other than the typical hydrophobic interactions that play a role in its degradation. To further investigate the aggregation phenomenon observed in T-MCC, formulation samples subjected to temperature stress at 40 °C were analyzed using on-chip CE-SDS under nonreduced and reduced conditions (Figure 4a,b), as were samples of Tmab and T-DM1 exposed to the same thermal stress (electropherograms not shown). Under nonreduced conditions, several peaks corresponding to covalent aggregates were observed in the electrophoretic profile of T-MCC (Figure 4a). The observed molecular weights of these aggregates suggest presence of a covalent dimer species (molecular weight ∼330 kDa), as well as some other aggregates involving monomer and dimer species. A comparison of the aggregate levels in SEC and nonreduced CE-SDS indicated that covalent aggregation contributed to ∼84% of the total aggregation in the case of

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T-MCC and ∼30% of the total aggregation observed in the case of T-DM1 (Figure 6). The free thiol content of Tmab is fairly low, experimentally determined to be ∼0.2 mol/mol of antibody (internal document). As a result, the extent of aggregation observed cannot be explained solely on the basis of formation of intermolecular disulfide cross-links. However, the processing of Tmab to T-MCC could probably generate free thiols within the antibody via potential reduction of Cys residues. To investigate the mechanism of covalent aggregation in case of T-MCC, on-chip CE-SDS was performed under reducing conditions. As shown in Figure 4b, for T-MCC a number of peaks in addition to those corresponding to heavy chain and light chain were observed. On the basis of the calculated molecular weights, these additional peaks corresponded to species such as HL, HH, HHL, and HHLL. If the covalent aggregates were primarily mediated through disulfide bonds, then the predominant species in the reduced CE-SDS is expected to be the H-chain and the L-Chain. The presence of various cross-linked species (HL, HH, HHL, and HHLL) suggests that other forms of covalent interactions are involved. Furthermore, it is possible that the cross-linking could be either intramolecular (i.e., within an antibody molecule) or intermolecular (i.e., involving different antibody molecules). It was noted that during incubation the percent increase in covalent aggregates for T-MCC, measured as per nonreduced CE-SDS assay, was comparable to the percent increase in cross-linked species, determined as per reduced CE-SDS assay (data not shown). This suggests that the formation of covalent aggregates in T-MCC samples results predominantly from formation of intermolecular nondisulfide mediated covalent cross-linking between the different H and L chains. Mass spectrometric analysis of reduced T-MCC samples was performed to confirm the presence of the cross-linked species observed in the reduced CE-SDS assay. The most intense ions in the deconvoluted mass spectra of the reduced T-MCC samples correspond to light chain and heavy chain related fragments with minor species observed at m/z of 72 822 and 73 041 Da (Figure 5). The molecular weights of these species are in agreement with cross-linking between light chain and heavy chain through one and two MCC linkers, respectively (Table 1). However, other interchain cross-linked species such as HH, HHL, and HHLL were not observed. This is possibly the result of factors including poor ionization efficiency and poor transmission of higher mass ions through the mass spectrometer. A comparison of the aggregation behavior of T-MCC and T-DM1 shows that T-DM1 has an increased stability to aggregation compared to T-MCC. As mentioned earlier, the aggregation of T-MCC is predominantly covalent in nature. The chemical difference between T-MCC and T-DM1 is the presence of free maleimide moieties on the T-MCC surface. T-DM1 is the product of the conjugation reaction, during which the thiol group of DM1 undergoes nucleophilic Michael addition to the double bond of the maleimidyl moiety of T-MCC. Other nucleophilic groups, such as amino groups and hydroxyl groups that are present abundantly on amino acid side chains of Tmab, can also react with the maleimide moiety of T-MCC to form interchain cross-links. To investigate whether the formation of these intermolecular cross-links between nucleophilic amino acid side chains of T-MCC and its maleimide moiety was responsible for the covalent aggregation observed, the N-acetylated amino acids Cys, Lys, His, Ser, and Tyr were added to T-MCC formulations at concentration of 3 mM. After ∼11 days under thermal stress conditions at 40 °C, SEC results (Figure 7) demonstrate that the aggregation observed for T-MCC was inhibited completely following addition of 3 mM Cys to the formulation. At 1.2 mM

Wakankar et al.

concentration of Cys, this represents a 2-fold molar excess over free maleimide moieties; a similar effect on inhibition of T-MCC aggregation was observed. Addition of amino acids Ser and Tyr also resulted in a significant (∼8%) decrease in aggregation. In the case of Ser, it was noted that this inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent with a 4-fold increase in Ser concentration leading to 3-fold increase in inhibition. The inhibitory effect of Cys, Ser, and Tyr was also confirmed using LC-MS analysis of the reduced T-MCC formulation samples containing the different amino acids. Figure 8 shows the relative response of the cross-linked HL species in these samples. It was observed that reaction of T-MCC with Cys resulted in a very stable product where little to no cross-linked species were present after ∼11 days under thermal stress conditions at 40 °C. Samples stressed in the presence of Ser and Tyr amino acids showed lower amounts of the cross-linked HL species compared with the control. This inhibition in the cross-linked HL species could be due to nucleophilic addition of Cys, Ser, and Tyr amino acids to the maleimide moiety that is present on T-MCC. This reaction would block formation of both intermolecular and intramolecular cross-links between the different heavy chain and light chains. In conclusion, the modification and conjugation processes involved in synthesis of the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 destabilize the CH2 domain of the antibody. Wang et al. demonstrated that the lysine residues in this domain, due to their greater flexibility and solvent accessibility, are more susceptible to conjugation with the drug species DM1 than are those in other parts of the molecule (9). The increased susceptibility of the CH2 Lys residues to conjugation leads to disruption in the structural stability of this domain. In addition, T-MCC, an intermediate in the processing of T-DM1, is highly susceptible to covalent aggregation. This covalent aggregation could be due to formation of intermolecular cross-links involving the maleimidyl moiety and the side chains of nucleophilic amino acid such as Cys, Ser, or Tyr. The conjugation of the drug DM1 to T-MCC greatly increases the stability of the molecule to aggregation behavior.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Drs. Oscar Salas-Solano and Fred Jacobson for their technical support and advice. We also thank Dr. Charlie Eigenbrot for providing us the X-ray crystal structure information on the IgG1 CH2 domain.

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