Polymer Durability - ACS Publications - American Chemical Society

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Polymer Durability

In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.



ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES 249

Polymer Durability


Degradation, Stabilization, and Lifetime Prediction Roger L. Clough, EDITOR Sandia National Laboratories Norman C . Billingham, EDITOR University of Sussex Kenneth T. Gillen, EDITOR Sandia National Laboratories

Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., at the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 22-27, 1993

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1996


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Polymer durability: degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction / Roger L . Clough, editor, Norman C . Billingham, editor, Kenneth T. Gillen, editor.


p.

cm.—(Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-2393; 249)

"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., at the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 22-27, 1993." Includes bibliographical references and indexes. I S B N 0-8412-3134-6 (hardbound) 1. Polymers—Deterioration—Congresses 2. Stabilizing agents—Congresses I. Clough, Roger L . (Roger Lee), 1949. II. Billingham, N . C . III. Gillen, Kenneth T. IV. American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry. V. American Chemical Society. Meeting (206th: 1993: Chicago, 111.). VI. Series. QD1.A355 no. 249 [QD381.9.D47] 540 s—dc20 [668.9]

95-12163 CIP

The paper used i n this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed l i b r a r y Materials, A N S I Z39.48-1984. Copyright © 1996 American Chemical Society A l l Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, M A 01923, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means—graphic or electronic—for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by A C S of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any odier person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may i n any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

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1995 Advisory Board


A d v a n c e s i n C h e m i s t r y Series

Robert J. Alaimo Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals

Mark Arnold

University of Iowa

David Baker

University of Tennessee

Arindam Bose Pfizer Central Research

Robert F. Brady, Jr.

Naval Research Laboratory

Mary E . Castellion

ChemEdit Company

Margaret A. Cavanaugh

National Science Foundation

Arthur B. Ellis University of Wisconsin at Madison

Gunda I. Georg

University of Kansas

Madeleine M . Joullie

Cynthia A. Maryanoff

R. W . Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute

Roger A. Minear

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Omkaram Nalamasu

A T & T Bell Laboratories

Vincent Pecoraro

University of Michigan

George W . Roberts North Carolina State University

R. Shapley John University of Illinois

at Urbana-Champaign

Douglas A. Smith

Concurrent Technologies Corporation

L. Somasundaram

DuPont

Michael D . Taylor

University of Pennsylvania

Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research

Lawrence P. Klemann

William C. Walker

Douglas R. Lloyd

Peter Willett

Nabisco Foods Group

The University of Texas at Austin

DuPont

University of Sheffield (England)



FOREWORD ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES

The was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society's journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be frag mented because their papers would be distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are reviewed critically according to A C S editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of A C S publications. Volumes in the maintain the integrity of the symposia on which they are based; however, verbatim reproductions of previously published papers are not accepted. Papers may include reports of research as well as reviews, because symposia may embrace both types of presentation.

ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES


ABOUT THE EDITORS


ROGER L . CLOUGH is Manager of the Organic

Materials Synthesis and Degradation Depart ment at Sandia National Laboratories. He re ceived his P h . D . degree in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1975 un der the supervision of J. D . Roberts. He then spent a year as a North Atlantic Treaty Or ganization Postdoctoral Fellow at the Techni cal University in Munich, with E . O. Fischer. This fellowship was followed by a year as a National Science Foundation Fellow at the University of California at Los Angeles with Chris Foote. Clough has authored more than 100 research papers, holds five patents, has written numerous review articles on stability and stabilization of polymers to ionizing radiation, and has edited two books on the subject of radiation effects on polymers. His research activ ities include polymer oxidation mechanisms, lifetime prediction methodolo gies, oxygen diffusion effects in materials degradation, development of analytical techniques for monitoring materials degradation, and understanding changes in mechanical properties and color that occur as polymers undergo aging. The department that Clough manages has responsibility for developing a variety of high-performance materials and for investigating a wide range of polymer degradation problems involving environments of elevated tempera ture, U V light, or ionizing radiation.

NORMAN BILLINGHAM

C. is Reader in Chem istry in the School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences at the University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom. H e received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Bir mingham. In 1967 he moved to Sussex as an ICI Research Fellow, and he has spent his re search career in Sussex, moving from Lecturer to Reader in 1988. His research interests in degradation and stabilization of polymers in clude development of new methods of study, especially chemiluminescence and optical mi croscopy. H e has worked on solubility, diffu sion, and loss of stabilizing additives and on application of U V and fluorescence microscopy to study additive location and migration. Other research interests are in polymer synthesis, with an emphasis on use of group-transfer and revii


lated polymerization methods to prepare monodisperse block copolymers for evaluation as dispersants and binders in ceramics processing and in membrane applications. A particular interest is water-soluble and amphiphilic polymers and their solution behavior. Billingham has published more than 100 papers and reviews. H e was awarded the 1994 Royal Society of Chemistry Industrial Award in Maeromolecules and Polymers for his work in degradation and sta bilization of polymers. H e is editor of the Elsevier journal Polymer Degradation and Stability.


KENNETH GILLEN

T. received his B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley and his P h . D . degree in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1970. After a two-year postdoctorate at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and a one-year position at J E O L , Ltd., he joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1974. Since 1991, Gillen has been a Distin guished Member of the Technical Staff in the Properties of Organic Materials Department. His research interests focus on aging effects of polymeric materials, where he develops ex perimental techniques and creates and verifies models for various aging en vironments. He has coauthored approximately 100 publications and eight invited book chapters. Gillen serves as the U.S. representative on the Inter national Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Radiation Effects Working Group, which creates and rewrites I E C radiation standards on endurance of insulating materials. For the past eight years, he has been the organizer of the Department of Energy Conferences on Compatibility, Aging, and Service Life.

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Polymer Durability - ACS Publications - American Chemical Society

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