Polymer Materials for Electronic Applications - American Chemical

14 Synthesis and Properties of Branched Epoxy Resins JON

F. GEIBEL

Downloaded by UNIV LAVAL on May 5, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: April 7, 1982 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1982-0184.ch014

Western Electric Co., Inc., Engineering Research Center, Princeton, NJ 08540

Epoxy resins, ubiquitous in the electronics industry, are used in a wide variety of applications in the manufacture of electronic components, including insulation materials, c i r c u i t board substrates, and component coatings and encapsulants. Thus, the cured epoxy resin is a highly functional material whose final chemical, physical, and electrical properties dictate the ultimate u t i l i t y of that material. Most coating applications mandate control over the viscosity of the epoxy resin(s) during the coating and/or curing processes. Linear epoxy resins span a large range of viscosities; however, only the upper range of commercially available resins (e.g. EEW ≥ 500 g/eq.) is suitable for powder coating applications. An important consideration in many protective coatings is solvent resistance. It is known that decreasing the molecular weight between cross-links w i l l decrease the solvent absorption of that thermoset (1, 2). Therefore, the lower molecular weight pre-polymers ( i . e . , lower EEW epoxy resins) w i l l provide the optimum solvent resistance. These solvent resistant coatings are not accessible with higher molecular weight solid epoxy resins. To solve this problem, a higher functionality epoxy resin is typically blended with the linear epoxy resin. This class of resins is the epoxy cresol/phenol novolacs. These materials are solids, with a variety of functionalities commercially available. Novolac resins possess low melt viscosities. This impacts on two areas: 1) When blended with a high molecular weight resin, the viscosity of the mixture is lowered. The high molecular weight resin was originally used to maintain a viscosity commensurate with processing constraints. 2) Mixing two materials with significantly different viscosities is non-trivial. Extrusion is an industrial method for blending epoxy resins. Attempting to extrude materials with widely different viscosities is d i f f i c u l t and often yields an inhomogeneous extrudate. A direct consequence of a poor extrusion is degraded solvent resistance. 0097-6156/82/0184-0185 $ 0 5 . 0 0 / 0 ©

1982 A m e r i c a n Chemical Society

Feit and Wilkins; Polymer Materials for Electronic Applications ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982.

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Therefore, to e l i m i n a t e the above stated p r o p e r t i e s of mixtures of high molecular weight l i n e a r epoxy r e s i n s and low molecular weight epoxy c r e s o l novolac r e s i n s , a new method for s y n t h e s i z i n g a c l a s s of r e s i n s possessing the wanted p r o p e r t i e s of high molecular weight and high c r o s s - l i n k density i s presented.


Synthesis of Branched

Epoxy Resins

The advancement process f o r s y n t h e s i z i n g s o l i d epoxy r e s i n s from the monomers proceeds v i a a fusion r e a c t i o n of the d i g l y c i d y l ether of bisphenol A and bisphenol A (3). The advancement r e a c t i o n i s shown i n Figure 1. The r e a c t i o n i s c a r r i e d out with a c a l c u l a t e d excess of epoxy monomer so that: 1. A l l the phenol i s consumed; thus, the bisphenol A i s the l i m i t i n g reagent. 2. The product i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y terminated by an epoxide. Therefore, the product molecule, no matter what the molecular weight, i s capable of r e a c t i n g with curing agents i n e x a c t l y the same manner as does the epoxy monomer. Since both s t a r t i n g compounds are d i f u n c t i o n a l , t h i s polymerization t h e o r e t i c a l l y y i e l d s only l i n e a r polymers. Thus, h i g h l y f u n c t i o n a l c u r i n g agents must be used to form three-dimensional c r o s s - l i n k e d networks. A d d i t i o n a l l y , the s t a r t i n g reactants are not 100% pure ( i . e . , they c o n t a i n non-reactive end group i m p u r i t i e s ) . The advancement process consumes r e a c t i v e moieties and w i l l increase the r e l a t i v e r a t i o of "dead ends" to " r e a c t i v e " epoxides. This i s most c r i t i c a l when advancing to high molecular weights, where the m a j o r i t y of epoxides i s consumed ( 4 ) . As p r e v i o u s l y stated, to increase the c r o s s - l i n k d e n s i t y , m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l r e s i n s are mixed with these high molecular weight l i n e a r r e s i n s . An a l t e r n a t i v e to that approach i s to add a m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l r e s i n to the advancement process, thus s y n t h e s i z i n g branched high molecular weight epoxy r e s i n s . Figure 2 o u t l i n e s such a s y n t h e t i c scheme. C a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a branched advancement synthesis are defined to permit development of w e l l - c h a r a c t e r i z e d f u n c t i o n a l i t y i n the product molecules. In t h i s study, the d i f u n c t i o n a l epoxy r e s i n monomer used i s the d i g l y c i d y l ether of bisphenol A, Epon 828, and the m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l epoxy phenol novolac r e s i n used i s DEN 438. Let: X - Weight % Y = Weight % Z • Weight %

Epon 828 BPA DEN 438

(EEW = 190 g/eq) (PEW = 114 g/eq) (EEW - 183.5 g/eq)

Conservation of epoxides d i c t a t e s that f o r a branched advancement to an EEW = 1000 g/eq. the f o l l o w i n g equation i s valid:


Feit and Wilkins; Polymer Materials for Electronic Applications ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982. Figure 1.

HO

Linear advancement reaction.

+

OH


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POLYMER


14.

GEIBEL

Branched

Epoxy

189

Resins

Xg + Zg . Yg 190 g/eq 183.5 g/eq 114 g / e q

lQOg 1000 g/eq Equivalents of epoxides remaining a f t e r advancement

Equivalents of epoxides before advancement

Equivalents of epoxides consumed by advancement

A d d i t i o n a l l y , c o n s e r v a t i o n o f mass d i c t a t e s w e i g h t s o f t h e r e a c t a n t s must e q u a l 100%:


X • Y + Z

(1)

t h e sum o f t h e

(2)

100

T h i s l e a v e s us w i t h 2 e q u a t i o n s and 3 unknowns. T h e r e f o r e , we d e f i n e a p a r a m e t e r , n, s u c h t h a t a t h i r d e q u a t i o n a l l o w s a u n i q u e s o l u t i o n t o X, Y, and Z. T h u s , n i s d e f i n e d as the r a t i o o f moles o f b r a n c h p o i n t s t o moles o f epoxy r e s i n . I n s p e c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t few members o f an i d e a l i z e d homologous s e r i e s shows some o b v i o u s t r e n d s . Table

I.

I d e a l i z e d Homologous

Branch C o n c e n t r a t i o n

S e r i e s o f Branched

Structure

Epoxy

EEW

0

Resins

MW

1000

2000

1

1000

3000

2

1000

4000

o-

The m o l e c u l a r

weight o f the r e s i n MW

i sclearly

g i v e n bv:

= 2000 + lOOOn


(3)

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Thus, f o r 100 g of r e s i n , the number of moles of r e s i n i s given by: , . moles of r e s i n =


c

100 g . , . 2 v 7—:— (2000 + lOOOn) g/mole

/,x (4)

nn

M f t A

DEN 438 has a s t a t i s t i c a l f u n c t i o n a l i t y of 3.6 epoxides/molecule ( 5 ) . Thus, i n c o r p o r a t i o n of 1 molecule of DEN 438 i n t o 1 molecule of advanced r e s i n gives s t a t i s t i c a l l y 1.6 branches i n that molecule of r e s i n (3.6 epoxides are present. Two are consumed to form the l i n e a r c o n t i n u a t i o n of the r e s i n . The d i f f e r e n c e , 1.6 epoxides, i s the number of branches generated.). The t i t r a t e d EEW of DEN 438 i s 183.5 g/eq. Thus, the molecular weight i s 3.6 times greater (660.60 g/mole of DEN 438). Thus, knowing that 1 mole of DEN 438 gives 1.6 branches, one gets a "branch equivalent weight" (BEW). BEW

=

: mole of DEN 438 1.6 moles of branches BEW - 412.9 g/mole of branches.

(5) (6)

Thus, f o r a given composition with Z grams of DEN 438, the t o t a l number of moles of branches i s given by: moles of branches = .. 412.9 0

n

, 8—— — g/mole of branches Z

(7)

S u b s t i t u t i n g (4) and (7) i n t o the d e f i n i t i o n of n:

10

A l 2 . 9 + lOOOn)

(8)

°/(2000

Solving f o r Z: m Z

41.29 n (2 • n)

(

^

Thus, merely by s p e c i f y i n g n, and using equations (1), ( 2 ) , and (9) a unique s o l u t i o n to X, Y, and Z i s obtained. Results and D i s c u s s i o n An homologous s e r i e s of advancement r e a c t i o n s was synthesized using standard r e a c t i o n conditions on a 300 gram s c a l e . The branch concentration was increased from zero to 0.677 branches/molecule. V i s c o s i t y and gel permeation (GPC) data were obtained. Table II summarizes the r e s u l t s .


}

14.

GEIBEL

Branched

Epoxy

Resins

191

Table I I . Branched Epoxy Resins: GPC and Melt V i s c o s i t y v s . Branch Concentration n

EEW


0 0.098 0.184 0.260 0.327 0.441 0.534 0.677

1015 972 971 1030 980 976 972 1021

^ (cp @ 175C) 2954 2918 3643 4050 4738 5920 6449 9839

Mn 3242 4274 4817 5324 5615 6499 7248 9700

1601 1846 1804 1914 1911 1973 1984 2126

The t h e o r e t i c a l EEW was 1000 g/eq f o r a l lof these r e a c t i o n s . A l l r e a c t i o n s were + 30 g/eq (+3%) of the c a l c u l a t e d equivalent weight. The weight average and number average molecular weights increase monotonically with i n c r e a s i n g branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The melt v i s c o s i t i e s a l s o increase with i n c r e a s i n g branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Figure 3 shows the melt v i s c o s i t y at 175°C versus branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The melt v i s c o s i t y increases by greater than a f a c t o r o f three f o r t h i s homologous s e r i e s of r e s i n s . At branch concentrations greater than 0.5 branches/molecule there i s a d e v i a t i o n from the l i n e a r l y i n c r e a s i n g v i s c o s i t y seen at lower branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . Figure 4 d i s p l a y s versus branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . At branch concentrations g r e a t e r than 0.5, M increases more r a p i d l y than at lower branch concentrations. Figure 5 p l o t s l o g (melt v i s c o s i t y ) versus log(M ) The l i n e a r i t y of t h i s p l o t i n d i c a t e that the s i z e of these epoxy r e s i n s i s below the c r i t i c a l molecular weight f o r chain-chain entanglements. The slope o f t h i s p l o t i s 1.4 and i s c o n s i s t e n t with no chain entanglements. An homologous s e r i e s of cured coatings of branched epoxy r e s i n s was tested f o r the k i n e t i c s of swelling with methyl e t h y l ketone. The s e r i e s of epoxy r e s i n s was synthesized with constant EEW and i n c r e a s i n g branch content (EEW = 1000 g/eq and n - 0, 0.25 and 0.50, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . The syntheses were c a r r i e d out on a 3.5 kg s c a l e . Samples were cured with a s t o i c h i o m e t r i c amount of methylene d i a n i l i n e at 200°C f o r 30 minutes. Increasing branch content decreases the rate of solvent absorption d r a m a t i c a l l y . The increased number of c r o s s - l i n k s i n the cured samples o f the h i g h l y branched epoxy r e s i n s r e s u l t s i n decreased chain m o b i l i t y which i s responsible f o r the decreased solvent uptake. Figure 6 shows the weight uptake o f methyl e t h y l ketone per unit area versus square root of time o f immersion i n the neat solvent. w

w

#


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Branched

Epoxy

Resins


GEIBEL


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194


GEIBEL

Branched

Epoxy

195

Resins


14.

I

2 Time « v

Figure 6.

3

(minute ) l/t

MEK absorption vs. square root of time. Key: A, n = 0.00; B, n = 0.25; and C,n — 0.50.


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Conclusions A c o n c i s e s y n t h e s i s o f b r a n c h e d epoxy r e s i n s i s presented. S t o i c h i o m e t r i c c a l c u l a t i o n s are d i s c u s s e d which t r e a t t h e s y n t h e s i s i n an i d e a l i z e d s t a t i s t i c a l m o d e l . The c a l c u l a t i o n s c a n be a d a p t e d t o any w e l l c h a r a c t e r i z e d r e a c t a n t s .


An h o m o l o g o u s s e r i e s o f epoxy r e s i n s w i t h c o n s t a n t e p o x i d e e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t and i n c r e a s i n g b r a n c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i s p l a y e d i n c r e a s e d m e l t v i s c o s i t y and w e i g h t a v e r a g e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t . The r a n g e o f m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y was shown t o be b e l o w t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r c h a i n - c h a i n e n t a n g l e m e n t s . Powder c o a t i n g s were p r e p a r e d by e x t r u d i n g s t o i c h i o m e t r i c q u a n t i t i e s o f m e t h y l e n e d i a n i i i n e w i t h epoxy r e s i n s v a r y i n g only i n branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . More h i g h l y b r a n c h e d r e s i n s r e s u l t i n a more t i g h t l y c r o s s - l i n k e d t h e r m o s e t network. Solvent absorption data i n d i c a t e decreased absorption with i n c r e a s i n g branch c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Experimental Advancement r e a c t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t on a 300 gran^ scale, unless otherwise s p e c i f i e d , using commercially supplied Epon 828, BPA and DEN 438. A l l r e s i n s were u s e d as r e c e i v e d , w i t h no f u r t h e r p u r i f i c a t i o n . T r i p h e n y l p h o s p h i n e was u s e d as r e c e i v e d from P o l y s c i e n c e s ( l o t 2 - 2 4 0 1 ) . Advancement r e a c t i o n s were p e r f o r m e d u s i n g e l e c t r i c heating mantles. Temperatures of the r e s i n , mantle/beaker i n t e r f a c e , and m a n t l e i n t e r i o r were r e c o r d e d v i a thermocouples. R e a c t i o n m i x t u r e s were n o t p r o t e c t e d f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c oxygen. The advancement r e a c t i o n was i n i t i a t e d a t 120°C u s i n g 0.1% ( w e i g h t / w e i g h t ) t r i p h e n y l p h o s p h i n e . R e a c t i o n m i x t u r e s e x o t h e r m e d t o 1 7 5 ° - 185°C and were a l l o w e d t o c o o l t o 175°C. A l l r e a c t i o n s were t h e r m a l l y q u e n c h e d by p o u r i n g o u t on aluminum f o i l e x a c t l y 30 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e peak o f t h e e x o t h e r m . The d i r e c t t i t r a t i o n o f t h e e p o x i d e e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t (EEW) was a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e method o f J a y ( ] ) • M e l t v i s c o s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s were d e t e r m i n e d a t 175°C u s i n g a Haake RV-3 R o t o v i s c o m e t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e c o n e - p l a t e v i s c o s i t y s e n s o r s y s t e m (PK-401W). Gel permeation c h r o m a t o g r a p h y was p e r f o r m e d on a W a t e r s A s s o c i a t e s HPLC u s i n g / ^ - s t y r a g e l c o l u m n s ( 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 500, 500, 100, 100 A) in series. The f l o w r a t e was 2.0 m l / m i n . Samples were d i s s o l v e d i n a s p e c t r a l g r a d e THF and f i l t e r e d p r i o r t o c h r o m a t o g r a p h y t h r o u g h M i l l i p o r e 0.5 yu f i l t e r s (FHLP 0 1 3 0 0 ) . A l l c a l c u l a t i o n s were b a s e d on the o u t p u t o f a d i f f e r e n t i a l refractomer detector. 5

4

3

Powder c o a t i n g s o f b r a n c h e d e p o x y r e s i n s were p r e p a r e d e x t r u d i n g s t o i c h i o m e t r i c amounts o f t h e e p o x y r e s i n and m e t h y l e n e d i a n i i i n e (1 e q u i v a l e n t o f e p o x i d e p e r 1 N-H


by

14.

GEiBEL

Branched

Epoxy

Resins

197

e q u i v a l e n t ) i n a Buss PR-46 s i n g l e s c r e w e x t r u d e r . The e x t r u d a t e was p u l v e r i z e d i n a Bantam M i c r o p u l h a m m e r m i l l . Samples f o r s o l v e n t a b s o r p t i o n ( 2 ) were p r e p a r e d by e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y c o a t i n g c o p p e r f o i l and c u r i n g f o r t h e r e q u i s i t e schedule* The sample w e i g h t i s d e t e r m i n e d a c c u r a t e l y p r i o r to t e s t i n g . The sample i s submerged i n n e a t MEK i n a c o n s t a n t temperature b a t h a t 23+0.5°C. The sample i s removed a f t e r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e i m m e r s i o n t i m e , b l o t t e d d r y , and w e i g h e d p r e c i s e l y 45 s e c o n d s a f t e r r e m o v a l f r o m t h e s o l v e n t . The a b s o r p t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d i n 8/cm^ a c c o r d i n g t o the f o l l o w i n g formula: m


Absorption

(

m g

Wt - Wt /cm ) = — — - — Area K

(10)

where Wt2 i s t h e w e i g h t a f t e r a b s o r p t i o n , Wt^ i s t h e w e i g h t p r i o r t o a b s o r p t i o n , and A r e a i s t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e sample. The a b s o r p t i o n v a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e t h e a v e r a g e o f f o u r samples.

Literature Cited 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Nielsen, L. E. Macromol. Sci. - Revs. Macromol. Chem. 1969, C3(1), 69. Romanchick, W. Α., Geibel, Jon F . , Second Chemical Congress of the North American Continent, Las Vegas, 1930, ORPL-118. Batzer, H.; Zahir, S. A. J . Appl. Poly. Sci. 1975, 19, 585. Ravindranath, K.; Ghandi, K. S. J . Appl. Poly. Sci. 1979, 24, 1115. Dow Chemical Company, Production Description - DEN Epoxy Novolac Resins, form No. 170 - 143B (1967). Nielsen, L. E. "Mechanical Properties of Polymers", Reinhold, London, 1962, p. 58. Jay, R. R., Analytical Chemistry 1964, 35, 197.

RECEIVED

November

6,

1981.


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