EDITORIAL pubs.acs.org/IECR
Preface for Water Network Synthesis Special Issue Lorenz T. Biegler Associate Editor, I&ECR
W
ater has become a scarce resource in many parts of the world. Declining global fresh water availability was recently identified as one of today’s major environmental issues.1 Overextraction of water resources, the rise of population growth, water pollution problems, and climate change are among factors tied to this trend.1 This trend also explains the rapid rise of waterrelated research works in the past two decades. Within the process system engineering community, various process synthesis techniques have been developed to address the efficient use of water resources. This dates back to the 1980s, following the seminal mathematical optimization work of Takama et al.2 Another important milestone for this area of research is the introduction of the insight-based pinch analysis technique by Wang and Smith3 in the 1990s. Since then, water network synthesis has emerged as a distinct area of research, with four important review papers summarizing the most important contributions of the field.4-7 It is also worth noting that scientific contributions in water network synthesis have experienced a major boom in the past decade (i.e., since 2000), as has been observed by two review papers.5,6 The editors are grateful that this special issue has obtained great support from the world’s leading research groups on water network synthesis, with contributors from North America, Europe, Africa and Asia. This is reflected in the variety of contributions among the accepted papers. In terms of solution approaches, both mathematical optimization8-19 and pinch analysis techniques20 have been reported. While the majority of the works in this special issue are dedicated to continuous processes, two papers on batch water networks9,18 are found, following the recent shift of research trend toward batch processing in general (see discussion in the review of Gouws7). While most works in water network synthesis are dedicated to solving conventional network synthesis problems, a recent trend has been to incorporate the various operational elements, such as process disturbance,10 flexibility,12 and data uncertainty.13 Several other papers report the special case on simultaneous heat and water reduction;8,14,19 as well as interplant water integration.13 Also, the incorporation of property integration is found in three papers in this special issue.13,14,19 Two other works in this special issue—one that reports a new retrofit approach17 and another that discusses a specific application on biofuel production15—are worth mentioning. With the success of this special issue, we hope that water network synthesis continues to grow as a distinct discipline in the near future. Although this field, by itself, may not solve all of the world’s water-related sustainability issues, it does provide valuable insights, tools, and solutions toward the more efficient use of declining global water resources in the chemical process industries.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
’ ACKNOWLEDGMENT The editors would like to acknowledge the excellent support of Editorial Assistant Alice Yochum in managing this special issue. Encouragement from Prof. Raymond Tan (De La Salle University, Manila) for the commencement of this special issue is greatly appreciated. ’ REFERENCES (1) Rockstrom, J.; Steffen, W.; Noone, K.; Persson, A.; Chapin, F. S.; Lambin, E. F.; Lenton, T. M.; Scheffer, M.; Folke, C.; Schellnhuber, H. J.; Niykvist, B.; De Wit, C. A.; Hughes, T.; Van der Leeuw, S.; Rodhe, H.; Sorlin, S.; Snyder, P. K.; Constanza, R.; Svedin, U.; Falkenmark, M.; Karlberg, L.; Corell, R. W.; Fabry, V. J.; Hansen, J.; Walker, B.; Liverman, D.; Richardson, K.; Crutzen, P.; Foley, J. A. A Safe Operating Space for Humanity. Nature 2009, 461, 472–475. (2) Takama, N.; Kuriyama, T.; Shiroko, K.; Umeda, T. Optimal Water Allocation in a Petroleum Refinery. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1980, 4, 251–258. (3) Wang, Y. P.; Smith, R. Wastewater Minimisation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 981–1006. (4) Bagajewicz, M. A Review of Recent Design Procedures for Water Networks in Refineries and Process Plants. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2000, 24, 2093–2113. (5) Foo, D. C. Y. A State-of-the-Art Review of Pinch Analysis Techniques for Water Network Synthesis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48 (11), 5125–5159. (6) Je_zowski, J. M. Review of water network design methods with literature annotations. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49, 4475–4516. (7) Gouws, J.; Majozi, T.; Foo, D. C. Y.; Chen, C. L.; Lee, J.-Y. Water Minimisation Techniques for Batch Processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010, 49 (19), 8877–8893. (8) Gololo, K. V.; Majozi, T. On Synthesis and Optimization of Cooling Water Systems with Multiple Cooling Towers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie101395v. (9) Chen, C.-L.; Chang, C.-Y. Lee, J-Y. Resource-Task Network Approach to Simultaneous Scheduling and Water Minimization of Batch Plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie1007536. (10) Feng, X.; Shen, R.; Zheng, X.; Lu, C. Water Allocation Network Design Concerning Process Disturbance. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie100847s. (11) Li, B.-H.; Chang, C.-T. A Model-Based Search Strategy for Exhaustive Identication of Alternative Water Network Designs. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie100310g.
Dominic C. Y. Foo
Special Issue: Water Network Synthesis
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Broga Road, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected] Received: February 1, 2011 Accepted: February 2, 2011 Published: March 30, 2011
r 2011 American Chemical Society
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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
EDITORIAL
(12) Li, B.-H.; Chang, C.-T. Efficient Flexibility Assessment Procedure for Water Network Designs. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie101329v. (13) Tan, R. R. Fuzzy Optimization Model for Source-Sink Water Network Synthesis with Parametric Uncertainties. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie101025p. (14) Kheireddine, H.; Dadmohammadi, Y.; Deng, C.; Feng, X.; El-Halwagi, M. Optimization of Direct Recycle Networks with the Simultaneous Consideration of Property, Mass, and Thermal Effects. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie1012272. (15) Martín, M.; Ahmetovic, E.; Grossmann, I. E. Optimization of Water Consumption in Second Generation Bioethanol Plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie101175p. (16) Faria, D.; Bagajewicz, M. J. Global Optimization of Water Management Problems Using Linear Relaxation and Bound Contraction Methods. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie101206c. (17) Faria, D.; Bagajewicz, M. J. Planning Model for the Design and/ or Retrofit of Industrial Water Systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie1014734. (18) Dogaru, E.-L.; Lavric, V. Dynamic Water Network Topology Optimization of Batch Processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie100284t. (19) George, J.; Sahu, G. C.; Bandyopadhyay, S. Heat Integration in Process Water Networks. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ ie101098a. (20) Deng, C.; Feng, X. Targeting for Conventional and PropertyBased Water Network with Multiple Resources. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, DOI: 10.1021/ie1012008.
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