P r i z e W i n n e r s in Chemistry (Cbntv© JAMES A. F U N K H O U S E R , University of N e w H a m p s h i r e , D u r h a m , N . H.
Franklin Medal ^ H E Franklin Medal, founded in 1914 by . Samuel Insull of Chicago, a long-time I member and friend of the Franklin Institute, is awarded each year to those workDATE
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ers in physical science or technology, without regard to country, whose efforts, in the opinion of the institute, have done most to advance a knowledge of physical
AWARDED TO
ADDRESS
Thomas Alva Edison
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
Heike Kamerlinnh Onnes
University of Leiden
Theodore William Richards
Harvard University
John J. Carty
American Telephone and Telegraph Co.
David Watson Taylor
United States Navy
Hendrick Antoon Lorentz
University of Leiden
Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
Emeritus, Ohio State University
Guglielmo Marconi
Marconi Co.
George Owen Squior
United States Army
Sir James Dewar
Royal Institution. London
Svante August Arrhenius
Nobel Institute, Stockholm
Sir Charles Algernon Parsons
Parsons Marine Steam Turbine, Co., Ltd.
Frank J. Sprague
Sprague Development Corp.
Charlea Fabry
University of Paris
Ralph Modjeski
Modjeski and Noble 302
science or its application. Two medals are usually awarded, one to an outstanding scientist of t h e United States and one to a scientist from some other countrv. CONTRIBUTION"
Numerous basic inventions and discoveries forming the foundation of world-wide industries, signally contributing to the well-being, comfort, and pleasure of the human race. Long-continued and indefatigable labors in lowtemperature research, which have enriched physical science, not only with a great number of new methods* and ingenious devices, but also with achievements and discoveries of the first magnitude. Numerous and important contributions to inorganic, physical, and theoretical chemistry, particularly his classical series of redeterminations of the atomic weights of the more important chemical elements. Long-continued activities in the telephone service, important and varied contributions to the telephone art, work in the establishment of the principles of telephone engineering, and signal success in directing the efforts of a large staff of engineers and scientists to the accomplishment of the telephonic transmission of speech over vast distances. Fundamental contributions to the theory of ship resistance and screw propulsion, and signal success in the application of correct theory to the practical design of varied types of war vessels in the Navy. Researches which have so largely contributed to laying on a new foundation our knowledge of the nature of light and in developing our ideas concerning the ultimate constitution of matter. Fruitful and indefatigable labors in physical research, particularly contributions to our knowledge of physical constants and electrical standards. Brilliant inception and successful development of the application of magneto-electric waves to the transmission of signals and telegrams without the use of metallic conductors. Valuable contributions to physical science, important and varied inventions in multiplex telephony and telegraphy and in ocean cabling, and eminent success in organizing and directing the air and signal services of the Army in the World War. Numerous and important contributions to our knowledge of physical and chemical phenomena, and great skill and inventive genius in attacking and solving chemical and physical problems of the first magnitude. Notable contributions to the theory of physical science which have found unprecedently extended and fruitful application in the experimental study of chemical, physical, biological, and cosmic phenomena, as well as in industrial chemistry. Epoch-marking success in the development of the steam turbine, which has revolutionized the art of steam engineering, particularly in regard to the propulsion of mercantile and naval vessels and the driving of electrical generators. Many and fundamentally important inventions and achievements in the field of electrical engineering; notably, contributions to the development of the electric motor and its application to industrial purposes, and in the art of electric traction, signally important in forming the basis of world-wide industries and promoting human welfare. Numerous and highly important contributions in the field of physical science, particularly the solution of optical and spectroscopics! problems of fundamental importance. Signal achievements as a designer and builder of structures, mainly bridges, many of them epoch-
NEWS EDITION
AUGUST 10, 1936
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Sir Joseph John T h o m s o n
T r i n i t y College, Cambridge, E n g l a n d
Albert A. Michelson
University of Chicago
Auguste G u s t a v e Ferrie
French Army
Edward Weston
W e s t o n Electrical Instrument Corp.
Sir Ernest Rutherford
Cambridge University
Elihu Thomson
General Electric C o .
Pieter Zeeman
U n i v e r s i t y of Leiden
Samuel R e a
Retired railway official, Philadelphia, Pa.
Niels Bohr
University of Copenhagen
George Ellery Hale
M t . Wilson Observatory
Max Planck
University of Berlin
Charles F. Brush
Brush Electric Co.
Walther Nernst
University of Berlin
Emile Berliner
Victor Talking Machine C o .
Charles T h o m s o n R e e s Wilson
Cambridge University
John F. S t e v e n s
Baltimore, M d .
Sir William H e n r y Bragg
R o y a l Institution, London
303 marking in the history of the engineering profession, beautiful as well as useful, involving on the part of the designer, vision, courage, and technio of the highest order. Immeasurable service rendered to t h e world as teacher and leader of thought in t h a t domain of science especially related t o a fundamental knowledge of electricity and the constitution of matter. N u m e r o u s and signally fruitful researches in physical science, especially his brilliant discoveries in the fields of optics and astrophysics. Long-continued and successful researches in t h e field of radio transmission of intelligence and their splendid and successful military applications, and eminent success in the organization and directing of the communication service of the French A r m y during the World War. Discoveries a n d inventions in the field of electricity, immeasurably fruitful and fundamentally contributory t o the establishment of the electric art. Long-continued and fruitful researches, signally contributing to the present state of knowledge of the elements, their constitution, and relationships. Pioneer work in the field of electricity and electrical engineering, and numerous i n v e n t i o n s in these fields. N u m e r o u s and important contributions in the field of magneto-optics, particularly his discovery of the effect of a magnetic field upon the frequencies of the light from a radiating source. Outstanding work in the conception and construction of railroads, their terminals, tunnels, and bridges; and eminently successful application of the principles of science, economics, and h u m a n relations t o railway engineering and administration, in w h i c h were displayed vision, imagination, and courage of high order. Epoch-making contributions t o the mechanics of atomic structures and brilliant results attained b y application of his theory regarding the origin of spectrum lines. Numerous and highly important discoveries and researches in solar physics and basic inventions for the investigation of solar phenomena, eminent success in organizing and directing astronomical observations, and establishment and promotion of plans and m e a n s for coordination and a d v a n c e m e n t a m o n g the sciences. Valliable contributions t o t h e field of t h e r m o dynamics, particularly his law of radiation, in t h e development of which h e employed, for the first time, the revolutionary idea of the fundamental indivisible q u a n t i t y of radiant energy called the " q u a n t u m . " Invention a n d development of the first successful arc light s y s t e m for illumination and of t h e first practical storage battery. Numerous a n d valuable contributions in physical and theoretical chemistry, particularly his applications of the exact m e t h o d s of thermod y n a m i c s to electro- and thermochemistry. A life's work in successful i n v e n t i o n : the discovery of t h e electrical characteristics of t h e loose cont a c t and application of t h e m to telephony in the microphone, which he originated; development of t h e talking machine which uses a disk upon which the sound is recorded by a laterally cut groove; a n d in recent years, contributions t o the production of proper acoustical qualities in architectural structures. N u m e r o u s pioneer contributions t o atomic physics, especially studies of condensation nuclei and d e v e l o p m e n t of a method of photographing their tracks, which are vitally important to our knowle d g e of atomic structure and quantum mechanics. Unifying solutions of widely v a r y i n g and difficult engineering problems m e t in planning the Panam a Canal; marked power s h o w n in the organization of the engineering forces which later built t h a t canal; and eminent success in the location, construction, and administration of railroads in t h i s country and in foreign lands. A life's work in the s t u d y of x-rays and radioactivity, and fundamental contributions t o t h a t realm of physics; d e v e l o p m e n t of a m e t h o d of determining molecular a n d crystal structure b y t h e reflection of x-rays; and fruitful guidance of
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Willis R. Whitney
General Electric Co.
Sir James Hopwood Jeans
Mt. Wilson Observatory
Ambrose Swasey
Warner & Swasey Co.
Phillipp Lenard
Heidelberg University
Orville Wright
Wright Aeronautical Laboratories
Paul Sabatier
Toulouse University
Irving Langmuir
General Electric Co.
Henry Norris Russell
Princeton University
Albert Einstein Sir John Ambrose Fleming Frank Baldwin Jewett
Princeton University University College, London American Telephone and Telegraph Co.
C'hnrles Franklin Kettering
General Motors Corp.
Phillips Medal This medal was established in 191S in memory of Francis Clifford Phillips, 1 professor of chemist rv, University of Pittsburgh ( l S 7 5 t o 1915). It is awarded annually to t h e student receiving the degree of bachelor of science in chemistry who has had t h e highest scholastic record during his four-year residence. » J. IND. KNG. C H E U . , 12, 399 (1920): Science [N.S.], 51, 455 (1920): Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 14, p. 539.
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the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory and of the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Valuable contributions to industrial chemistry; signal success as organizer and director of the greatly productive Research Laboratory of the General Electric Co., due in large part to his appreciation of the potential value of pure research in invention and industry, to his judgment of men, and to his generosity in dealing with them. Many fruitful contributions to mathematical physics, especially in the realms of the dynamical theory of gases and the theories of radiation; his challenging explanations of astronomical problems and illuminating expositions of modern scientific ideas. Development of methods and invention of appliances for making machines, tools, and instruments of the highest precision; design and construction of the mountings of many of the world'8 largest telescopes; and scientific vision in the establishment of the Engineering Foundation for the Promotion of Research and its application in the various fields of engineering. A life's work devoted to fruitful research in physics, in the course of which he added greatly to scientific knowledge and especially showed that it was possible for cathode rays to exist outside the generating tube and determined the effects produced by such rays; discovered the electronic nature of the emission from surfaces upon which ultraviolet light falls, as well as the basic laws of photoelectricity. Valuable investigations carried out by liim and his brother, Wilbur, from which they obtained the first reliable scientific data concerning the principles of flight and the design of aeroplanes, and upon which they constructed the first heavierthan-air machine that flew by its own power under human control. Numerous and fruitful contributions to the general field of chemistry and especially to organic chemistry; he discovered the catalytic activity of finely divided common metals and devised methods for their use in science and industry. Numerous and fundamental researches in chemistry and physics, especially work in the domain of surface chemistry; and many benefits bestowed on modern civilization as the result of his investigations. Diversified and brilliant contributions to scientific knowledge in the field of astronomy and astrophysics, particularly pioneer work in the application of physical theories to astronomical problems, and researches on stellar constitution and evolution. Work on relativity and the photoelectric effect. Invention of the Fleming thermionic valve. Many important contributions to the art of telephony. Significant and timely contributions to the science of automotive engineering.
Products Recovered from Sea Water URING the two and one-half years of t he D operation of the bromine plant of the Ethyl-Dow Chemical Co. a t Kure Beach, near Wilmington, N . C , one square mile of sea water, 172 feet deep, equivalent to 308,586,000,000 pounds, has been pumped in the process of producing bromine. Present in this quantity of sea water were materials with a total tonnage of 5,609,335, which if converted into cash at current quotations would bring $106,059,990. Bromine recovered commercially totaled over 10,000 tons. Potential by-products, not actually recovered from the sea water, and their values included: sodium cldoride, 4,160,000 tons, $55,700,000; magnesium sulfate, 1,055,000 tons, $40,100,000; calcium cldoride, 229,000 tons, §5,040,000; potassium chloride, 118,600 tons, §9,490,000; magnesium, 95,200 tons, $47,600,000; aluminum, 270 tons, §102,600; strontium carbonate, 314 tons, $188,500; iron, 284 tons, $) 7,050; copper, 18 tons, $3420; iodine, 6.28 tons, $18,820; silver, 3.07 tons, $57,200; gold, 0.098 ton, SS2,400.
Iodine H P H E sales of domestic production of ioJL dine in 1935 were 245,096* pounds, valued a t $248,654, compared with 284,604 pounds valued at $342,957 in 1934, a decrease of 14 per cent in quantity a n d 27 per cent in value. Imports of crude iodine amounted to 375,819 pounds, valued at $420,793 in 1935, compared with 1,481,123 pounds valued at $2,134,979 in 1934, a decrease of 75 per cent in q u a n t i t y and 80 per cent in value. All the iodine imported in 1935 was from Chile, where it is obtained as a by-product at n i t r a t e plants.
