PRODUCTION: GROWTH IS THE NORM - C&EN Global Enterprise

10 Jul 2006 - The U.S. Federal Reserve Board's index of industrial production shows that overall chemical output declined 0.2% in 2005 from the prior ...
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FACTS & FIGURES 118.7, while output of pharmaceuticals rose 2.6% to 209.1. For Europe, where it is getting more and more difficult to obtain timely data, the European Chemical Industry Council provides only indexes for total chemical production. The data show that Germany had the greatest growth in 2005, with output of all chemicals rising 4.0% to an index of 113.4. This was followed by Belgium, with 2.8% HEMICAL COMPANIES GENERALLY tives suffered greatly in the U.S., according growth to 135.0, and Spain, where the procontinued to enjoy increases in to data from the National Petrochemical & duction index increased 2.5% to 119.0. In Japan, overall chemical production, output last year. Production of Refiners Association. Ethylene output fell most chemicals rose, accord- 6.7%, ethylene dichloride dropped 7.0%, which excludes pharmaceuticals, rose just ing to statistics from various ethylbenzene was down 9.1%, and ethylene 0.6% to an index of 99.3. Output of petrochemicals increased 1.0% to 102.0, while government agencies and trade associations, oxide plunged 16.1%. and so did the fortunes of major chemiClosely related to organic chemicals, plas- that for aromatics, which posted the best cal-producing countries. If there was any tics also had a tough time, dropping 5-5% growth among the country's chemical categories, rose 4.6% to 115.0. problem anywhere, it was in the U.S., and to an index of 100.9. it had more to do with hurricanes than On the downside,Japanese production of In Canada, which provides data only market forces. for overall chemicals, basic chemicals, and cyclic intermediates and dyes fell 3.0% to an The Gulf Coast hurricanes in August pharmaceuticals, production growth was index of 96.0; fertilizer production, which and September disrupted chemical pro- slow or nonexistent. The production index has been slipping for years, declined 1.8% duction as they knocked out chemical for all chemicals was 134.3, up nominally to an index of 68.5. Still, this result is much better than the 10-year average decline for plants and hampered transportation. In from the 2004 index of 132.2. some cases, plants were down for three or Basic chemicals and pharmaceuticals fertilizers of 4.1%. In South Korea, chemical production inmore months, during which production almost canceled each other. Production creased 3.1% to an index of 138.6, while outwas curtailed. of basic chemicals fell 2.8% to an index of put of rubber and plastics products, The U.S. Federal Reserve Board's the country's only reported chemical index of industrial production shows U.S. PRODUCTION subgroup, rose 2.0% to 117.3. that overall chemical output declined Output slipped for all chemical sectors Taiwan saw output of all chemi0.2% in 2005 from the prior year. cals rise 0.4% to an index of 1474. As a result, the U.S. is the only maProduction index, 1997 = 100 The best growth was in petrochemijor country surveyed that had lower 150 cals and fertilizers. Petrochemical total chemical production last year production increased 5.1% to 224.5, than in 2004. while fertilizer output improved The chief culprit for the decline 120 7.2% to 76.6. The worst performamong the U.S. chemical sectors was ing sector was fibers, production basic chemicals, which includes both of which dropped 11.1% to 103.9. basic inorganic and organic chemiFibers was followed by plastics, cals. With many plants sited in the 90 which declined 2.9% to 133.1, and paths of Hurricanes Katrina and synthetic rubber, which slipped Rita, this sector suffered heavily. Ac1.1% to 1277 cording to the government figures, Mill I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iffl 1 60 production of basic chemicals fell China does not provide produc2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 6.9% to an index of 90.9 (all indexes tion indexes, but it does report out• All manufacturing H Organic chemicals are 1997 = 100). • Chemicals • Basic inorganic chemicals put of individual chemical prod• Basic chemicals • Synthetic materials ucts. As might be expected of the Organic chemicals were the NOTE: Seasonally adjusted. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Board fast-expanding country, growth was main drag on the basic chemicals very good. sector. Inorganics did pretty well, Within organic chemicals, the all things considered, with only a U.S. PLANT USE Chinese National Chemical In1.7% decline to an index of 101.6. Year-end chemical manufacturing capacity use formation Council reports that But production of organic chemislowed, largely because of hurricanes the country produced about 7.56 cals, which had already been showmillion metric tons of ethylene last ing signs of weakness in the first Production, % of capacity 85 I year, up 20.6% from 2004. Produceight months of the year, fell 10.1% All manufacturing tion of methanol rose 21.6% to 5.36 to an index of 83.9. If production million metric tons. For the other had continued at the levels seen two products the council reports, before the storms, organic chemical benzene output rose 19.8% to 3.06 production would have been down Chemical manufacturing 70! million metric tons, while caproonly about 3%. 04 05 1995 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 lactam output fell 6.1% to 214,000 The largest volume organic chemNOTE: As of December. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Board metric tons. ical, ethylene, and its major deriva-

PRODUCTION: GROWTH IS THE NORM

Output of chemicals increased across most products and in most countries

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PRODUCTIONU.S. PRODUCTION INDEX Only two major chemical categories saw production increases last year PRODUCTION INDEX,

ANNUAL CHANGE

1997 = 100

1995

Totalindex Manufacturing, total Nondurable manufacturing Chemicals Basic Chemicals Basic inorganic chemicals Alkalies & chlorine Synthetic dyes & pigments Other basic inorganic chemicals

1997

89.4 87.9 96.2 92.5 93.1

93.2 92.2 96.5 94.4 93.0

97.5 104.0 95.7 93.8

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2004-05 1995-05

100.0 105.8 100.0 106.7 100.0 101.5 100.0 101.7 100.0 96.7

110.6 115.4 111.3 111.5 112.2 116.8 120.6 3.3% 3.0% 112.4 117.7 112.9 113.3 114.1 119.8 124.6 4.0 3.6 102.2 102.8 99.4 100.4 99.3 101.4 102.2 0.8 0.6 103.7 105.3 103.4 109.6 109.3 112.7 112.5 -0.2 2.0 101.4 97.9 88.1 94.1 92.7 97.6 90.9 -6.9 -0.2

98.0 109.3 95.5 96.5

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

104.1 99.9 98.6 104.0

105.8 129.7 95.2 109.7

98.3 119.4 98.1 99.7

90.4

89.9

100.0

91.5

98.4

97.2

83.9

96.1 93.9 105.5

94.1 90.9 105.8

100.0 100.0 100.0

104.3 108.2 100.7

105.3 112.2 90.8

103.3 111.5 84.8

90.9 89.6

95.0 94.9

100.0 100.0

105.3 108.8

108.7 113.2

91.8 99.5

94.5 99.3

100.0 100.0

98.5 100.2

94.5

96.3

100.0

102.1

Organic chemicals Synthetic materials3 Plastic material & resin Artificial & synthetic fibers

1996

Chemical products Pharmaceuticals & medicines Soap, cleaning compounds & toiletries Paint & coatings Pesticides, fertilizers & other agricultural chemicals

94.2 102.7 100.4 156.0 91.0 105.6 95.5 99.7

101.3 165.0 104.6 96.0

103.4 173.5 112.0 96.8

101.6 -1.7 166.7-3.9 105.5 -5.8 96.9 0.1

0.4 4.8 1.0 0.3

88.2

86.8

93.3

83.9-10.1

-0.7

93.3 101.0 79.0

95.7 106.0 70.7

93.0 100.6 72.9

98.5 106.8 75.1

92.7 -5.9 100.9 -5.5 72.4 -3.6

-0.4 0.7 -3.7

111.4 117.6

116.4 126.6

124.0 134.8

128.8 137.7

130.2 141.6

133.1 143.0

2.2 1.0

3.9 4.8

94.6 98.3

97.7 98.0

99.3 95.8

111.1 97.0

105.3 93.5

103.4 98.3

110.0 99.8

6.4 1.5

1.8 0.0

92.0

86.8

79.9

82.2

85.5

88.1

89.2

1.2

-0.6

.

a Includes synthetic rubber. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Boar

CANADA PRODUCTION INDEX Chemicals lagged behind other manufacturing in 2005 PRODUCTION INDEX,

ANNUAL CHANGE

1997 = 100

1995

All manufacturing Chemicals Basic chemicals Pharmaceuticals & medicines

1996

92.9 99.3 97.6 96.8

93.9 99.8 93.0 96.6

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

105.0 100.9 98.2 95.3

113.5 105.1 97.8 111.2

126.2 116.8 112.5 133.8

120.0 119.5 112.4 174.4

121.4 123.4 112.8 193.4

121.5 125.8 113.4 201.0

127.1 134.2 122.1 203.9

130.1 2.4% 3.4% 134.3 0.0 3.1 118.7 -2.8 2.0 209.1 2.6 8.0

2004-05 1995-05

SOURCE: Statistics Canada

EUROPE PRODUCTION INDEX Production growth perked up in major European countries CHEMICAL PRODUCTION INDEX,

ANNUAL CHANGE

1997 = 100

1995

Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain U.K.

87.9 93.8 89.8 94.6 100.0 93.4 97.7

1996

90.2 96.2 94.4 96.6 95.6 93.5 98.2

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

101.2 105.1 100.2 100.2 100.0 103.6 101.6

108.1 107.5 104.5 100.4 107.0 107.7 104.9

119.9 112.5 107.5 101.8 116.0 106.2 109.3

116.5 109.9 104.9 99.2 117.0 107.1 113.2

127.2 108.7 107.5 100.5 124.0 110.3 112.3

127.0 107.5 107.5 104.9 124.0 113.5 112.9

131.3 108.1 109.0 107.1 124.0 116.1 117.8

135.0 109.9 113.4 108.4 126.1 119.0 118.6

2004-05

2.8% 1.7 4.0 1.2 1.7 2.5 0.7

1995-05

4.4% 1.6 2.4 1.4 2.3 2.5 2.0

SOURCE: European Chemistry Industry Council

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ASIA PRODUCTION INDEX Chemical industry output mostly grew, but man-made fibers shrank in Taiwan PRODUCTION INDEX, 1997=100

ANNUALCHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2005

2004

2003

2004-05

1995-05

1.1%

0.5%

0.6 1.0 4.6 0.8 1.2 1.4

0.5 0.9 2.6

JAPAN Mining & manufacturing All chemicals3 Petrochemicals Aromatics Industrial sodium chemicals Inorganic chemicals & dyes Organic chemicals Cyclic intermediates & dyes Plastics

94.3

Synthetic rubber Fertilizers

94.5 92.9

96.5 95.7 94.5

89.0 97.3 98.5 90.4 96.9 92.6

92.9

85.5 95.7 96.8 93.2 96.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

92.2 95.5

94.8

94.1

89.8 95.5

99.1

96.4 99.9

104.2

101.8

100.0

90.9

88.1

94.9 94.5 93.9 95.7 97.7 96.6 95.1

93.6 98.3 99.3 100.9 97.2 103.3 101.9 98.2

99.1 98.9 99.1 100.1 98.2 106.8 100.6 97.7

91.3

91.0

93.0

98.1

95.8 94.5 97.7 91.0 101.8 94.3 93.9 91.0

95.9 95.7

97.3 98.4 106.5 93.8 106.3 100.0 96.6 91.4

98.7 101.0 109.9 93.8 108.8 100.7 98.9

101.0 92.6 103.8 94.8 95.1

99.2 99.3 102.0 115.0 94.6 110.1 102.1 96.0

-3.0

-0.1

99.6

94.3 102.1

94.3 102.7

0.0 0.6

0.2 0.9 -4.1

92.0

87.1

80.6

75.8

69.5

69.8

68.5

-1.8

6.3%

7.6%

3.1 2.0

5.7 2.4

3.9%

5.1%

0.4 0.5 5.1 7.2

5.2 5.5 9.7 -2.1

- 11.1 -2.9 -1.1

2.0 3.8 5.2

88.3

95.9

106.6 93.1

113.0 99.4

137.1 116.1 101.9

148.3 123.4 108.5

156.0

89.0 98.1

93.4 96.6 79.2

136.8

79.5 92.6

100.0 100.0 100.0

116.8

Chemicals & chemical products Rubber & plastic products

128.1 111.3

172.4 134.5 115.0

183.3 138.6 117.3

90.8 88.6 88.7 89.0 94.7 85.6 91.5 77.1

93.3 93.8 95.9 95.5 96.5 91.1 95.1 80.3

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

103.2 102.9 98.9 101.2 92.3 105.5 103.3 103.3

111.2 112.6 107.5 118.5 85.0 107.6 113.2 109.0

120.2 120.5 120.9 133.4 83.0 111.8 117.8 102.4

110.1 129.4 123.5 163.8 77.5 107.7 118.0 105.5

120.4 137.1 125.4 175.4 74.2 112.2 125.3 115.8

129.4 145.8 133.5 197.8 73.8 111.8 129.0 120.8

143.2 146.8 150.1 213.6 71.4 116.8 137.0 129.1

148.7 147.4 150.9 224.5 76.6 103.9 133.1 127.7

Man-made fibers Plastics & resins Synthetic rubber

1.1 1.2

91.0 96.1

SOUTH KOREA All manufacturing

TAIWAN All manufacturing Chemicals Basic chemicals Petrochemicals Fertilizers

-0.3

a Excludes pharmaceuticals. SOURCES: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea; Taiwan's Ministry of Economic Affairs, Department of Statistics

U.S. ORGANICS Only urea eked out an increase as all others declined THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED

Acrylonitrile Aniline 3 Benzeneb,c (thousands of liters) 1,3-Butadiened Cumene Ethylbenzene3 Ethylene

ANNUALCHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

1,455

1,530

1,493

1,415

1,415

1,551

1,343

1,239

1,501

631

489

607

701

719

846

865

921

969

8,206 1,670 2,552

8,009 1,744 2,667

8,865 1,863 2,776

8,467 1,844 3,045

9,088 1,942 3,162

9,156 2,009 3,741

7,271 1,721 3,187

8,130 1,869 3,503

7,926 1,902 3,397

2004-05 1995-05

2004

2005

1,598 1,034 8,781 2,204 3,736

1,323 -17.2% 964 -6.8 7,574 -13.8 2,046 -7.1 3,509 -6.1

Ethylene dichloride 3 Ethylene oxide

6,194 4,699 5,432 5,743 5,945 21,303 22,270 23,169 23,615 25,300 7,830 5,142 11,927 11,140 10,358 3,457 3,284 3,738 4,030 3,692

5,251 -9.1 4,642 5,578 5,779 5,412 5,968 25,113 22,513 23,644 22,976 25,682 23,974 -6.7 9,336 9,994 12,163 11,308 -7.0 9,328 9,911 3,166 -16.1 3,660 3,772 3,343 3,447 3,867

Propylene e Sty re ne Urea Vinyl acetate

11,653 5,165 7,366 1,312

14,457 5,405 6,969 1,497

11,390 5,386 7,755 1,322

12,489 5,156 7,533 1,331

13,014 5,166 8,042 1,333

13,202 5,397 8,080 1,378

13,176 4,214 6,080 1,188

14,425 4,899 7,038 1,349

13,939 5,167 5,783 1,306

15,345 5,394 5,757 1,431

15,333 5,042 5,801 1,327

-0.1 -6.5

-0.9%

4.3 -0.8

2.1 3.2 -1.6

1.2 3.7 -0.9

2.8

0.8

-0.2 -2.4

-7.3

0.1

a Reporting method changed in 1996; data may not be comparable with 1995. b Tar distillers and coke-oven operators not included, c Specification grades, d Rubber grade, e All grades. SOURCES: National Petroleum Refiners Association, Bureau of the Census

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— PRODUCTION CANADA ORGANICS Several products posted declines in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1995

Benzene Butadiene Ethylene 3 Formaldehyde13 Propylene Urea Xylenes3

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2004

2003

2002

2001

2005

2004-05

1995-05

798 -12.8% 245 -15.2 — na — na 737 -21.5

0.2%

781 205

758 212

715 219

718 236

805 230

859 252

751 245

849 276

843 276

915 289

3,130

3,202

3,244

3,557

3,881

4,069

4,261

4,734

4,729

5,095

na 822

195 822

210 859

228

211

212 956

245 938

269 939

3,281

3,470

1,000 3,783

179 882

3,331

1,038 3,714

194 934 3,887

3,363

3,436

3,311

3,654

3,549

434

384

362

308

253

312

271

294

336

351

na

1.8

— — -1.1

0.6

-2.9





a Data for 2005 not available due to insufficient reporting, b Data for 1995 and 2005 not available due to insufficient reporting. na = not available. SOURCE: Statistics Canada

EUROPE ORGANICS Production showed mixed picture in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1995

Acetic acid Acetone Benzene Butadiene 1-Butanol Ethylbenzene Ethylene Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Methanol Phenol Phthalic anhydride Propylene Propylene glycol Propylene oxide Styrene Toluene Vinyl acetate Xylenes

1996

703 874

589 992

3,257 1,939

141

1997

1998

1999

2000

2003

2004

716

676

6,670 1,992

1,011 6,817 2,024

67

531

575

1,180 19,674 2,759

268 934

239 717

857 792

1,148

2,463 2,030

3,299 1,844

3,295 2,009

na 488

689 371

797 442

724 430

781

584

593

754

3,617 1,906

1,173 3,561 1,939

1,254 3,345 1,971

1,307 3,705 2,027

1,325 4,565 2,097

140

164

188

44

na

na

679

684

937

149

17,707

17,748

18,537

18,980

251 351 148

413 365 190

902 506 634

1,171

19,362 1,056 1,177

19,444 1,122 1,195

644

592

637

446

947 869 na 446

860

2002 a

2001

495 404

2005b

1,235 6,535 2,131

1,451 1,567 7,931 2,222

1,500 1,336 7,089 2,233

542

788

816

769

911

20,159 3,358

20,686 3,374

4,262 21,408 6,044 1,404 2,311

4,276 21,600 6,646 1,637 2,397

4,017 2,878 2,059

4,057 3,248 2,005

2004-05

1995-05

3.4% -14.7 -10.6

nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

0.5 3.6 0.3 0.9 10.0 16.6

3.7 1.0

889

735

808

824

2,625

1,046

2,365

909 213

951 182

na 414

2,242 1,391

848

852

11,884

12,037

12,624

12,885

13,153

13,330

13,352

14,107

14,708

15,123

15,406

323 410 na

328 398 na

361 819

351 727

429 845

443 908

305 777

329 861

1,987

2,179

9.7

666

950

3,025

2,989 1,172

3,215 1,155

3,078

3,215

1,161

3,152 1,130

na 129

469

718

644

881

800

2,514

2,497

2,602

848 502 626

4,963 2,014

na 240

919 667

6,220 1,913

42.6 -20.2

1,329

316 735 958 886 457 579

4,382

4,282

209 391 1,368

954

1,122

12.9 -2.6

0.5 1.9

5.3 -9.2 -2.3

nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe

CHINA ORGANICS Ethylene output exceeded 7 million metric tons, a record THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1997

Benzene (pure) Caprolactam Ethylene Methanol (refined)

1998

1999

2000

1,358

1,341

1,535

1,850

100

120

109

164

3,585 1,743

3,772 1,581

4,348 1,794

4,743 1,967

2001

1,988 152 4,807 2,065

2002

2,131 170 5,414 2,110

2003

2004

2005

2,408

2,556

3,061

201

228

214

6,118 2,989

6,266 4,406

7,555 5,356

ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05 1997-05

19.8% -6.1 20.6 21.6

12.3% 11.5 11.2 17.4

SOURCE: China National Chemical Information Center

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ASIAORGANICS Production increased for most chemicals, particularly benzene THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

JAPAN Acetic acid Acetone Acrylonitrile Benzene 3 Butadiene

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

ANNUALCHANGE 2004-05 1995-05

574 396 663

599 417 675

620 458 730

654 459 667

644 507 738

675 508 732

594 476 738

569 472 708

592 492 780

589 539 711

599 546 742

4,013

4,177 1,025

4,502 1,052

4,203

4,425 1,044

4,313

977

4,459 1,035

4,261

991

976

993

4,551 1,062

4,758 1,041

4,980 1,040

424 545 681

415 555 639

447 556 721

424 519 652

495 581 688

461 599 673

472 531 598

476 508 607

519 530 685

506 503 676

513 458 722

6,944 2,932

7,138 3,116

7,416 3,491

7,076 3,491

7,687 3,503

7,614 3,431

7,361 3,275

7,152 3,352

7,367 3,463

7,570 3,594

7,618 3,687

Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Octanol Phenol Phthalate plasticizers

709 803 321 771 462

751 840 331 768 484

886 952 321 833 481

920 953 285 851 398

922 976 315 888 417

930 990 278 396

787 891 262 884 369

733 868 302 891 377

814 939 306 926 382

786 941 307 966 357

Phthalic anhydride Polypropylene glycol Propylene Purified terephthalic acid Styrene

316 304

342 296

330 295

301 274

301 302

290 304

259 294

262 299

262 314

257 346

239 339

-7.0 -2.0

4,956 1,681 2,939

5,143 1,561 3,085

5,409 1,663 3,035

5,101 1,616 2,770

5,520 1,547 3,055

5,453 1,527 2,968

5,342 1,496 3,004

5,309 1,624 3,016

5,610 1,443 3,201

5,767 1,531 3,345

6,030 1,472 3,392

4.6

1.1 2.0

-3.9

-1.3

1.4

1.4

1,374

1,370

1,419

1,349

1,488

1,489

1,423

1,548

1,584

1,634

160

166

192

192

192

214

214

223

230

245

4,154 2,476

3,931 2,329

4,634 2,921

4,340 2,754

4,641 2,969

4,681 2,920

4,798 2,814

4,900 2,920

5,213 3,097

5,395 3,164

2.6 216 -11.8 3.2 5,570 6.1 3,358

2.0 3.1 3.0 3.1

1,285

1,407

1,819

2,412

2,572

2,834

2,650

2,852

3,246

3,462

3,594

555

601

658

731

764

808

777

816

860

917

939

3,721 2,131

3,968 2,244

4,450 2,760

5,110 3,247

675

709

911

984

5,216 3,282 1,017

5,439 3,409 1,133

5,398 3,273 1,392

5,636 3,557 1,416

5,872 3,753 1,441

5,945 3,892 1,498

6,058 3,945 1,501

156 489 121 108 140 874

180 511 129 104 193 906

180 506 130 114 274 959

167 415 122 123 270 935

175 605 190 119 269

186 690 220 171 198

292 349 184 280

339 931 346 186 257

352 998 390 216 243

1,296

1,592

2,584

2,393

2,679

2,864

1.8% 10.7 387 -6.1 247 14.4 204 -14.6 0.9 2,890

192 474

194 514

193 553

206 545

301 765

612 930

939

2,140

2,210

2,345

2,433

2,769

3,140

425 20 802

411 13

464 43 927

386 23

806 18

956 26

1,036 1,410 3,217 1,146

1,462 3,705 1,249

1,169 1,752 4,079 1,274

1,459 1,995 4,620 1,247

1,413 2,012 4,597 1,248

1,018

1,288

1,410

Butanol Caprolactam Cyclohexane Ethylene Ethylene dichloride

Toluene 3 Toluene diisocyanate Xylene3 p-Xylene SOUTH KOREA Benzene Butadiene Ethylene Propylene Vinyl chloride TAIWAN Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Caprolactam Dioctyl phthalate Ethylene Ethylene glycol Propylene Purified terephthalic acid Styrene Toluene Vinyl chloride

1,013

, 916

1,070

379 1,088

412 216 239

54

42

64

140

1,452

1,557

1,718

1,763

1.7%

0.4%

1.3 4.4 4.7

3.3 1.1 2.2 0.5

-0.1

1.4

1.9

-8.9

-1.7

6.8 0.6 2.6

0.6 0.9 2.3

7.0 6.8

1.7 2.3

279 -9.1 938 -2.9 315 -11.8

-1.4

841 1,005

1,676

3.8%

2.4 1.9 1.4 0.2

386

1,204

-3.2

0.9

2.0 -3.8 -2.8

10.8%

5.4 5.0 6.4 8.3

9.5%

9.4 12.3

8.6 3.8 12.7 22.1 15.6

-0.5

7.9

0.1

11.4 15.7

86 -38.6 1.1

1,783

8.3

a Petroleum and nonpetroleum sources. SOURCES: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea, Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan, Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs

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63

PRODUCTION U.S. INORGANICS Phosphoric acid increased marginally, but others were flat or took a dive THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

ANNUALCHANGE 2004-05 1995-05

2003

1,020 11,090 5,833 2,347

1,053 12,574 6,436 2,671

961

991

14,339 7,237 2,547

10,466 5,733 2,604

10,937 6,558 2,726

12,698 4,278 7,898 11,330

11,487 3,969 6,416 10,472

11,681 4,037 6,940 11,146

10,359 4,180 6,747 11,324

12,326 5,301 6,466 11,511

10,175 -17.5 4,406 -16.9 6,328 -2.1 11,599 0.8

618 -8.7 8,384 -12.8

1997

1998

1999

2000

Aluminum sulfate b Ammonia 0 Ammonium nitrate d Ammonium sulfate e

1,038 15,785 7,700 2,401

1,086 16,256 7,708 2,414

1,053 16,227 7,804 2,451

1,058 16,757 8,235 2,528

1,085 15,725 6,920 2,357

Chlorine f Hydrochloric acid 9 Nitric acid, 100%h Phosphoric acid, P205

11,242 3,541 8,018 11,913

11,301 3,733 8,349 11,982

11,720 4,145 8,556 11,935

11,647 4,226 8,422 12,599

12,111 4,081 8,113 12,433

chlorate hydroxide sulfate 1 acidJ

2005 a

2002

1996

Sodium Sodium Sodium Sulfuric

2004

2001

1995

976

560

600

568

707

742

853

792

721

669

677

10,347

10,488

9,953

11,894

11,972

10,451

9,811

9,459

8,793

9,618

927 -6.5% 9,775 -10.6 6,353 -3.1 2,578 -5.5

645

602

640

571

599

462

513

500

466

467

467

0.0

43,100

43,327

43,472

44,000

40,594

39,584

36,338

36,062

37,373

38,021

36,520

-3.9

-1.1% -4.7 -1.9

0.7 -1.0

2.2 -2.3 -0.3

1.0 -2.1 -3.2 -1.6

a Preliminary data, b Commercial, 17% Al 2 0 3 ; includes municipalities, c Synthetic anhydrous; excludes by-product ammonia liquor and ammonium sulfate, d Original solution, e Synthetic and noncoke by-product, f Includes quantities liquefied for use, storage, or shipment, g Includes anhydrous hydrochloric acid production, h Includes unspecified amounts produced but not withdrawn from the system, i Anhydrous, high and low purity, and Glauber's salt, j Gross (new and fortified). SOURCES: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census

CANADA INORGANICS Most key products saw decreased production in 2005 THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

Aluminum sulfate Ammonia Ammonium nitrate Carbon black Chlorine Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Nitric acid Sodium chlorate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid

ANNUAL CHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2003

2002

2004

2005

2004-05 1995-05

171

172

162

191

205

167

170

176

171

167

175

4,655 1,031

4,682 1,059

4,768

4,889 1,052

4,888 1,110

4,297 1,174

4,501 1,152

4,455 1,031

4,996 1,096

4,607 1,206

176

185

979 205

4,737 1,000

218

229

215

215

235

5.4

1.6 2.9

1,119

1,067

1,065

1,079

1,054

1,095

205 994

223

1,131

217 989

1,057

1,004

-5.0

-1.2

138 U5 991

147 156

142 179

157 228

155 237

143 203

151 222

153 226

149 244

142 244

-4.7

1,039

1,002 1,038 1,099 4,088

1,007 1,048 1,082 4,194

1,074 1,107 1,094 3,804

1,054 1,082 1,074 3,846

1,143 1,055 1,111 3,887

1,105 1,129 1,059 3,465

1,219 1,183 1,146 3,933

1,147 1,169 1,117 3,755

-5.9 -1.2 -2.5 -4.5

0.3 5.3 1.5 1.4

1,020 1,182 4,220

926 1,154 4,278

149 199 935 1,012 1,015 4,333

4.8% -7.8 10.0

0.0

0.2% -0.1

-0.6 -1.2

SOURCE: Statistics Canada

GOT A THING FOR DATA? If you're itching to do your own calculations with all these numbers, let yourself go... to www.cen-online.org, that is, where you can access downloadable versions of these tables.

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EUROPE INORGANICS Hydrochloric acid posted the highest growth THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED

Carbon black Chlorine Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen (mem) Hydrogen peroxide Nitrogen (mem) Oxygen (mem) Phosphoric acid c Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulfate Sulfuric acid d Titanium oxides

ANNUAL CHANGE 1995

1996

775

687

9,093 1,248 2,043

8,959 1,540 1,904

2002 a

2003

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

1,243 9,386 1,907 1,883

1,386 9,190 1,830 2,124

1,322 9,219 2,098 2,252

1,342 9,697 2,050 2,196

1,059

1,025

1,009

9,265 2,608 5,553

9,222 4,142 7,519

9,525 3,784 8,962

847

372

227

143

133

248

438

7,457 5,814

11,398 7,044

11,950 10,610

10,490 4,674

7,422 5,592

2004

2005b

1,468 10,396 5,165 10,690

1,173 10,381 6,300 10,433

-20.1% -0.1 22.0 -2.4

6.9

1,160 736 1,085 655 13,942 17,807 22,326 21,893 19,026 22,554 27,112 26,128 3,730 4,304 3,921 3,574 6,609 7,665 3,874 1,493

-1.9 -3.6 -13.3 16.0

548

615

599

526

995

1,526

1,592

1,589

4,998

4,567

12,829 12,678 692 2,463 1,451 4,401

5,656 1,506 4,918

5,785 1,930 5,795

6,197 2,718 6,586

6,090 2,748 6,832

5,418 2,237 7,109

5,780 2,314 6,598

6,756 1,806 8,157

9,114 2,951 13,835

7,937 3,082 12,746

9,994 3,406 16,584

10,588 3,075 19,024

-9.7 14.7

na

na

na

415

433

538

na

440

419

588

641

9.0

8,091 5,965

1995-05

2004-05

5.9

nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm

a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, c As P205. d As S03. mem = millions of cubic meters, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EL) expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, EuroChlor

JAPAN INORGANICS Production of hydrogen and oxygen rose to record levels THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED

Ammonia Ammonium sulfate 3 Carbon black Chlorine, liquid Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Nitrogen (mem) Oxygen (mem) Sodium hydroxide Sodium silicate Sulfuric acid Titanium dioxide

ANNUALCHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2005

2004

2003

2004-05 1995-05

-1.6% -4.5

1,831 1,771

1,811 1,756

1,836 1,780

1,689 1,618

1,685 1,716

1,715 1,749

1,604 1,585

1,450 1,564

1,291 1,570

1,340 1,526

1,318 1,458

757 942

757 894

776 928

723 881

761 875

788 847

742 777

755 754

788 723

804 619

805 601

2,469

2,416

2,539

2,408

2,448

2,494

2,342

2,317

2,363

2,324

143

143

141

140

145

151

159

167

176

196

9,130 8,598 4,004

9,314 8,904 4,062

9,676 9,795 4,391

9,716 9,188 4,252

9,855 9,534 4,345

10,290 10,655 4,471

10,296 10,373 4,291

10,455 10,720 4,271

10,835 11,250 4,369

11,281 11,278 4,493

-3.2% -1.9

0.1

0.6

2,308

-2.9 -0.7

-4.4 -0.7

197

0.5

3.3

11,435 11,371 4,552

1.4 0.8 1.3

2.3 2.8 1.3 -4.2 -0.5

836

800

795

765

769

720

679

622

596

577

546

-5.4

6,888

6,851

6,828

6,739

6,943

7,059

6,727

6,763

6,534

6,444

6,546

249

238

241

251

269

270

257

240

253

253

259

1.6 2.4

0.4

a Agricultural and nonagricultural use. mem = millions of cubic meters. SOURCE: Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry

CHINA INORGANICS Growth shows no sign of slowing down ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1997

Hydrochloric acid (31%) Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid

3,843 7,285 5,483 19,460

1998

3,801 7,368 5,184 20,519

1999

2000

2001

2003

2003

2004

2005

3,960 7,486 5,495 21,589

4,454 9,199 7,123 23,888

4,705 9,144 7,880 26,963

4,926 10,189 8,227 29,674

5,276 11,075 9,399 33,191

6,007 12,668 10,603 38,249

6,582 14,211 12,400 44,621

2004-05

9.6% 12.2 16.9 16.7

1997-05

7.0%

8.7 10.7 10.9

SOURCE: China National Chemical Information Center

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65

PRODUCTION U.S. PLASTICS Phenolics and urea and melamine grew just a tad over 1%, while all others slipped ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS3

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS Polyethylene Low-density b,c Linear low-density biC High-density c,d Polypropylenee

3,467 2,378 5,085 4,940

3,531 2,885 5,612 5,439

3,489 3,124 5,696 6,042

3,437 3,278 5,862 6,271

3,493 3,677 6,289 7,028

3,436 3,607 6,336 7,139

3,491 4,659 6,933 7,228

3,647 5,139 7,243 7,691

3,540 5,052 7,126 8,013

3,763 5,640 7,960 8,415

3,558 5,395 7,328 8,149

-5.4% -4.4 -7.9 -3.2

8.5 3.7 5.1

Styrene polymers Polystyrene f

-6.8

1.1 0.3 2.1 2.2

2004-05 1995-05

2,566

2,751

2,894

2,829

2,935

3,104

2,773

3,025

2,900

3,062

2,855

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene & other styrene polymers e,g Polyamine, nylon type

1,378

1,402

1,403

1,503

1,462

1,473

1,294

1,382

1,351

1,466

1,413

-3.6

463

500

554

583

612

581

517

578

580

608

568

Polyvinyl chloride & copolymers6

5,577

5,997

6,388

6,578

6,764

6,551

6,467

6,939

6,669

7,251

6,921

-6.6 -4.5

297. 1,460 2,013

262

293

276

1,440 2,015

1,504 2,102

1,524 2,127

THERMOSETTING RESINS Epoxyh Urea & melamine Phenolic

287 955 1,543

300

297

290

298

314

273

1,104 1,577

1,197 1,694

1,302 1,787

1,354 1,990

1,437 1,974

1,379 1,979

0.3%

-5.6%

-0.4%

1.3 1.2

4.8 3.3

NOTE: Totals are for those products listed and exclude some small-volume plastics, a Dry-weight basis unless otherwise specified, b Density equal to 0.940 and below, c Data include Canadian production from 2001 on. d Density greater than 0.940. e Data include Canadian production, f Data include Canadian production from 2000 on. g Includes styrenebutadiene copolymers, styrene acrylonitrile, and other styrene-based polymers, h Unmodified. SOURCE: American Plastics Council

CANADA PLASTICS Volumes dropped in 2005, bucking long-term trend THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

Polyesters, unsaturated Polyethylene 3 Polystyrene13

ANNUAL CHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2004-05 1995-05

90 -10.0%

58

61

71

82

108

120

115

113

139

100

2,073

2,194

2,195

2,283

2,485

2,751

3,035

3,330

3,083

3,587

3,366

189

209

181

180

200

203

186

195

183

207

198

-6.2 -4.3

4.5%

5.0 0.5

a Includes high-, low-, and linear low-density polyethylene, b Includes acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. SOURCE: Statistics Canada

EUROPE PLASTICS Output of most large-volume plastics declined or grew only slightly THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

Polyethylene Polystyrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polyvinyl chloride Epoxy resins Polypropylene Polyamides Synthetic rubber

ANNUALCHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

2,832

3,000 1,044

8,508 1,117

9,731 1,090

891 643

1999

2000

2001

2002 a

2003

2004

2005b

10,223

10,579

331

11,487 2,410

11,599 2,550

11,942 2,540

13,859 1,790

13,900 1,684

1,038 4,893

466

793

495

811

775

5,681

6,531

6,694

6,485

6,050

604

762

859

675 971

3,905

4,322

4,792

2,651

3,209

340 na 441

282 na 843

373 na

1,753

1,946

1,652 2,419

334

393

419

215

464

356

633

635

4,158 1,494 2,245

6,524

6,984 1,412 2,342

7,526 1,209 2,691

8,113 1,833 3,250

8,638 1,769 3,713

6,597 2,052 4,415

6,866 2,100 4,465

766 2,239

2004-05 1995-05

0.3% -5.9 -4.4 -6.7

nm nm nm nm

0.3 4.1 2.3 1.1

nm nm nm nm

a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe

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ASIA PLASTICS Production of most plastics leveled off or 'fell THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

JAPAN Polyethylene Polyethylene terephthalate Polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride Polystyrene Epoxy Phenolic resins Polycarbonate Synthetic rubber

ANNUAL CHANGE 1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

3,193 1,377 2,502 2,274

3,366 1,398 2,854 2,626

3,369 1,281 2,626 2,460 2,037

3,342 1,308 2,721 2,410 2,024

3,176 1,211 2,641 2,225

3,165 1,076 2,751 2,164

3,238 1,195 2,908 2,153

3,240

2,201

3,143 1,300 2,520 2,457 1,975

3,294 1,243

2.U9

3,313 1,360 2,730 2,511 2,178

1,837

1,801

1,824

1,126 3,063 2,151 1,734

194 327 227

201 294 251

222 303 292

204 259 317

225 250 351

243 262 354

192 232 370

201 242 386

195 261 409

215 287 411

211 280 431

1,498

1,520

1,592

1,520

1,577

1,590

1,466

1,522

1,577

1,616

1,627

1,120 1,871 1,624 2,622 1,361 1,244

1,143 1,925 1,627 2,811 1,427 1,278

1,105 1,882 1,706 2,930 1,176 1,306

1,949 1,744 3,013 1,093 1,184

1078

1105

1166

1,215

507 492 219 830 848 189 78 52

547 536 212 937 858 193 69 54

537 609 185

515 663 168

1020

1,098

817 214 108 56

830 195 96 53

2,696 2,195 1,810

2004-05

1995-05

0.1% -5.8

0.1% -2.0

5.3

2.0

-0.1 -4.9 -1.9 -2.4

-0.6

4.9 0.7

6.6 0.8

-2.1

0.8 -1.5

SOUTH KOREA Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene Polyethylene, high-density Polyethylene, low-density Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride

491

560

596

636

784

777

932

1,232

905 914

1,340 1,256 1,738 1,000 1,005

1,549 1,394 2,056 1,104 1,087

1,615 1,518 2,355 1,038 1,013

1,756 1,642 2,440 1,105 1,170

1,706 1,576 2,413 1,212 1,191

1,839 1,614 2,485 1,354 1,238

759 212 208 134 417 671 111 95 51

911 241 233 146 448 808 127 98 51

979 243 235 171 420 780 151 103 55

899 273 224 175 418 764 145 107 56

1016

1067

395 236 204 517 765 157 104 54

306 273 198 564 711 185 83 50

985 510 477 204 773 866 170 81 52

970 1,619

980

-11.3%

3.6 2.2 2.8 -7.1 -9.3

7.2%

4.7 6.0 6.4 1.9 2.6

TAIWAN Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene High-density polyethylene Low-density polyethylene Polyester resin Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyurethane resin Styrene-butadiene rubber Polybutadiene rubber

4.2% -4.1

8.9

4.8%

9.3 12.3

-9.2

2.3

7.6 1.6

10.2

-8.9 -11.1 -5.4

2.1 5.8 0.1 0.4

SOURCES: Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea; Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan; Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs

U.S. PAINTS & COATINGS Shipments of architectural and special-purpose coatings expanded last year ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05

1995-05

5.9%

3.3%

MILLIONS OF LITERS

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Architectural Product 3 Special purpose

2,351 1,423

2,422 1,510

2,483 1,609

2,392 1,620

2,498 1,665

2,464 1,715

2,525 1,541

2,687 1,548

2,884 1,510

3,062 1,620

3,244 1,563

-3.5

0.9

738

791

689

655

659

689

609

651

625

655

659

0.6

-1.1

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

a For original equipment manufacturers. SOURCE: Department of Commerce

U.S. SYNTHETIC FIBERS Olefin growth continued, but all other categories declined ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1995

NONCELLULOSIC FIBERS Acrylic 3 Nylon Olefin Polyester

196

211

209

157

143

154

141

154

123

109

1,226 1,085 1,763

1,270 1,095 1,736

1,286 1,216 1,855

1,218 1,326 1,768

1,217 1,395 1,736

1,215 1,461 1,775

1,019 1,342 1,464

1,112 1,354 1,482

1,115 1,348 1,374

1,142 1,373 1,466

226

216

208

166

134

158

103

81

75

67

CELLULOSIC FIBERS Acetate*3 & rayon

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2004-05

1995-05

64 -41.7% -10.7% 1,082 1,400 1,368

-5.2

-1.2

2.0

2.6

-6.7

-2.5

60 -10.2% -12.4%

I

a Includes modacrylic. b Includes diacetate and triacetate; excludes production for cigarette filters. SOURCE: Fiber Economics Bureau

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C & E N / JULY 10, 2006

67

PRODUCTION EUROPE SYNTHETIC FIBERS Only cellulosics showed growth, and that was slight THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

1995

1996

623 973 632 736

Acrylic Polyester Polyamide Cellulosics

1997

677 895 632 766

1998

705 995 673 722

650 959 641 715

2001

2000

1999

614 909 595 651

623 968 636 627

2003

2002

607 924 555 607

620 909 549 585

2004

2005

856

862

777

1,423

1,473

1,367

670 609

682 636

644 639

ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05 1995-2005

-9.9% -7.2 -5.6

0.5

nm nm nm nm

NOTE: Database was revised in 2001 and again in 2003. Data now represent "greater Europe," including the enlarged European Union and Turkey, nm = not meaningful. SOURCE: International Rayon & Synthetic Fibers Committee

JAPAN SYNTHETIC FIBERS Polypropylene fiber continued to buck the downward trend ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

Man-made a Acrylic b Nylon c Polyester 3 Polypropylene 3

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1,804

1P802

1,822

1,724

1,634

1,643

1,564

1,416

1,316

1,279

1,249

370 201 743 92

388 201 724 100

417 198 731 110

418 180 684 109

372 174 665 109

377 176 665 112

365 163 628 117

358 126 564 114

298 121 528 116

267 121 520 120

261 118 496 125

2004

2005

2004-05

1995-05

-2.4% -2.1 -2.3 -4.6

-3.6% -3.4 -5.5 -3.4

4.9

4.3

a Staple and filament, b Staple only, c Filament only. SOURCE: Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry

U.S. FERTILIZERS Ammonium nitrate grew strongly, followed by potassium chloride and nitrogen solutions ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

2004-05

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

NITROGEN PRODUCTS Ammonia Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Urea Nitrogen solutions

14,509 2,648 2,351 4,808 7,856

14,671 2,431 2,330 4,822 8,178

15,160 3,012 2,424 4,989 8,994

15,032 3,183 2,453 4,850 8,980

14,484 3,165 2,517 5,066 10,136

13,438 2,873 2,595 4,742 9,038

10,455 2,192 2,353 3,678 9,144

11,306 ,2,246 2,405 4,477 7,985

10,475 2,142 2,595 4,443 8,863

9,164 2,165 2,669 3,095 7,781

8,945 2,473 2,676 3,086 8,062

-2.4% 14.2

PHOSPHATE PRODUCTS Diammonium phosphate Monoammonium phosphate Phosphate rock Phosphoric acid (P205)

14,010 2,541 38,303 11,263

14,155 2,529 40,911 11,073

14,325 3,170 40,890 11,494

14,088 3,624 37,814 11,264

14,528 3,511 38,353 11,470

12,670 4,106 36,088 10,751

10,049 4,087 34,219 9,406

10,825 4,175 29,183 10,125

9,991 4,734 32,327 10,253

10,404 5,328 35,338 10,530

1,654

1,612

1,635

1,586

1,491

1,430

1,339

1,391

1,361

1,311

POTASH PRODUCTS Potassium chloride

1995-05

-4.7% -0.7

0.2

1.3

-0.3

-4.3

3.6

0.3

9,988 5,213 35,183 10,533

-4.0% -2.2 -0.4

-3.3%

1,467

11.9%

2005b

2004-05

0.0

7.5 -0.8 -0.7

-1.2%

NOTE: Years ending June 30. Figures are based on Fertilizer Institute surveys and may not represent the entire industry. SOURCE: Fertilizer Institute

EUROPE FERTILIZERS Urea output plunged in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE

THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS

Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Anhydrous ammonia Nitric acid Urea

1995

1996

1997

1,344

1,460

1,171

802

475

1,955

192 89

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002 a

687

1,505

769

2,078

1,442 2,362

9,394

153 725

600 214

612 947

478

631 585

897 566

721 675

2,246

2,291

2,295

2,213

263 113

266 368

290 na

264 600

2003

2004

6,656 832 1,735 4,752 12,364 6,581 2,378 767 2,407 1,168

6,700 1,605 13,000 6,540 1,453

0.7% -7.5

5.1 -0.6 -39.6

1995-05

nm nm nm nm nm

a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available. nm= not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices

68

C&EN / J U L Y

10, 2006

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