Subscriber access provided by UNIV OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN
Article
Production of fatty acid ethyl esters from waste cooking oil using Novozym 435 in a solvent-free system Débora M Kochepka, Laís Pastre Dill, Gustavo H. Couto, Nadia Krieger, and Luiz Pereira Ramos Energy Fuels, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02116 • Publication Date (Web): 18 Nov 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on December 2, 2015
Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.
Energy & Fuels is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.
Page 1 of 34
Energy & Fuels
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1
Production of fatty acid ethyl esters from waste cooking oil using Novozym®
2
435 in a solvent-free system
3 4
Débora M. Kochepka1,3, Laís P. Dill1, Gustavo H. Couto1,2, Nadia Krieger1, Luiz P.
5
Ramos1,3*
6 7
1
8
University of Paraná, UFPR, P.O. Box 1908, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
9
2
Research Center in Applied Chemistry, CEPESQ - Department of Chemistry, Federal
Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology – Paraná,
10
UTFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil.
11
3
INCT in Energy and Environment, INCT E&A, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
12 13 14
ABSTRACT
15
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) were produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) using the
16
immobilized Novozym® 435 (Novozymes) lipase in a solvent-free system. WCO contained
17
high molar mass degradation compounds that did not affect the lipase activity but remained
18
as a minor component of the resulting FAEEs. The enzyme-catalyzed FAEE production
19
was investigated using a central composite design. The best experimental conditions were
20
obtained with an enzyme loading of 5 wt% and an ethanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1. Under
21
these conditions and at the optimal enzyme temperature of 40 °C, FAEE mixtures with a
22
total ester content of 77.2 and 89.5 wt% were produced after 10 and 24 h, respectively.
23
Treatment of the spent biocatalyst with tert-butanol could restore the transesterification
24
activity of the biocatalyst to its original value.
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Energy & Fuels
Page 2 of 34
2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
25
KEYWORDS: waste cooking oil; ethanolysis; immobilized lipase; Novozym 435;
26
solvent-free system.
27 28 29
1. INTRODUCTION Biomass-derived biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel currently contribute with
30
nearly 10% of the world primary energy production 1. The main drivers for the
31
development of this market are the economic dependence on petrochemicals, the
32
conflicting geopolitical issues related to such dependence, and the environmental impact
33
that is caused primarily by the extensive and often inefficient use of fossil fuels.
34
Biodiesel is composed of long chain fatty esters that can be obtained by the
35
esterification of fatty acids and by the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats
36
with a short chain monohydroxylated alcohol, ideally in the presence of a homogeneous,
37
heterogeneous or enzymatic catalyst 2, 3. Traditionally, biodiesel is produced by
38
homogeneous basic catalysis and this technology requires the use of raw materials with
39
low water content (
