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the scientific literature and not easily accessible. This book, however, collects most of this information and, with some hitherto unpublished data, presents it as a coherent whole from the standpoint of modern thermodynamic theory. The topics dealt with range from the nature of substantivity in direct dyes for cellulose, e.g., cellulose acetate, viscose rayon, and cotton, t o dispersed and acid dyes on polyamide fibres, e.g., nylon and wool. Other subjects are discussed which are not entirely relevant to the physical chemistry of dyeing per se but which do provide a useful background for the subject, e.g., methods of dye purification, colorimetry of dye solutions containing several components, aggregation etc. The equilibrium theory and the kinetics of dyeing are expounded in simple and clear terms. The change in free energy (Ap) of the dye going from solution into the material is identified with its affinity for the substance which is, of course, determined solely by the equilibrium conditions and is not necessarily connected with the kinetics of combination with or diffusion into the solid. Severtheless, the book falls into the error (p. 117) of attempting t o deduce from the equilibrium equations a direct relationship between the magnitude of A p for a dye and its initial rate of reaction, i.e., when there is no dye in the solid phase. The expression defining the free energy of the dye in this phase, however, must then have an infinite value compared with which the differences between the values of Ap for different dyes are negligible. The confusion probably arises from a desire to establish a theoretical basis for the empirical observation of a relation between the experimentally measured initial rates and the values of Ap for the dyes examined. A theoretical connection, however, can only be deduced by postulating some plausible mechanism for the combination reaction from which might follow a direct dependence of A p on the “activation energy” ( E ) .The latter would be more correctly described as the Gibbs activation free energy (AG”in the English notation). Consequently, it would follow from the value of - 1400 cal./mole for the “activation energy” of diffusion of Heliotrope 2B into cellophane (for instance) given on p. 147,that there is an entropy of activation (AS*) of approximately -3.7 entropy units/ mole. Similarly, the equilibrium entropy changes (AS) of dyes going from solution into the material are also usually negative, as is implied by the text on p. 115 where consistency demands that “greater” be taken to mean “more negative.” For those who wish to estimate diffusion coefficients by the classical methods described in the book, the following warning may be necessary. Equation (5.13)on p. 125 repeats the misprint in Hill’s original paper: 8 / r should be 8/7+. Table 12 contains a few errors in the third decimals (0.075 = 0.071;0.200 = 0.202), and some others are wrong only by *0.001. I t is a pity that the equation for diffusion from a finite solution (Wilson: Phil. Mag. 39, 48 (1948)) could not have been included. The above criticisms, however, do not imply in the least that the book is csrclessly written. On the contrary, they merely indicate how few faults the patient search by the reviewer has unearthed from a work covering such a wide field. It is excellently written in a very readable style, is beautifully printed, contains a large number of graphical data and useful tables, and should be invaluable both to those already engaged in research in this and allied studies and to students who need a simple and clear exposition of the groundwork.
L. PETERS. Progress in Coal Science. Edited by D. H. B A N G H ~6Ut x. 10 in. 480 pp. Kew York: Interscience Publishers, Inc., 1950. Price: $7.00. In this book twenty-six selected articles from technical periodicals have been reproduced. The articles are grouped i n five parts, as follows: Part I. Modern Experirncntnl Techniques. Part 11. Fine Particles. Part 111. Constituents of Coal. Part IV. Organic Chemistry of Coal Products. Part V . Chemical Aspects of Combustion and Gasification. Because of the wide range of subject matter, most of the articles are brief summaries. This book succeeds in presenting :i rendable and informative, although brief, review of
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the scientific tools and methods wed and of the reaults of the more important branches of research on coal. Although no critical commenta by the editor are included, the benefit of his appraisal is inherent in the selection and arrangement of the articles. There are only a few typographical errors. Perhaps the most aeriow one occum in article No. 15 on Coal Petrology by C. A. Seyler. On pages 257 and 288, the equation RO 0.28 X l . W R should have been written Ra = 0.23 X (1.363)NR.This article by C. A. Seyler is also the moat difficult for the reader to understand and evaluate. The method of presentation of data in Figure 2 is difficult to comprehend, and the reader ie not informed that repeated efforts by competent coal petrographers to duplicate Peyler’s work have not shown the existence of nine components of separate and distinct reflectivity. All of the articles present an excellent selection of references to original sources of data; and for thoae desiring a very brief, readable account of coal reaearch this book is highly recommended.
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H.H.STOROH.
BOOKS RECEIVED (to June 11, 1951) Amrds, ROQER(Editor). Organic Reactions. Vol. VI. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16.1951.517 pp. Price: $8.00. AMIDEN, JOHN P. Physical Chemistry for Premedical Studenb. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd St., New York 18. 1950.317 pp. Price: $4.25. BUBQER,ALFRED. Medicinal Chemistry. Interscience Publishers, Inc., 215 Fourth Ave., New York 3. 1951.577 pp. Price: $10.00. EITEL,’WILHEL~~. Silicate Melt Equilibria. Rutgera University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 1951. 159 pp. Price: $5.00. F~RSTER, THEODOR. Fluoreszenr organischer Verbindungen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlagabuchhandlung, Gottingen, Germany. 1951. 312 pp. price: unbound, 29.50 DM; bound, 32.50 DM. FULDA, WILHELM, AND GINSBERQ, HANS.Tonerde und Aluminium. WalterdeGruyter & Co., Berlin, Germany. 1951. 228 pp. Price: 26 DM. HARROW,BENJAMIN, AND APFELBAUM,PERCY M. An Introduction to Organic chemistry. John Wiley and Sons,Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16.1951.480pp. Price: $5.00. NORD,F. F. (Editor). Advances i n Enzymology. Vol. XI. Interscience Publishers, Inc., 215 Fourth Ave., New York 3. 1951. 471 pp. Price: $9.00. RICCI,JOHN E. The Phase Rule and Hetwogeneom Equilibrium. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 250 Fourth Ave., New York 3.1951.505 pp. Price: $12.00. SCHWENCK, J. R., AND MARTIN,R. M. Basic Organic Chemistry. The Blakiston Company, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia 5. 1951.323 pp. Price: $4.50. SPRINQ, K. H.Photona and Electrons. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16. 1950. 108 pp. Price: $1.75. STOOPS,R. (Editor). Le meeanisme de l’ozydation. HuitiBme Conseil de Chimie. 76-78 Condenberg, Brussels, Belgium. 1950. 603 pp. Price: stitched, 500 Belgian francs; bound, 550 Belgian francs. STORCH, H. H., GOLOMBIC, N. S. A N D ANDERSON,R. B. The Fischer-Tropsch and Related Syntheses. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16. 1951. 610 pp. Price: $9.00. SUTER, C. M. (Editor-in-Chief).Medicinal Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16. 1951.473 pp. Price: $12.00. WAHLSTROM, ERNEST E . Optical Crystallography. 2nd ,edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16.1951.247pp. Price: $4.50. WERTaerM, E. Teztbook of Organic Chemistry. 3rd edition. The Blakiston Company, 1012 Walnut St., Philadelphia 5.1951.958 pp. Price: $5.00.
