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Quantifying neonicotinoid insecticide residues escaping during maize planting with vacuum-planters Yingen Xue, Victor Limay-Rios, Jocelyn Smith, Tracey Baute, Luis Gabriel Forero, and Arthur Schaafsma Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03753 • Publication Date (Web): 05 Oct 2015 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on October 9, 2015
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Quantifying neonicotinoid insecticide residues escaping during maize planting
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with vacuum-planters
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Yingen Xue,† Victor Limay-Rios,† Jocelyn Smith,† Tracey Baute,‡ Luis Gabriel Forero,† and
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Arthur Schaafsma*†
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†
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Canada
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‡
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
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ABSTRACT: Neonicotinoid residues escaping in vacuum-planter exhaust during maize planting
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were measured in 25 fields in southwestern Ontario in 2013-14 using filter bags to collect planter
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exhaust dust, and horizontal and vertical sticky traps to collect planter operation-generated dust.
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Atrazine residues were used to differentiate between neonicotinoid residues originating from
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seed or from disturbed soil. Recovery rates of seed-applied neonicotinoids in exhaust were 0.014
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and 0.365% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, calculated based on neonicotinoid concentrations in
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pre-plant soil and seed application rates. Neonicotinoid exhaust emission rates were 0.0036 and
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0.1104 g/ha for 2013 and 2014, respectively, with 99.9472 and 99.7820% originating from
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treated seed in 2013 and 2014, respectively, calculated based on atrazine marker. Rates of
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recovery of seed-applied neonicotinoid residues by exhaust filter bags were 0.015% and 0.437%
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for 2013 and 2014, respectively. Neonicotinoid residues captured on horizontal and vertical traps
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were 1.10 (0.1104 g/ha) and 1.45 ng/cm2 (0.0029 g/ha), respectively, with 92.31and 93.03%
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originating from treated seed, respectively, representing 0.3896% of the original active
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ingredient applied to the seed planted. Exposure to pollinators can be best reduced by strategies
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to keep active ingredient on the seed, below the soil surface, and in the field where applied.
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Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used class of insecticides in the world 1-3, and are
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predominantly used as seed treatments for early season protection from insect pests for a broad
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variety of crops in developed countries 4. Clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid are used
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on most of the major field crops in Canada 5, dominating the seed treatment market in Canada
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with over 99% of maize (Zea mays, L.) crop areas planted with neonicotinoid-treated seed in
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2013 6. Neonicotinoid-treated seeds can release different amounts of abraded dust with various
INTRODUCTION
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quantities of active ingredient during process, storage, handling and planting 7-9. Pneumatic
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planters have recently been adopted widely in North America for their seed placement precision,
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however, they have been identified as a source of dispersion of the abraded seed coating during
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planting 10-12 that can contaminate air, vegetation, surface soil and water surrounding the fields 13-
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as vacuum-planters.
, especially those planters employing high volume negative air pressure, commonly referred to
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Recently, coincident honey acute bee (Apis mellifera L.) mortality near maize fields at
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planting time, with the widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides as seed coatings for
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field crops, and the introduction of pneumatic maize planters has been observed in Europe 15, 16,
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22-25
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containing neonicotinoid insecticide residues 5, 26-32.
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, the United States 13 and in Canada 26,27, attracting significant attention to planter dust
The abrasion potential of seed coatings is strongly related to the potential dust content of
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maize seed lots 11, 12. On average, 3.6 g of fine dust (
