IhTDUsTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
August, 1924 Nominal Load Lbs./Sq. In.
520 415 310 205 153 100 415 310 205 153 100 573 520 415 363 258 153 100
_
_ -__-_-_________ ~ 100
180
.... ..
0.0009 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0042
0 . obi7
0.0022
0.0035
...
0.0015 0.0011 0.0016 0.0019 0.0030
o.ooi3 0.0016 0.0025
... ... ...
0.00102 0.00096 0.00093 0.00084 0.00139 0.00200 0.00357
0 . obi07
0.00162 0.00277
857
TABLEI
C O ~ F F I C I E N OF T S FRICTION AT R. P. M. 200 250 300 Lard oil 0.0013 0,0010 0.0011 0.0016 0.0014 0.0015 0,0022 0.0017 0.0020 0.0031 0.0023 0.0028 0.0041 0.0032 0.0037 0.0067 0.0050 0.0060 Sperm oil 0.0019 0.0017 0.0018 0.0016 0.0012 0.0014 0.0023 0.0021 0.0018 0.0030 0.0028 0.0023 0.0051 0.0038 0.0044 RaPe oil 0.00108 0.00118 0.00126 0.00115 0.00105 0.00125 0.00130 0.00107 0.00119 0.00110 0.00122 0.00096 0.00178 0.00195 0.00162 0.00239 0,00267 0.00300 0.00423 0.00503 0.00576
OF
-
350
400
0.0015 0.0018 0.0025 0.0034 0.0050 0.0076
0.0015 0.0019 0.0026 0.0039 0.0081
0.0017 0.0021 0.0029 0.0042 0.0052 0.0090
0.0020 0.0017 0.0024 0.0033 0.0057
0.0021 0.0018 0.0025 0.0035 0.0061
0.0021 0.0019 0.0027 0.0037 0.0064
0.00132 0.00133 0.00140 0.00134 0.00213 0.00334 0.00619
0.00139 0.00142 0.00149 0.00147 0.00227 0,00367 0.00663
0.0051
450
0 , bbi4s 0.00158
0.00155 0,00243 0.00396 0.00714
The absolute viscosities were calculated from the Saybolt tween the various oils are so large that they cannot be attribviscosities according to the formula given by H e r ~ c h e l . ~uted to an error in the viscosities used in making the calcuUsing these values, the value of z n / p corresponding to each lations. Even though these viscosities are incorrect, the coefficient of friction in the tables was calculated. The differences between the curves for the various loads for any results have been plotted for each load used by Tower. one of the three sets of curves (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) hold, since a change of viscosity would only shift the entire set of curves (Figs. I, 2, and 3) and have absolutely no effect upon their relative order. The same argument applies to the question of the actual film temperature as opposed to that of the bath. Towcss FRET OM DATa It will therefore be noted that the plotting of the modulus z n / p against the coefficient of friction simply results in a CONSTRN-I TEMP 90-F curve for each load used. The writer fails to see any substantiation for the broad claims made for this method of presenting results. From the data of Barnard, Myers, and Forrest,' it would appear that a glycerol-water solution should give as good lubrication in the fluid film region as an animal, vegetable, or petroleum lubricant of the same viscosity. I n fact, since they found that all these liquids give minimum coefficients of friction a t values of z n / p which differ from each other but slightly, it is to be presumed that the glycerolwater solution will lubricate almost as satisfactorily as their Velocite B and lard oils-a conclusion hardly in agreement with practical experience along these lines. The data presented herein, therefore, clearly indicate that I the theories which have been advanced in regard to the z n / p FIO.3 relation fail to fit the facts. It may be a useful method of The curves show clearly that the experimental points analysis, but, in the writer's opinion, it would be far better cannot be represented by a single curve in the case of any to present the actual data measured. Certainly, Tower's one of thcse three oils, to say nothing of the very wide varia- experiments, which were very carefully performed, are not tion between the different oils. I n fact, the differences be- in agreement with the mathematical deductions which are the basis of the x n / p relation. e J . SOC.Automotive Eng., 10, 31 (1922). D
I
Record Gasoline Production Petroleum refineries in the United States established another new high-record gasoline production mark in May, when the total output of this commodity amounted to 780,194,019 gallons. This figure surpasses by more than 25,000,000 gallons the highrecord production mark made in April, which had, in turn, passed by 11,000,000 gallons the previous high record set in March. The largest supply of gasoline yet recorded in the history of the country was on hand a t refineries June 1,according to the Bureau of Mines figures, which show total stocks amounting to 1,647,359,835 gallons. The figures represent an increase of 39,573,431 gallons over the supplies on hand May 1, a t which time a new high mark had been recorded. The daily increase in gasoline production in May, 1924, over the corresponding month in 1923 was 4,789,978 gallons, or 23.5 per cent. Compared with the output for April, 1924, there was a slight increase in the daily production amounting to 8441 gallons. Exports of gasoline amounted to 96,879,769 gallons, a decrease of 20,061,479 gallons. Imports showed a total of 14,265,697 gallons for May, an increase of 6,638,398 gallons. Kerosene showed a decrease in production from the previous
month of 3,193,528 gallons, the total production of this product during May amounting to 199,992,393 gallons. Stocks of kerosene decreased 18,372,875 gallons, but increased 15,034,731 gallons over the stocks on hand a t the end of the corresponding period of a year ago. Total stocks on June 1 were 287,707,015 gallons. Total exports during the month amounted to 79,421,026 gallons, a decrease of 9,442,875 gallons during the month. The output of gas and fuel oils in May was 1,155,935,780 gallons, an increase during the month of 39,172,117 gallons. Stocks decreased 25,026,802 gallons, total stocks on hand June 1 being 1,530,112,132 gallons. Exports and imports both increased during the month-exports by 13,508,496 gallons and imports by 20,803,847 gallons. During the month of May, 258 operating refineries reported to the Bureau of Mines. These refineries had an aggregate daily crude oil capacity of 2,217,292 barrels, running to stills a daily average of 1,851,017 barrels of both foreign and domestic crude oil, or 83 per cent of their daily operating capacity, a decrease of 2 per cent compared with the refinery operations of the previous month.
