17 Relation Between Fuel Properties and Chemical Composition. Physical Properties of
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U.S. Navy Shale-II Fuels W. A. AFFENS, J. M. HALL, E. BEAL, R. N. HAZLETT, and J. T. LEONARD Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375 C. J. NOWACK and G. SPECK Naval Air Propulsion Center, Trenton, NJ 08628
The U.S. Navy has been involved for some time in the development of Navy fuels from alternative sources (shale oil, tar sands and coal). As a part of this effort, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Naval Air Propulsion Center have been studying the characteristics of these fuels (1,2). NRL and NAPC are currently participating in a program to characterize the products from the Shale-II refining process conducted by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO) at their refinery in Toledo, Ohio. This paper is concerned with a part of this program and is a summary of the work on the physical and related properties of three military type fuels derived from shale: JP-5 and JP-8 jet turbine fuels, and diesel fuel marine (DFM) (3,4,5). Another paper of this symposium (6) will discuss the chemical characterization of the fuels. JP-5 (3) is a "high flash point" Navy fuel for carrier-based jet aircraft and helicopters and occasionally for shipboard power plants and propulsion. JP-8 (4), a U.S. Air Force jet fuel, is very similar to "Jet A" kerosene used by commercial jet aircraft in the United States and elsewhere. DFM (5) is a multipurpose distillate fuel used by the Navy for ship propulsion in steam generating, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. The shale derived fuels used i n these studies were derived from Paraho crude shale o i l . The fuels were prepared by hydrocracking of the total crude, and then fractionation. Both the JP-5 and DFM Shale-II fuels were acid and clay treated i n f i n a l finishing steps. The refining process which was used i s described elsewhere (7). A t o t a l of thirty-six Shale-II fuel samples have been examined including seventeen JP-5 samples, five JP-8 samples and fourteen DFM samples. Of the t h i r t y - s i x samples, twenty-six were "finished" fuels i n that they had been treated with sulfuric acid to remove organic bases, and ten were "pre-acid treatment" samples. Six of the finished samples did not contain additives but the remaining twenty samples did. The l a t t e r group included two p i l o t plant samples, a JP-5 ("J-PP") and a DFM ("D-PP"). This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright. Published 1981 American Chemical Society
In Oil Shale, Tar Sands, and Related Materials; Stauffer, H.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
254
OIL SHALE,
TAR SANDS, AND RELATED
MATERIALS
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GC SijmLated D i s t i l l a t i o n The boiling range of a representative sarrple of each of three types of fuels was determined by gas chromatography (GC Simulated Distillation) using ASTM method D 2887 (8). This was also done for representative petroleum derived JP-5 and DFM samples for comparison. Data are plotted for the j e t fuels i n Figure 1 and for DFM i n Figure 2. JP-8 data have been emitted frcm Figure 1 since the Shale-II data for JP-5 and JP-8 are quite similar. The temperature for the JP-8 (Shale-II) averaged 4°C lower than for the JP-5 sample at the various percentages. The only exception was the 0.5% d i s t i l l e d point, for which JP-5 was 5° lower. I t was concluded from the d i s t i l l a t i o n data and other data which follow that the JP-8 Shale-II samples can be considered to be JP-5 for a l l practical purposes. The Shale-II d i s t i l l a t i o n temperature data, as seen i n the figures, are somewhat low compared to that of the corresponding petroleum fuels. As a rule, data obtained by a GC simulated d i s t i l l a t i o n do not agree with analogous data by actual d i s t i l lation. Temperatures by the simulated d i s t i l l a t i o n are lower than that of simple ASTM pot d i s t i l l a t i o n s (10) at the i n i t i a l temperatures, higher near the end point temperatures, and i n close agreement near the midpoint temperatures P,
