374
VOL. 10, KO.7
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERIZG CHEMISTRY
prunes in sirup, but has no effect on t,lie service value of peaches or pears. Literature Cited (1) Cuipepper and Moon, Canning A g e , 9, 461 (1928). (2) Evans, J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 47, 73-71’ (1928). (3) Hirst, F., and Adam, W. B., Nomograph KO.1, University of Bristol Research Station, Campden, Gloucestershire, 1937. (4) Hoar, T. P., Trans. Faraday SOC.,30, 472 (1934). (5) Hoar, T. P., and Havenhand, D., J . Iron Steel Inst. (London), 133, 239 (1936).
(6) Hoare, W. E., Ihid., 129, 253 (1934). (7) Hothersall and Prytherch, Ibid., 133, 205 (1936). ( 8 ) Kohman and Sanborn, Canning A g e , 9, 381 (1928). (9) Lueck and Blair, Trans. Am. Electrochem. SOC.,54, 257 (1928). (10) Mantel1 and Lincoln, Canning Age, 7, 847 (1926). (11) Morris, T. N., and Bryan, J. AT., Dept. 3ci. Ind. Research, Food Inyest., Special Rpt. 4, 1932; Special R p t . 44, 1936. (12) Scott, “Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis,” 4th ed., Vol, I, p. 534, New York, D. \-an Nostrand Co., 1927. RECEIVED .%pril l R , 1938.
Relation between Volatile Matter and HydrogenCarbon Ratio of Coal and Its Banded Constituents C. H. FISHER. Central Experiment Station, Bureau of >lines, Pittsburgh. Pa.
Using data from the literature and paying special attention to the petrography, the relation between volatile matter and hydrogen-carbon ratio was studied. Plotting these two values against each other gave two curves, approximated by three straight lines. lnthraxylons (vitrain and clarain) are found on one curve, whereas the other constituents (fusains, attrital matter, durains, and spores) occur on the other. The equations representing these straight lines can be used to relate the volatile matter and hydrogen-carbon ratios of the constituents with moderate accurac:. A more interesting and useful relationship is that between the volatile matter and the square of one hundred times the hydrogen-carbon ratio. Two straight lines result when these are plotted. Vitrains and clarains fall on the shorter line, and
S
EVERAL investigators have noted relationships between the volatile matter and the carbon and hydrogen contents of various coals. Ralston (12) constructed a chart that gives the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents and volatile matter content of carbonaceous materials ranging from anthracites to Kood and plants. Korn (9) and Schuster (14) claim that a linear relationship exists between carbon content and volatile matter, a conclusion that has been disputed by Seyler (15). I n studying the connection between proximate and ultimate analyses, Pallot (11) plotted carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents against fixed carbon. Spooner (16) proposed several equations that relate volatile matter and ultimate analyses of coals. Although these relationships may be useful and fairly satisfactory, no distinction was made between the type and proportion of petrographic constituents piesent. IIore recently, Seyler (13, 15) pointed out that the petrographic composition of the coal exerts an important influence on the relation between yolatile matter and carbon and hy-
the other constituents fall on the longer line. Equations defining these lines appl: with fair accuracy to anthraxylons of all ranks and to other constituents from low-volatile fusains to high-volatile spores. Probabl?; most important is the determination of the approximate petrographic composition of coals from proximate and ultimate anal>ses, but the equations should be useful also in ascertaining the quality of isolated constituents and in correlating chemical reactions of coal wTith its rank and petrography. By plotting volatile matter against the sum of the hjdrogen and carbon contents and using these equations, a satisfactory estimate of the petrography can be made in many instances from the proximate and ultimate analyses. drogen contents. Bright coals (chiefly anthraxylon or vitrain and clarain) were characterized by the following formula, where, as later in this paper, V , C, and H represent percentages of volatile matter, carbon, and hydrogen, respectively. V = 10.61H
- 1.24C 4-84.15
It mas claimed that coals not conforming to this equation (dry, mineral-matter-free basis) contain considerable amounts of banded constituents other than vitrain or clarain and that, therefore, some information as to the petrography of the coal can be obtained from the proximate and ultimate analyses. Other equations relating volatile matter of bright coals with carbon or hydrogen content are: Seyler’s (16) logarithmic: H
=
2.80 log V
+ 0.95
Diederichs’ ( 2 ) : H = V
(v7~510)- 0.013
Seyler’s (15) quadratic:
H = 0.1292V - 0.00156V2 2.69 C = 0.2997’ - 0.01334V2 90.79
+
+
JULY 15, 1938
ANALYTICAL EDITION
375
volatile matter and
( y ) 2 0 f
coal con-
stituents are plotted (Figure 2 ) . Vitrains and clarains fall on the upper line, which is defined by the equation V = E(T) 13 lOOH * - 7 . 6
(4)
Yitrains falling on the upper end of the vitrain-clarain line (above about 43 per cent volatile matter) were not found, and analytical data for vitrains of extremely high or low rank were not included in Figures 1 and 2. The other constituents fall on the lower line and are represented by Equation 5 .
I
slu
T*
=
s17 (lOOH 7 )+ 2.3 lOOH
xylon, vitrain, or clarain
(5)
2
(6) =(7)
Equation 6 is simpler and gives results almost as accurate as those obtained with Equation 5 (Tables I1 to IV) The agreement between the volatile matter and the values calculated by these formulas is shown by Tables I to IV, which, in some instances, give also the volatile matter calcuVOLATILE MATTER, PERCENT lated by Seyler’s equation (1’ = 10.61H FIGURE1. RELATIONBETWEEN VOLATILEM ~ T T E R AND HYDROGEX1.24C 84.15). Unusually accurate calcuCARBON RATIO lations are shown for the vitrains in Table I, possibly because these samples were carefully selected by Seyler (15) and the analytical data were calculated I n the presellt work it was found that a definite relationship to the dry, mineral-matter-free basis. exists between the hydrogen-carbon ratio and volatile matter of anthraxylon (vitrain), attrital matter, durain, fusain, and spores (dry, ash-free basis). Plotting the hydrogen-carbon ratio against the volatile matter gives two curves; ritrains and clarains fall on one curve, and fusains, durains, and spores on the other. These two curves can be approximated fairly well by three straight lines (Figure I). The equations representing these lines can be used to relate the volatile matter and h y d r o g e n - c a r b o n ratios of the m a c r o c o n s t i t u e n t s with moderate accuracy. For example, vitrains and clarains are characterized by the equation
+
V = - - 1185H C
39
(1)
Fusains and durains containing volatile matter u p to about 41 per cent conform to the equation
v=--92;H
18.5
2
-N
(2)
-
For spores, spore-rich attritus, and durains of more than 41 per cent volatile matter the following equation can be used: T - = - - 1365H
c
46,
=Anthraxylon vitrain or clarain = Opaque aftrltus
(3)
A more interesting and useful relationship is that between the volatile matter and __ )?. T w o s t r a i g h t l i n e s a r e obtained when the
(
4
12
20
28
36 44 52 VOLATILE MATTER PERCENT
60
FIGERE 2. RELATION BETWEEN VOLATILE MATTER.ASD
68
76
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGIR'EERING CHEMISTRY
376
T.4BLE
Carbon
Hydrogen
35 39 46 30 74 42
92 39
91 13 91 62 80 90 91 35 91 90 92 01 85 92 90 91 87 83 S J I 38 91 81 86 92 91 93 92 25 88 46 88 17 90 55 86 96 85 03 92 30 83 45 92 42
-
VITRAISS (SEYLER)
Determined
volatile Matter Seyler's Calculated from formula Equation 4
70
%
%
%
5 32 4 65 5 05 4 86 4 42 5 30 4 03 4 69 4 37 5 39 4 74 4 28 37
32 6'2 18 45
33.53 20.17 2 6 . 80 24.73 17.29 30 i 4 12 34 20 91 1 6 91 4 1 03 21 17 15 61 16.42 35 54 22.35 29.03 19 33
33.5 20 6 26 9 24 3 17 ti 31.3 13 0 21.1
% 86 91 89 89 91 88
I.
26 24 24.61
2:
17 30 , J 12 47 2 1 11
l i .33 4 1 43
21.48 16 04 1.7 23 36.29 23.20 29.85 20.09
,.4 46
4 80
5 4 4 5
07 57 41 32
18.04
33.70 I G 03 15 23 29.76 30.02 22.26 27 10 3 7 , 52 14 53 39 93 15 45
4 24 4 18 5 11
5 09 4 63 4 90 5 41 4 10 5 44 4 16
17 10 32.83 15 15 14.11
28.68 28.82
20 99 28.31 36 11 13 20 39 39 13 69
VOL. 10, KO. 7
The formulas and figures of the present paper were constructed in an attempt to facilitate the correlation of hydrogenation data (3, 5, 7 ) with both the petrography and rank of coal. It is likely that the relationships outlined herein will be helpful in several respects. By applying Equations 4 and 5 (or Seyler's vitrain formula, 15) some clue as to the petrographic composition of coals is afforded by the proximate and ultimate analyses, even when the coal petrographer's analysis is lacking. Further, a method of checking the quality of banded constituents isolated from coal is offered.
li.O
40.5 21.6 15 9 18 8 36 3 22 6 28 5
TABLE
liXD GRAY DURAISS 11. FVSAIXS
--\-ohtile
19 5 17.4
33 0 15 4 14.0 28.6 28 6 20.7 26 $ 36.13.8 38 4 14 4
Carbon
Hydrogen
70
%
90.4
3.2 2 9
no
3 4 3 1
01 6 89 2
5 9 2 3 6 9 $41. 0 91.2
% Fusains 12.8 13.8
3 8
19.8 13.5 13 9 20 2 17 8 17 1 10.1
3 2 3 s
14.2 14.6
3 0
90 89 88 89 93
Matter From From Equation 6 Equation 5
Determined
3 5 3 2 2 7
%
%
12.5 10.0 14,: 11.I 10.9 18.2 15 7 12.7 8.3 12.4 15.6
14 1 11.8
16.0 13.4
12.6 19.4 17.1
14 3 10.1 14 0 17.0
Grav Durains 86 2 83 4 84 9 83 4 87 8 86 5 84 8 85 3
The data of Wandless and LIacrae (20) were used in making the calculations in Table 11, which compares the determined and calculated values for volatile matter of fusains and gray durains. The agreement of determined and calculated values for spores and spore-rich and opaque attritue is shown in Table IV. If a few gray durains and sDores are excluded. the a g r e e m e n t i s g o o d in most instances. Equations 5 and 6 appear to apply with fair accuracy over the entire range of coal constituents (exclud98 ing vitrains and clarains) from the low-volatile fusains to the high-volatile spores. Since there is not necessarily a definite relation 96 between the hydrogen-carbon ratio and the sum of the hydrogen and carbon contents, the latter values (C H) were plotted against the volatile matter of the banded constituents of coal. The 94 resulting figure (Figure 3) also shows promise of being useful in predicting petrographic composition and evaluating the purity of coal macro92 constituents. Only the lorn-volatile (high coiitent of opaque matter) and high-volatile (spore5 rich) durains are shown in Figure 3; durains of c 7 g 90 intermedinte v o l a t i l e matter fall in Figure 3 n somewhere between the spores and the opaque I > attritus, presumably according to rank and their 7+ content of these t\vo substances. As might be expected, the coal hydrogenation residues (Table a 0 VI) fall rather well on the lower half of the fusain line (extreme left of Figure 3). However, 86 as judged by Equations 4 and 5 , these residues contain considerable amounts of material other than fusinite (16). I
4 8 4 6
5 : 4 ,
4 9
4 $1 4 $3 4 i 5 0
86 1
"
+
84 vitrain or clarain
-Applications An obvious and relatively unimportant benefit to be derived from Figure 2 and Equations 3 and 4 is the calculation of volatile matter from the ultimate analysis. Conversely, the hydrogencarbon ratio can be calculated from the volatile matter and, by some features of methods previously employed (2, 14, l b ) , the percentages of carbon and hydrogen can be estimated.
82
801 4
' I I I I 1 I I 12
20
~
~
1
1
28 36 44 52 VOLATILE MATTER, PERCENT
1
" ' 1' ~ ~1 I ~" ' ' 60
68
76
BETWEES VOLATILEMATTER ASD CARBOS PLUS FIGCRE 3 RELATIOX HYDROGEN
JULY 15, 1938
ANALYTICAL EDITIOS
_-
TABLEIII. GRAYDURAIXS (SEYLER) Carbon
%
%
90.52 88.47 86,59 86.83 82,94 88.80 86.52 81.93 84.45 84.40 82.00 86.07
4.32 4.94 4.95 5.43 4.17 5.01 5.39 4.31 4.56
Volatile .\latterFrom Eauation 5
Determined
Hydrogen
5.02 4.98 5.61
TABLEIV. SPORESASD SPORE-RICH ISD O P ~ Q U E ATTRITUS ---Volat Reference Carbon Hydrogen
%
% Opaque attritur
2S 1.7
S S
Spore-rich attritus
13 1,?
IS 1 1 1 1
Spores
I7 10
:!
87.5 86.8 84.6 83 5 85.8 85.2 85.4 84.64 84.42 84 64 84 6 80 6 85 0 832 80 9
Determined
%
i5 ;:'Ag 27 4 - - 38 0
4 .5
24.7
4 45 J I
5 9
; 6 6 5 7 6 7 7
2 1 8 6 9 4 6
42 1 44 4 58 3 03 8 .50 3 46 6 76 6 64 4 775 76 8
377
vitrinite are present. This was confirmed by the hydrogenation experiment, since only a negligible amount was liquefied (7). Although it has been assumed (21) that coal hydrogenation residues are virtually pure fusain, petrographic analyses of the inert residues usually are not available. However, proximate and ultimate analyses have been published (Y),and some clue as to the petrographic composition of the residues can be derived from these analyses by means of Equations 4 and 5 . Table T'I contains such data on residues obtained by Graham and Skinner ( 7 ) on hydrogenating various coals. From Table T'I it is evident that the inert residues resemble low-volatile durains or opaque attritus rather than vitrains. This agrees with Franciq' claim (5) that reactive clarains are suitable for hydrogenation whereas the opaque matter in durains is not.
lie 31at terFrom From EquaEquation 6 tion 5
%
%
26 4 29.3 30.2 28.4 44.1 47 9 46.1 61.7 53.9 52.0 47 0 88 9 65 9 791 88 2
27.3 30.0 30.8 29.1 44 0 47.5 45 8 60 5 53 2 51 4 46 7 86 3 64 6 770 85 6
From the results thus far available in the literature, i t appears t h a t the amenability of constituents to hydrogenation can be judged by their location on Figure 1 or 2 . The fusains ( 7 , lower end of fusain-durain-spore line) give low hydrogenation yields, whereas spores (3, 6, upper end of same line) are easily hydrogenated. Although less resistant than fusains, durains containing opaque matter are difficult to hydrogenate ( 5 ) . Anthraxylons, occurring on the upper line in Figure 1 or 2 , generally give high liquefaction yields (5, 7 ) . T o obtain a more complete picture of the hydrogenation of coal constituents, the components of the banded constituents also should be considered. For example, the liquefaction of fusain by hydrogenation probably is limited by the fusinite (inerts) present. The vitrain-like material (vitrinite) in fusain is amenable to hydrogenation. Similarly, the liquefaction of anthraxylon appears to be limited by the presence of small amounts of inert material (possibly that determined by Francis' rational analysis, 4, 5, or similar oxidation methods). It has been observed in several instances that hydrogenation and oxidation yield about the same amount of inert matter (6, 21). An example of the ube of Figure 2 in predicting liquefaction yields is afforded by the first vitrain listed in Table V. 81though described ( 7 ) as vitrain, it occurs in Figure 2 far below the vitrain line. On hydrogenation ( 7 ) there was obtained a 48.8 per cent yield of inert material with a composition considerably different from the original sample. Therefore, the vitrain vias of pool quality and lacking in homogeneity unless the inert residue was produced during the hydrogenation. Since the ie4due has a carbon-hydrogen ratio higher and volatile matter lon-er than the original vitrain, it is likely that, if produced during the hydrogenation, carbonization was responsible for its presence. The two clarains, which are defined better by Equation 4 than by Equation 5 (indicating the presence of much anthraxylon), were hydrogenated satisfactorily ( 7 ) . Comparison of the determined volatile matter of the fusain in Table Y with the volatile matter calculated by Equations 4 a i d 5 indicates that only negligible amounts of
TABLE F'.
BANDEDCOSSTITUESTS INERT RESIDUES
COMPOSITIOS O F
.iND T H E I R
(Dry. ash-free basis. Xumber
Constituent F'itrain Residue Clarain Residue Clarain Residue Durain Residue Fusain Residue
Carbon
(48.8%)
%
%
79.83 85,91
5.74 4.24 5.27 3.76 5.47 3.93
81.25 89.23 84 19
(21.8%)
85.86 82.44 89.74 94.96
(16.4%) (37.3%)
...
(ea. 95%)
Reference 7 ) -Volatile MatterFrom From Hydro- Deter- Equa- Equagen mined tion 4 tion 5
5.08 3.97 1.99
%
%
41.1 15.2 39.1
48.4 18.8 38.0
3;: 4 19.2 34.5
38: 1
6: 1
..
% 51.1 42.1
4i:a
22.1 38.2
-2.8
6:4
..
13 9 20 3 1.5 4 23 7 15 4 21.9 16 2 22 6 47 7
25.3
33.5
l5,l
C/H Ratio
..
..
OF INERT RESIDUES TABLE VI. COMPOSITIOS
( D r y , ash-free basis) 7 -
Carbon
Hydrogen
Determined
Volatile Matter From From Equation 4 Equation 5
%
%
%
%
%
87 74 90 89
3.88 3 70
19.1 14.4 17.3 18.6
13.6 10.3 14.2 12.6 12.7 9.8 8 8 8 1 10.8
20 8 17.9 e1 3
90 89 90 90 92 92 89
98 89 01 69 47 93 80
4 08 3 88 3 90 3 63 3.60 3.54
3.70
21.,
14.6 13 7 10 e 14 0
19 Y
eo
0 17 4 16 6 16 0 18 3
It should not be necessary to point out that uncertainties in determining accurately the volatile matter and carbon and hydrogen contents of coal on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis make correlation of these properties difficult. It is likely that the relation between volatile matter and ultimate analysis can be determined much more precisely when reliable data, Calculated to the dry, mineral-matter-free basir, are available.
Aclinow-ledgnient The m i t e r gratefully acknowledges the interest in the work and crit'icism of the maiiuscript given by H. H. Storch.
Literature Cited (1) Berry, H., and Jones, J . H., F u e l , 15, 343-51 (1936).
(2) Carpenter, R. C., and Diederichs, H.. "Experimental Engineering and Manual for Testing," 7th ed.. New Tork. John TViley & Sons, 1912. (3) Fisher, C. H., Eimer, A , , and Storch, H. H., "Hydrogenation of the Macroconstituents of Coal. Spores" (unpublished). (4) Francis, W., F u e l , 12, 128-38 (1933). ( 5 ) Francis, W., J. Inst. F u e l , 6, 301-5 (1933). (6) Francis, W,, and Morris, H. hl., Bur. M i n e s Bull. 340 (1931). ( 7 ) Graham, J. I., and Skinner, D. G., J . SOC.Chert&.Ind., 48, 12936T (1929); F u e l , 4, 25, 7 5 , 127, 371 (1926).
378 (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
(15) (16) (17)
Ih-DUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERIh-G CHEMISTRY Hall, P. E., Ibid., 9, 373-92 (1930). Korn. N. L., Power, 78, 249 (1934). hlacrae, J. C., and Wandless, A. M., F u e l , 15, 68-74 (1936). Pallot, A. C., J.Inst. F u e l , 8 , 250-69 (1935). Ralston, 0. C., Bur. Ilfines Tech. P a p e r 93 (1915). Rose, H. J., T r a n s . Am. Inst. ~TliningM e t . Engrs., Coal Division, 411-15 (1930). Schuster, F., Brennstof-Chen., 15,309-11 (1934). Seyler, C. h.,CoZKery G u a r d t a n , 155, 9 9 0 4 , 1046-8, 1087-9, 1137-9, 1231-3 (1937). Spooner, C. E., J . Inst. Fuel, 11, 134-40 (1937). Sprunk, G. C., Selrig, W.A,, and Ode, V ,H., “Chemical and Physical Properties of Spores” (in press)
VOL. 10, NO. 7
(18) Sprunk, G. C., and Thiessen, R., IXD. ESG. CHEM.,27, 446-51 (1935). Colliery Guardian, 155, (19) Kandless, A. M., and Macrae, J. 1232 (1937). (20) T\’andless, A. M., and Macrae, J. C , , Fuel, 13, 4-15 (1934). (21) Wright, C. C., and Gauger, A. W., Penn. State College, M i n e r a l I n d . Tech. R e p t . 2 (October, 1936).
c.,
RECEIVED May 3, 1938. Presented before the Division of Gas and Fuel Chemistry a t t h e 95th Meeting of t h e American Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, dpril 18 t o 22. 1938. Published by permission of the Director, Bureau of Mines. t-.Y. Department of the Interior (not subject t o copyright).
Detection of Cobalt, Copper, and Ferrous Iron With 2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol-4-SulfonicAcid L. A. SARVER L-nitersity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 31in11.
I
MMEDIATELY after the description by Ilinski ( 2 ) of the reaction which takes place between cobalt and l-nitroso2-naphthol, Hoffmann (1) called attention to the fact that he had observed it in 1883, when he prepared and studied not only this compound, but also 2-nitroso-1-naphthol and 2nitroso-1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. The latter substance is a dyestuff, and its preparation was patented in 1884, with the claim that it gave a green with iron and a red with cobalt. The free acid is a brownish yellow crystalline substance, very stable, and easily soluble in water. It is strongly acidic, and capable of forming two series of salts; however, only the hydroxyl group is inrolved in its most characteristic color reactions, the hydrogen being replaced by one equivalent of the metal, which then forms a coordinate bond with either the nitrogen or the oxygen of the neighboring nitroso group to give a five- or six-membered chelate ring:
Since the strains, and therefore the stabilities, of five- and six-membered rings are so nearly equal, it is difficult to say which of the two structures is correct. The reagent may be prepared easily, and with excellent yields, b y the action of nitrous acid upon l-naphthol-4sulfonic acid, according to the method of K i t t and Kaufmann (5). A 1 per cent solution is made up in water, and is stable for several months, at least. Although i t forms sparingly soluble salts with several metals, none is sufficiently insoluble to make it of value as a precipitant. However, i t gives beautiful red, orange, and green color reactions with cobalt, copper, and ferrous iron, respectively. I n concentrated solutions precipitates are formed, but from dilute solutions the dyestuffs do not settle out, and are stable over a period of months.
The reaction with ferrous iron is most intense at a p H of 5 , and the colors are markedly weaker a t higher and lower acidities. With cobalt, on the other hand, a greater latitude is permissible, and the most favorable range is 7 to 8; however, if the solutions are not too dilute, good colorations can be obtained a t any p H greater than 3. Ferric iron gives a much weaker color reaction than do cobalt, copper, and ferrous iron, but nevertheless enough to cause interference; this can be suppressed b y the addition of fluoride. S o means have been found for suppressing the mutual interference of the other ions, but ferrous iron can be oxidized to ferric, which does not interfere in the presence of fluoride. Copper can be removed as sulfide, and cobalt may be removed by classical methods when required. However, they may usually be recognized in the presence of each other by the color. Sickel interferes only when present in high concentration; i t is possible t o detect cobalt in the presence of 1000 times as much nickel, or more. Chromium and other conimon ions, except cyanide, do not interfere; cyanide prevents the reaction from taking place. The sensitivity of the test is very great. When none of the interfering ions is present, i t is comparatively easy to detect cobalt or iron in concentrations of one part in 20 million; the colors given by copper are only slightly less intense. Blanks must be used for the great dilutions, since the reagent itself is yellow. It is also necessary to allow some time for the color to develop in very weak solutions; the reaction may be speeded u p by heating. About 0.01 gamma can be detected by means of a spot test for either of the three metals; when a sufficient sample is available, i t is convenient to work in Nessler cylinders, adjusting the p H with sodium acetate and acetic acid. The study of these reactions is being continued, with the object of adapting them to quantitative colorimetric determinations.
Literature Cited (1) Hoffmann, 0.. Ber., 18, 46 (1886). (2) Ilinski, M.. Ibid., 17, 2581 (1884). (3) Witt, 0. N., and Kaufmann, H., Ibid., 24, 3160 (1891). R E C E I V E May D 9, 1938.
