63
ANALYSES 0%' GLASS, ETC.
American manufacture) was examined and foiind to be of the same glass throughout, as ellown below : Bulb 118.
K,O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.17
Ka,O _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6.43 Al,O, - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.39 PbO- - - - - - - - .- - - - 15.70 SiO, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - G6.22 CaO _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0.45 MnO - - - - - - - - - - - MgO - - - - - - - - - _ _ traces. Fe,O, - - - - - - - - - _ _ ~
I
Stem 114. 6.91
5.89 1.95 17.14
65.50 1.25 traces.
99.36 98.97 It should be said here that n o proof has been obtained as to the possibility that some glasses of different composition may have similar coefficients of expansion, certain constituents compensating each other, but l i s it is a simple matter to obtain glass of practically the same composition for all parts of a lamp or any other complex glass work. Problems connected with the coefficiency of expansion need not necessarily be taken into consideration.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OK S P E L L I S G AKD PRONLKCIATIOK OF cmimcarJ T E I ~ . * During the last four years, your committee has sought to obtain from tlic members of this Section, from leading American Pliilologists, and from American Chemists in general, an eshanstive and thoronghly representative expression of opiiiioii on the qiiestions coming within the scope of its conimissions, which lias beeii essentially tlic attainment of uniformity in the o r t h o g i ~ a p hand ~ pronnnciatioii of the terms nsed i n oiir science. Three preliminar~reports were distributed to American C'lieni-
* From ntlrnnce sheets of tile Proceedings of t h e American Asiociatiou for the Bdvnnceiucnt of Science. Wnshiiipto~iXeeting, 1591.
64
BEPOKT OF I I I E C O J I M I T T E E C N C H E M I C A L TERMS.
ists in the years 1889, 1890 and 1891, inviting extended criticism and suggestion. The substance of the replies to these was carefully digested and submitted to the Chemical Section each year for detailed discussion and decision. T!ie premit and final report of your committee embodies t h e results of these four years of correspondence and discussion, as completed by the sectional action a t the present meeting of t h e Association.' It is presented in the hope that all chemists, especially t1:ose engaged in teaching, will cordially unite in the efforts to bring about the desired uniformity in usage. The reasons for the adoption of a few more radical changes in our nomenclature are to be found in the report for 1890. Those specially interested in the subject who have not attended the recent sessions of the Association may freely correspond with individual member of the Committee, who will gladly furnish more detailed explanation of the principles involved. The follo,wing summary of rules is not to be regarded as final, Your committee recognize the fact that after a fair tfrial for a decade or even iess, certain modifications will in all probability be generally regarded as desirable. I n conclusion the committee express their sincere thanks to their ninny colleagues throughout the land, who have so promptly and fully responded to the successive requests for data, suggestions and opinions. T. 13. S O R T O S , $2 D A R D I1ART, 11. GARKIYGTOX BOLTOX,, J A - , LEWISHOWE.
REPORT OF THE COXNITTEE ON CHEMICAL TERMS.
65
RULES BOR THE ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCUTION OF CHEMICALTERMS. GENERAL PRINCIPLES O F PRONUNCIATION. I . T h e pronunciation is as much in accord with the analogy of the English language as possible. 2. Derivatives retain as far as possible the accent and pronunciation of the root word. 3. Distinctly chemical compound words retain the accent and pronunciation of each portion. 4. Similarly sounding endings for dissimilar compounds are avoided (hence - i d , - i t e ) .
ACCENT.
In polysyllabic chemical words the accent is generally on the antepenult ; in words where the vowel of the penult is followed by two consonants, and in all words ending in -k the accent is on the penult. PREFIXES.
All prefixes in strictly chemical words are regarded as parts cf compound words, and retain their own pronunciation unchangcd (a,: g ‘ c e t o - , P’m’ido-, Zi’zo-, h j ’ d r o - , i‘so-, ni‘tro, n i t r 6‘s o -). ELEMENTS.
In words ending in -ium, the vowel of the antepenult is shor? if i (as i ri‘d i u m), or y (as d i d g‘ m i u m , or if before two consonants (as c?i’lcium), but longotherwise (as t i t i ’ n i u m . sElE n i u m, c h r6’m i u m).
-
al’G% i n u m a’n t 1 m o n y a’rs 5 n i c bi’rium
c h r6’m i u m cb’ba 1 t colii’mbium co‘pper
i‘Gdi n i r i ’ d i urn iron 15’ n t h a n u m
n i’trog e n 6’sm i u m a‘xY,ge? p a 11a’d 1 u m
Fiite, fPt, far, mete, mEt pine, pin, marine, n6te, nat, m o w tiibe, tfib, rule, my, g = i . Primary accent ; ” secondary accent N. B,-The accent fdlows the vowel of the syllable upon which the stress falls, blit dc es not indicate the division of the word i n t o syllables.
66
BEPORT OF THE COXMITTEE ON CIIIEUICAL TERMS.
b i ’ s m u t h (biz) d2djT’rnium e’ r b i u rn b6’ron Bii‘orIn b r 6’ m l n g 3’1 1i u m c P’d m i u m g e r m H’n i u m cP’lciu m g l ii’ci n u m ca’rbon gold ci’rium h 9’ d r o g e n ci’sium I’n d i u m c h l6’rin sii‘lfur si l i c o n tantalum silver t e 1lii’r i u m s 6’d i p m t e r rb i u m s t r6‘n t i u rn t h 9’11i u m (shium)
Also: K m m b ’ n i u m , g e n , lml’dogen. Note in the above list and s u l f u r : f is used s u l f u r (as s u l f u r i c ,
lead 1I’t h i u m magni’sium (zhium) ma’ n g a n e s e (e=> rn e’ r c u r y m61y’bdenum nl’c k e l th6’rium tin t l t H’n i u m t il’n g s t e n ii r H’ n i u m
p h 6 s’p h o r u s p 1P’t i nu m p o t a’s s i u m rhb’di u m r u b I‘d i u rn r u t h. n i u m s am5’ri u m s c P’n d i u m s Z IZ’ni u m v P n 5‘d i u m y t t e’ r b i u m jr’t t r i u m zinc z i r c 6’n i u m
phosph6’nium, hg’logen, cyg’nothe spelling of the h a l o g e n s , c e s i u m in the place of ph in all derivatives of s u l f i t e , s u l f o - , etc.)
TERMINATIONS IN -10.
T h e vowel of the penult in polysyllables is short (as cyg’nic, fiimg‘ric, a r s s ’ n i c , s i l l ’ c i c , ia’dic, biitg‘ric), except (I) u when not before two consonants (as’mercii’ric, prii’ssic), and (2) when the penult ends in a vowel (as benzb’ic, oli’ic) ; i n disyllables it is long except before two consonants (as b 6’r i c , c I’ t r i c). Exceptions : a c i ’ t i c or acE’tic. The termination -ic is used for metals only where there is a contrast with -OUS (thus avoid a l u m i n i c . a m m o n i c . etc.). TERMINATIONS IK -099.
T h e accent follows the general rule (as p l l ‘ t i n o u s , sti’lfur o u s , ph6’sphorens; coba’ltous). Exception : a c ? t o u s . FHte, fKt, far, mZte, mEt, pine, pIn, marfne, nbte, nat, move, tibe, tab, riile, my, j. =‘I Primary accent ; ” secondary accent. N. B.-The accent follows the vowel of the syllable upon which the stress falls, but does not indicate the division of the word into syl!ab!es.
REPORT OF THE COUMITTBE OX CHEMICAL TERMS.
TERMINATIONS IN
67
-ate and -it&
T h e accent follows thegeneralrule (as P‘cetPte, v t i ’ n a d l t e ) ; in the following words the accent is thrown back (as g ’ b i e t l t e . $‘IC o hol l t e , il’ce t o n Q t e , il‘n t i m o n i t e). TERMINATIONS IN
-id
(FORMERLY
-ide).
The final e is dropped in every case and’the syllable pronounced
id (as c h l b ’ r l d , i ‘ o d i d , h y ’ d r l d , t S x I d , hydrCix‘ld, szi’lf i d , P’mId, ii’nilld, m i i r 8 ’ x i d )
TERMINATIONS IN -8118,-8118,
-ine and -one.
The vowel of these syllables is invariably long (as ni E’ t h 5 n e ,
8’ t h Bne, na‘ p h t h a 1 n e , a’ n t h r a c e n e , pr6’ p i n e , q u 1’ n 6 ne, P’ce t 6 n e , k E’ t 6 ne) A few dissyllables have no distinct accent (as b e n z e n e , x y I C n e , cZtZne) The termination - h e IS used only in the case of doubly unsaturated hydrocarbons, according to Hofmann’s grouping. TERMINATIONS I N
-in.
In names of chemical elements and compounds of this class, which includes all those fortiierly ending in - h e (except doubly unsaturated hydrocarbons) the final 8 is dropped, and the syllable pronounced -in (as c h l c ’ r l n , b r 6 ’ m l n , etc., g ‘ m i n , t i ‘ n i l i n , m o’r p h i n , q uI‘nI n , v a nYl1 I n , a11o x &’,ti n , a b s i’ n t h i n , e rn il’1s I n , c 8’ f fel n , c 6’c a I n) TERMINATIONS I N
-01.
This termination, in the case of specific chemical compounds, is used exclusively for alcohols, and when so used is never followed by a final e. The last syllable is pronounced -01 (as glJ’c61, phG’n61, c r e ’ s d l , t h g ’ i n c l (ti), g l f ’ c e r c l , q u l ‘ n b l . Exceptions: g l c o b 5 1 , a rglS1. Flte, fiit,..far, miite, mi$, pine, pin, marfne, n6te, n5t, more, ?iibe, tiib, rule, my, = I . Primary accent ; ” secondary accent. N. B.-The accent follows the vowel of the sylizble upon which the stress falls, but does not indicate the division of the word into svllables.
6s
REPORT OF T H E CO3IJIITTEE O S CHEMICAL TERM>.
-ole.
TERMINATIONS I N
This termination is always pronounced -ole, and its use is limited to compunds, which are not alcohols (as I’ndiile). TERMINATIONS IN
-Yl.
Ao finaI e is used ; the syllable is pronounced yl (as K’ce t f 1 , Prnjfl, c i ’ z o t j + l , ci’t31, P t h y l ) . TERMINATIONS IN
-yde.
The y is long (as g’ldehyde). TERMINATIONS IN
-meter.
The aoxent follows the general rule (as h y d r W m e t e r , b a r t f meter, l a c t a ’ m e t e r ) . E k q t i o n : words of this class used in the metric system are regarded as compound words, and each portion retains its own accent (as cZ n t i m e” t e r , mi’lli me” t e r , kl’l om e”t e r). MISCELLANEOUS WORDS
which du not fall under the preceding rules. Note the spelling : a l b u m e n , , a l b u m i n o u s , a l b u m i n i f e r ous, asbestos, g r a m m e , r a d i c a l .
Notetbe pronunciation: a y k a l i n e , a’lloy (n. & v.) a’llotro py, a’l lot r o p i sm , i’som e r i s rn , pMymerism, a p p a r H‘ tus (Siag.
-
plu.) Hqua r e g i a , b a r f ’ t a , c g n t i g r a d e , co’n; ~ e n t r a t e d , c r y s t a l l ’ i n or c r y s t a l l i n e , e l e c t r i Y l y s i s , It t er , nsM l e c u 1e , m 61g’ f u 1a r , n 6’m e n c 12’t u r e , o 15’f i a n t , q tl B’I]t i v H” l e n c e, v 1’1e p c e , 6’n i v 2 ’ 1 e n t , b i’v H”lent. t r ivH”1en t , q u a‘ d r i v Z’’ 1e n t , t 1’ t r a t e. &
-
Fiite, fgt, far, mtte, mEt, pine, Pin. marine. n6te, n6t. move, She, t8b, riile, my, = I . Prisnary accent ; ”’ secondary accent. N.B.-The accent folIows the vowel of the syllable upon which the stress falls, but does not indicate the division of the word into syllables.
69
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE O S C H E M I C A L TERNS. A LIST OF WORDS WHOSE USE SHOULD BE AVOIDED FAVOR OF THE ACCOMPANYING SYNONYMS.
For
TN
Use
b e r y 11 i'u m niobium thein t i t e r (n.) t i t e r (v.) 111 o n o v a 1e n t ( d i v a l e n t , etc. quantivalence sodic, calcic, zincic, nicke l i c , etc., c h l o r i d , etc
glucinum columbium caffein s t r e n g t h or s t a n d a r d titrate univalent b i v a l e n t , etc. v a 1e n ce, s o d i u m , c a l c i u m , zinc, n i c k e l , etc., c h l o r i d , etc. vid. terminations in -ic supra. arsenetted hydrogen arsin antimonetted hydrogen stibin phosphoretted hydrogen phosphin su 1 f u r e t t e d h y u r o g e 11, etc h y d r o g e n s u l f i d , etc. alkylogens alkyl haloids benzol benzene t o ! u o l , etc. t o l u e n e , etc. pyrocatechin catechol resorcin resorcinol * h y d r o q u i n o n e (and h y d roc h i n o n quinol orcin orcinol h y d r o p h 1oron e phlorol phloroglucin phloroglucol quercite q 11 e r c i t o 1 pinite pinitol glycerin glycerol erythrite, erythroglacin, eryglucin, erythroman. ery throl nite, phycite.
FHte, fat, far, mete, met, pine, pln, marine, nijte, nat, move, tiibe, tdb, riile, my, y = I . Primary accent ; " secondary accent. N. B.-The accent follows the vowel of the syllable upon which t.he stress falls, but does, not indicate the diviston of the word into syllables. 'Regarding t h i s end the lollowitlg words, cf j Chem Soc.XLI. p. zqB
$0
REPORT OF THE COMYITTEE ON CHEYIICAL TERYS.
mannite dulcite sorbite furfuroi fucus01 anisol phenetol anethol
mannitol d u l c i to1 s o r b i to1 furfuraldehyde fucusaldehyde methyl phenate ethyl phenate methyl allyl-phenol
NOTE -It has been suggested that the words q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e could be advantageously replaced by q u a 1i t i v e and q u a n t i t i v e , deriving the terms from the Latin adjectives instead of the nouns, as has been done in the case of r o t a r y instead of r o t a t o r y , a g r i c u l t u r i s t instead of a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t , etc. The Section regards this change as eminently desirable, but on account of the extended use of the words outside of chemistry, delays action until the opinions of those in allied branches have been obtained. Fate, fgt far, mete, mPt, pine, pin, marine, nGte, ndt, move, tiibe, tilb. rule, mv, 9 = i Primary accent ” secondary accent. N.B.-The accent follows the vowel of tne syllable upon which the stress falls, b u t does not indicate the division of the word into syllables..
BIBLIOGRAPHT O F RECENT W O R K ON CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE A N D PRONUNCIATION. Reports of the Committee on Spelling and Pronunciation of Chemical Terms. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1889, 1890,1891. Reports of the Committee appointed for the purpose of drawing u p a statement of the varieties of Chemical Names which have come into use, for indicating the causes which have led to their adoption, and for considering what can be done to bring about some convergence of the views on Chemical Nomenclature obtaining among English and Foreign Chemists. Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883,1884 and 1885. Instructions to Abstractors on Nomenclature and Notation. Jour..Chem. Soc., 58,, p. 53 (1890). Report of the Conunittee on Nomenclature and Notation. Joura1 of the American Chemical Society, 8, I 16 (1886).
