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N O A N D DEHYDRATION : ‘. ARTICLES
..
No.
88
in the
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY
ERGY
1
SERIES
MiZER
1 SOLID SURFACES AND TUE GAS-SOLID INTERFACE
A
Here are reports on some of the latest and most challenging research in the broad field embracing surface phenomena. They give information basic to chemical science and technology.
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A I R (OR STEAM)
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Abmrive Food Pipmenf wan Inrecticide Mineral * PlaaHs Mala1 Ceramic * Pharmaceutical Carbon Chemical “kt-0-Miring” produces FINE PARTICLES % micron overage and above PLUS Narrow Porticls Distribution Dry, or Controlled Moisture Content Continuous Operation Uniformity of End Prod& Other Operotions with Grinding No AMitionol Heat-No Moving Ports * Low Operating Costs Low Maintenance Send for cornplek information on Fluid Energy’s ”Jet-0-Mizer” Mills. “Jet-0-Clone” Dust Collcclors. and TESTING A N D CUSTOM GRINDING ssrvia.
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These are %me 01 the significant subjects treated: Dipole Moments of Ions in Surface Layers ..Phase and Chemical Surfaces Equilibria. . Nonionogenetic . . .Gibbs Adsorption Equation.. . Epitaxy in Crystal Growth.. . Electrode Phenomena . . Effect of Foreign Atoms on Surface Symmetry.. .Entropy and En. thalpy Changes in Adsorption.. . Ceramics. . . Cement and Concrete. . . Clay-Liquid Systems.. . Reactivity of Silica In Silicosis.. , Industrial Catalysis.. .Spectrochemistry of Powdered Solids. Semiconduction.
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Richmond
The 37 invited papers in this volume were presented at an ACS Symposium honoring Dr. Stephen Brunauer with the 1961 Kendall Award for “outstanding scientific contributions to colloid and surlace chemistry.” His own paper keynotes the book.
a
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N G A N D DEHYDRATION
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ARTICLES
SOLID SURFACES AND THE GAS-SOL ID INTERFACE Here are reports on some of the latest and most challenging research in the broad field embracing surface phenomena. They give information basic to chemical science and technology. The 37 invited papers in this volume were presented at an ACS Symposium honoring Dr. Stephen Brunauer with the 1961 Kendall Award for “outstanding scientific contributions to colloid and surface chemistry.” His own paper keynotes the book. These are some of the significant subjects treated: Dipole Moments of Ions in Surface Layers.. . Phase and Chemical Equilibria. . Nonionogenetic Surfaces . . . Gibbs Adsorption Equation . . . Epitaxy in Crystal Growth.. . Electrode Phenomena.. . Effect of Foreign Atoms on Surface Symmetry. . . Entropy and Enthalpy Changes in Adsorption.. . Ceramics. . . Cement and Concrete. . . Clay-Liquid Systems. . . Reactivity of Silica in Silicosis. . . Industrial Catalysis. . . Spectrochemistry of Powdered Solids. . . Semiconduction. ,
and simultaneously with grinding can dehydrate, coat particles, blend and achieve chemical changes. let-O-Mizer Mills are being used all over the world, processing many types o f maferials in the following industries: Abrasive Insecticide Ceramic
Food Pigment Wax Mineral Plastic Metal Pharmaceutical Carbon Chemical “let-O-Mizing” produces FINE PARTICLES !4 micron average and above PLUS Narrow Particle Distribution Dry, or Controlled Moisture
. ..
Content Continuous Operation Uniformity of End Product Operations with Grinding No Attritional Heat No Moving Low Operating Costs Low Maintenance
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Other Parts
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INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Contributions to both the fundamental and applied sides of surface chemistry are offered. A comprehensive index enhances the value of this volume as a modern source book on many phases of interfacial phenomena. 381 pages.
Cloth bound.
Price: $9.00
Order from: Special Issues Sales American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D.C.
RESEARCH RESULTS The Inhibition of Autoxidation by Substituted Phenols
Pure Cresylic Acids from Petroleum by Solvent Extraction
J. F. Hedenburg, Gulf Research @ Deuelopment Company
D. C. Jones, J . A . Kohlbeck, and M . B. Neuworth, Consolidation Coal Company
Correlation of inhibitor factors of alkyl phenols has been obtained with both critical oxidation potential and substituent constants of Hammett and Taft. An equation was derived which permits estimation of the inhibitor factor if constants for the substituents are known.
Ms. 62-292
12 pages, including 4Jigures
$2.00
Novel process for recovery of acids from spent caustic used to desulfurize gasoline. By refining mixture of cresylic acids and thiophenols with aqueous methanol-hexane, minimum recovery of 95% acids obtained, with simultaneous elimination of 99.5+ % thiophenols. Commercial plant, in operation five years, produces acids of comparable yield and purity. Variables affecting purity and recovery discussed.
Ms. 62-306
74pages, including SJigures, 2 tables
$2.00
Improvement of Rubber with Epoxidized Polybutadiene “Endene” and “Centrene” Polyesters
M . H. Reich and C. F. Ferraro, F M C Corporation
Antoni Szayna, United States Rubber Company
Modulus, Shore “A” hardness, and solvent and oil resistance of vulcanizates improved by adding small quantities of epoxidized polybutadiene to SBR type rubber in combination with epoxy curing agent. Tensile strength not affected significantly.
Ms. 62-294
16pages, including 8 tables, Zjiggures
82.00
Three pairs of isomeric polyesters synthesized, cured, and tested. After curing, materials with double bonds toward the ends of the chain exhibited physical properties substantially superior to those of isomers with double bonds in the center. Relationship may apply to other types of polymers as well.
Ms. 62-307 2-(Morpholinodithio)-benzothiazole Curing Agent for Rubber
as an Accelerator and
A versatile, scorch resistant accelerator, more stable than commercial sulfenamides offered to date. Can give rise to wide variety of sulfur cross links, and should prove very useful to practical compounder. Chemical method of analysis for MDB given.
30pages, including 72figures, 4 tables
82.00
Inhibitors for Unsaturated Polyester Resins
Earl E. Parker, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company
J . G. Lichty, J . 0 . Cole, A . F. Harman, R. Leshin, 0. Lorenr, and C . R. Parks, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
M s . 62-296
15 pages, including 3 tables
83.00
Large number of inhibiting compounds which provide long storage life, fast cure, uncatalyzed drift, and mechanically undesirable colors, odors, or side effects. cially useful compounds are reported.
Ms. 62-370
screened to determine minimum catalyzed or sound parts without A number of commer-
70 pages, including 8 tables
Thiourea Adduction of Alkylated Polynuclear Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Molecules
87.00 Aromatic
Dean P . Montgomery, Phillips Petroleum Company Elastomeric and Compliant Materials for Contact with liquid Rocket Fuels and Oxidizers
Joseph Green, Nathan B. Levine, and Robert C . Keller, Thiokol Chemical Corporation Data show various hydrocarbon elastomers compatible with hydrazine-type fuels for a t least 30 days a t 160’ F. Several suitable for static as well as dynamic applications. Data presented indicate that two elastomer compositions are suitable for short term application in N204. Resin-coated elastomers not compatible with NnOa. Metal encapsulation of elastomers promising, but has had limited success to date. Polymer resistance to fluorine-containing oxidizers discussed.
Ms. 62-297
50pages, includzng I7figures, 27 tables
$5.00
Process Optimization by Search Techniques
D . M . Himmelblau, University of Texas Concerns the general problem of solving a set of m simultaneous equations with n unknowns (rn < n ) , where n can be subject to constraints. Includes a modified “direct search” technique, with example of application given for optimization of simplified butane isomerization process.
Several heavy cycle oil adductants studied in pure form with thiourea. Principal adductable components appear to be alkylated and kata-condensed aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles. Location of alkyl sdbstituent important to adduction reaction. Thiourea adduction may be used in separation of complex natural and synthetic products.
Ms. 62-377
76 pages, including Gjigures
$3.00
Kinetics of the Copper-Ferric Chloride Reaction and the Effects of Certain Inhibitors
W . H . Burrows, C. Turner Lewis, Jr., Donald E. Saire, and Rdbert E. Brooks, Georgia Institute o j Technology Temperature coefficient, activation energies, and linear flow rate dependence support postulate of diffusion-controlled reaction between copper and ferric chloride. A reaction rate dependence on sample position offers further proof. Viscosity and density data presented with derivation of actual molarity function (dependent on kinematic viscosity). Thiourea, ethylene thiourea, and formamidine disulfide show similar maximum molar concentrations, above which only constant reaction rate occurs. Heights, but not position, of maxima and minima change with flow rate variation. Positions shift to higher concentration of inhibitors with increase in temperature.
Ms. 62-312 M ~62-307 .
22pages, including l7Jigures, 4 tables
58pages, including 77figures, 73 tables
$6.00
$2.00 Criterion for Ignition of Turbulent, High Velocity, Combustible Gas Mixture with a Pilot-Stabilized Flame
Approximate Solutions and Variable Density Effects for Chemical Reactors with Axial Dispersion
Richard G . Griskey and David H. Archer, Carnegie Institute Technology
Kenneth B. Bischoff, University of Texas
I n test with data for butane-air system, criterion found qualitatively correct with quantitative approximation. Both induction period and ignition temperature with composition and turbulence can be predicted. Criterion can also fully delineate ignition limit-velocity curve from sparse data.
Effects of variable fluid density tend to “cancel,” if ratios with respect to piston flow values at the same conditions are used. Perturbation solutions also presented for the general case of an nth order chemical reaction occurring in a reactor with small amounts of axial dispersion.
MS. 62-303
9 pages, including 7 f g u r e
$1.00
MS. 62-374
79 pages, including 9 figures
if
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(Continued on page 79) VOL. 5 5
NO. 1
J A N U A R Y 1963
77
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I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMiSTRY
RESEARCH RESULTS
See us at the S.P.I. Convention, Feb. 5-7, Edaewatsr Beach Hotel, Chicago
Radial Heat Transfer in a Packed-Fluidized Bed
Edward N . university
Ziegler and
William T . Brarelton,
Northwestern
Effectiveness of process of fluidizing inert particles in interstices of packed beds to improve heat transfer verified. Thermal conductivities of packed-fluidized bed run as high as 30, compared to usual packed bed values of about 0.4 B.t.u./hr./ft./' F. Mechanisms and effects of operating variables discussed.
Ms. 62-317
24pages, including Bjgures, 2 tables
$3.00
Batch and Continuous Thickening. Part 11. Prediction of Batch Settling Behavior. Results for Rigid Spheres
P . T . Shannon and E . P. Stroufie, E. IM.Tory, McMaster University
Purdue
University, and
Di Hydroperoxide
General method predicts behavior for slurries of initially uniform concentrations from solids flux plot. Batch settling curves for rigid spheres in water show experimental results in complete qualitative and close quantitative agreement with predicted behavior. Confirm that flux plot is doubly concave. M s . 62-378
30pages, including gJgures, 2 tables
New: 2,5 Dimethylhexane2,5 Dihydroperoxide. High temperature polymerization. Remains inert over wide temperature range with exceptionally long half-life.
$3.00
Catalytic Properties of Fluorine-Promoted Alumina
Vern C. F. Holm and Alfred Clark, Phillips Petroleum Company Addition of fluorine to alumina develops activity for acid-type reactions such as propylene polymerization, o-xylene isomerization, and n-octane cracking. Isosteric heats of adsorption calculated from ammonia adsorption studies indicate that fluorine reduces strength of alumina acid sites. Compositions tested ranged from 1.3 to 23% fluorine.
M S . 62-319
70 pages, including d j g u r e s
Tertiary Butyl Peroxide
$1.00
Studies on the Mechanisms of Conditioning Reactions in Dewatering of Sewage Sludge
Highest purity corn mercially ava ilab le. Minimum unstable hydroperoxide contaminants. Uniform, predictable performance.
Maurice A. Shapiro and Shih-ming Ho, University of Pittsburgh Basic factors relating to dewaterability of sewage sludges are dependent upon the normally small particle sizes of sludge constituents. Mechanisms of conditioning with FeCla, which result in improved dewaterability characteristics, can be explained by using coordination and intermediate theories.
M s . 62-320
?7pages, zncluding Zfigures, 2 tables
$2.00
Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide
Control of a Cold Shot Adiabatic Bed Reactor with a Decaying Catalyst
Kung-You Lee and R. Aris, L'niversrty of Minnesota Shows how to adjust operating conditions to maintain optimality, and how to estimate extent of catalyst decay from observations on the reactor. Control is to some extent adaptive.
M S . 62-324
15 pages, including 5figures
Available at any hydroperoxide assay from 70%to 90%. Lower moisture content than other brands. Exceptional long-term stability,
$2.00
Optimal Adiabatic Bed Reacfors for Sulfur Dioxide Oxidation with Cold Shot Cooking
Kung-You Lee and R. Aris, University o j Minnesota A method of dynamic programming using sulfur dioxide as an example. Optimal bed sizes and by-pass rates can be completely specified. Results given for Calderbank's kinetic equation.
M S . 62-325
26 pages, including 8 j g u r e s
Viscosity of Nonassociating Compounds. Correlation
$3.00
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U.S. PEROXYGEN CORPORATION
A . Bondi, Shell Development Company A corresponding states type correlation is presented to estimate the viscosity of liquid nonassociating organic compounds as function of temperature (and pressure) from tabulated functions of molecular structure. Examples are given for fit of polar compounds as well as for hydrocarbons.
Ms. 62-328
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