RESEARCH RESULTS . . . immediately available All manuscripts listed here are being considered for possible publication in one of the I&EC quarterlies. They are available to I&EC subscribers at reproduction and handling cost, at any time prior to publication in a quarterly. Papers withdrawn from consideration will generally remain available for 90 days if authors approve. A Research Results Service manuscript should be treated as a personal communication. Reference to its content in any publication should have the author's prior approval. Please use the printed coupon, and include payment with your order. ____ ____ The Adaptation of an Ion Exchange Process to Remote Operation in a Radiochemical Separations Plant
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Two-Phase Gas-liquid Convection Heat TransferA Correlation
W. J . Mottell and J . F. Proctor, Savannah River Laboratory, E . I . du Pont de Nemours d Go., Inc.
E. J . Davis and M . M . David, Gonzaga Uniuersity
A compact, remotely operated unit for ion exchange processing of highly radioactive material. The equipment system can be installed or removed from its modular space as a single unit. A few items subject to periodic failure can be removed individually. Treating complete processing units as individual equipment pieces has several advantages. T h e concept is not limited to large separations plants, but could be used in a small-scale facility requiring process versatility.
An empirical slip ratio model (developed previously) was used to correlate data of major investigators of two-phase flow heat transfer. Data in purely convective heat transfer region predicted within an average absolute error of 6 to 17% over wide range of tube sizes, flow rates, pressures, and vapor mass fractions. Data correlated generally correspond to annular or mist-annular flow conditions. Results for steam-water system in good agreement with those for air-water system already published.
M s . 63-89
M s . 63-112
20 pages, includang 8figures
82.00
30Qages, including Sfigures, 2 tables
$3.00
Effect of Carbon Blacks on Properties of Ceicon Acetal Copolymer
Inconsistenciesin Vapor-liquid Phase Equilibrium Data
J . J . Sweeney, Celanese Polymer Company
Karl B . Schnelle, J r . , Robert Gailor Justice, and Jackson R. Martin,
Vanderbilt Universtty
Data show effect of various types of carbon blacks on the characteristics of Celcon acetal copolymer. Type and concentration of carbon blacks influence thermal stability as well as initial physical properties and weathering resistance. A commercial, outdoor weathering-grade acetal copolymer, having optimum balance of properties, has been formulated, based on fine particle-sized channel black. Ms. 63-93
27 pages, including 2 tables, 7 4 f g u r e s
83.00
Oxidotion and Chemical Treatment of Sugar Containing Wastes
Stefan A . Zieminski and Bernard T. Coyle, University of Maine Treatment with calcium hydroxide in a temperature range of 97' to 9 9 O C. decreased B.O.D. of sulfite waste liquor by about 50%. Reductions stable over incubation period of a t least 15 days. Oxidation tests with glucose and air showed rate of oxidation gradual from 40' C. to maximum a t about 60' C. Short time required for reduction and the comparatively low temperature suggqst possibility of practical application. Ms. 63-104
22pages, including Bfigures, 2 tables
$3.00
Selective Catalytic Hydrocracking of Damaged Nuclear Reactor Coolant
The best set of methanol-water, vapor-liquid equilibrium data a t one atmosphere is selected from among five thermodynamically inconsistent sets of data by applying statistical parameters. The acetone-chloroform system is shown to exhibit inconsistencies dependent upon boil-up rate when tested with the Gibbs-Duhem relationship including accurate heat of mixing terms.
63- I73
39 pages, including 16figures, 5 tables
$4.00
Correlation of Thermodynamic Two-Phase Data
J . W. Bursik, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and B. Onuf, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Connecticut
A new thermodynamic function is shown to be linear with temperature in the liquid-vapor region for a number of important substances. This linearity leads to a compact method of representing the variation of the Gibbs function with temperature.
M s . 63-114
24pages, including 3 tables, 15figures
$3.00
Compression Set Behavior of Irradiated Silicone Elastomers
Peggy M . Johnson and Eberhard G. Fritz, General Dynamics Corporation
L. E. Gardner and W. M . Hutchinson, Phillips Petreleum Company Active metal oxides and metals on low surface alumina are effective catalysts for selective hydrocracking of polyphenyls. Recommended for reconstitution of undesirable high boiling radiolytic products in nuclear power reactors into usable coolant. Products radiolytically stable a t 650' F. and dosages of 10'0 rads; thermally stable to 750' F. Conservative economic estimates indicate hydrocracking coolant commercially feasible for power plants producing 1000 megawatts (thermal), M s . 63-111
19pages, including Zfigures, 6 tables
62.00
Empirical equations are derived for observed behavior of three commercial silicone elastomers, irradiated in a nuclear reactor under constant compressive strain. Ratio of number of network chains a t equilibrium with unstrained thickness to number of network chains a t equilibrium with applied strain rapidly decreases with dose. Shore A hardness of elastomers increased with dose.
IUS. 63-116
33pages, including Jfigures, 9 tables
$4.00
(Continued on page 87) VOL. 5 5
NO. 7
JULY 1 9 6 3
79
PRECISE
pH
CONTROL
AT LOWEST COST
There are three important reasons why Foxboro pH controls have become the largest-selling pH control systems in the world. (1) NO PREAMPLIFICATION is needed between electrodes and recorder-controller. Savings include lower initial costs, lower installation and maintenance costs. (2) LONGER ELECTRODE LIFE Five times greater adjustment for drift than any other system quintuples time between electrode replacements. (3) SIMPLE RANGE CHANGE Screwdriver adjustment provides unlimited range change from 0 to 14 pH. Minimum span is 2 pH. For an intelligent cost analysis of the advantages Foxboro pH control can bring to your operations, consult your Foxboro Field Engineer. Or write for Bulletin 1 9 - 1 2 : The Foxboro Company, 407 Neponset Avenue, Foxboro, Massachusetts; or T h e Foxboro C o m p a n y , Ltd., LaSalle, Quebec. SPECIALISTS in Process and Energy Control
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RESEARCH RESULTS Radial Gas Mixing In Fluidized-Packed Beds
John D . Gaber and William J . Mecham, Argonne National Laboratory Gas mixing was studied in systems involving various combinations of packing and fluidizing materials. For design purposes gas mixing for a fluidized-packed bed reactor can be estimated from packed bed data with a suitable safety factor to, allow for directional variance in gas stream caused by nonuniform pressure gradients associated with fluidization.
Ms. 63-717
25 pages, including 7Jigures, 7 table
$3.00
The Destructive Catalytic Hydrogenation of Certain Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
Kenneth E . Cox, Dow Chemtcal Company, and Lloyd Berg, Montana Stale College
I )
Empirical equations relate percentage conversion to initial nitrogen concentration and space velocity. Pure compounds and artificial feeds were used. Data obtained should be useful in future studies on destructive catalytic hydrogenation of commercial stocks containing nitrogen compounds. Results presented give an idea of the ease or difficulty of removing these compounds from feed stock.
M s . 63-718
25pages, including 72jgures, 2 tables
Anaerobic Lagooning. of industrial Wastes
$3.00
A New Approach to Trealment
David 0. Howe and Archie P. Miller, Commercial Solvents Corporation, and James E. Etzel, Purdue University Reduction in biochemical oxygen demand of feed streams by 60 to 80% achieved a t 5 to 15 C . in pilot-scale lagoon treatment of chemical and fermentation process wastes. Temperatures lower than normally used for anaerobic digestion of sewage. Installation of full-scale system has state approval. M s . 63-120
19pages, including Ijigure, 3 tables
82.00
A Mathematical Approach to the Study of Complex Cornpositions
J . M . Robertson and G. D . Henry, J r . , American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation Offers a method using applied mathematical techniques and a desk-size general purpose digital computer, with alternate computation and laboratory verification. Is particularly adaptable to problems where there are a large number of variable ingredients, the effects of ingredients were nonlinear, the experimental data are costly, and infusion of laboratory science into the mathematical structure is relatively important.
M s . 63-722
18 pages, including 6 5 , p r e s
The inequality Method:
$2.00
An Algebraic Optimization
John R. Ferron, University of Delaware Problems illustrated are for multistage, cross-current separation processes; principal tool of method is statement that geometric mean of a set of positive real numbers is less than or equal to arithmetic mean. Method limited to problems for which objective function can be phrased in a form appropriate for use with inequality theorem, but in other cases yields accurate approximations of optimal state. Ms. 63-123
18pages, including 2Jigures, 2 tables
...
$2.00
Inorganic ion Exchange Separation of Cesium from Purex-Type, High Level Radioactive Wastes
J . L. Nelson, G. J . Alkire, and B. W. Mercer, Hanford Laboratories, General Electric Company Process uses clinoptilolite for removal, purification, and concentration of cesium. Sodium, zirconium, and niobium removed with oxalic acid. Cesium elution carried out with ammonium carbonate which can then be volatilized. Cesium solution can be loaded onto another inorganic exchanger of
(Continued on pugs 83)
Faster acting, longer lasting: Dow Corning Silicones control foam prevent waste and reduce hazards from even the most persistent foamers. Other advantages: Silicone foam suppressors help you to enjoy greater production capacity, lower maintenance costs, better product uniformity and quality. When foam goes, profit grows.
Write for a trial sample and full data. Indicate whether foamer is oil, aqueous, or food system. Address Dept. 4819, Chemical Products Division, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland,Michigan.
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VOL. 5 5
NO. 7
JULY 1 9 6 3
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How to encourage catalyst sprawl A glance through the m scope shows why this inei catalyst carrier can hold so much active mater i a l . The c a t a l y s t is spread on the available intricate surface which results in maximum amount of active material being exposed to reacting chemicals. C Carborundum offers a co plete line of i n e r t , cer bonded crystalline materials that resist attrition. Select from: A wide choice
of materials including aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silica, mullite. * A wide choice of shapes, porosities, structures. A wide choice of sizes -from powder to %-inch bonded granular pellets. Free test kit and brochure. A test kit w i t h s a m p l e s of m a n y types of material is available to users of catalyst carriers. Please write to us on your letterhead. Literature available on request. CAR 5 0 R UND U
Photo shows fused aluminum oxide magnified 80 times.
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POLYMERlZATlON AND POLYCONDENSATION PROCESSES This book presents 21 papers based upon the Symposium on Polymerization and Polycondensation Processes held by the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry at the 140th National ACS Meeting in September 1961. The introduction is by Symposium Chairman, Dr. Norbert A. J . Platzer of Monsanto.
nique is frequently employed to manufacture chemically different polymers. This monograph therefore stresses unit processes rather than those oriented towards products. The papers are grouped under: Addition Polymerization, Polycondensation Reactions, and Commercial Polymerization Processes and Equipment Design.
Emphasis here is on the theoretical and chemical engineering aspects of polymer chemistry. During the past ten years polymerization and polycondensation processes have developed to such an extent that the same method, equipment, catalyst or tech-
Polymer chemistry pervades much of chemical technology and biochemistry as well. Workers in these fields will find this volume of great value, and so will those wanting t o keep current with advances in general organic and physico-organic chemistry.
260 pages.
Paper bound.
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
RESEARCH RESULTS Y
high capacity for storage, shipment, or disposal. Applicability of other exchangers and treatment of other wastes discussed.
Ms. 63-124
22pages, including IOjgures, 4 tables
Y
U
U
U
83.00
Urea Adduction Process Semicontinuour Fixed Bed
E. C. Makin, K . I. Glass, C. H. Middlebrooks, and J. M . Farrar, M onsanto Chemical Company Practical process for recovering n-alkanes from kerosine or similar refinery streams involves solid urea dispersed on inert solid support. Problems are described, and a typical kerosine stream is evaluated. Data on molecular weight distribution of n-alkanes and quality of product given. Analytical methods included.
Ms. 63- 126
20 pages, including 7 1figures
The Preparation and Stability of Cellulosic Derivatives of Hydrazine-Formaldehyde Adducts 1
Clifford M . Moran, Sidney L. Vail, and J . David Reid, Southern Regional Research Laboratory Describes preparation of finishing agents, application to cotton cellulose, and stability of cellulose derivatives to oxidation and hydrolysis. Treatment of finished fabrics with aqueous hypochlorite solution removes much of nitrogen and part of formaldehyde. Finishes based on formaldehyde cross links improve wash-wear properties. Most important factor in stability is absence of unsubstituted sites.
MS. 63-128
19 pages, including
4 tables
answer
nu
$2.00
82.00
The Feasibility of Directed Random Search
Anything from a process pump to a pyrometer panel ..an acidulator to a recuperator. No matter what you need you can always track it down quickly in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CATALOG. The 5-way index guides you to the answers-no guesswork, no random searching. Amazingly complete, authoritative,one-volume libraryof manufacturers’ literature.. latest data on equipment, materials of construction, and engineering services. Assembled and organized by process men for process men. Up-dated every 12 months for the past 47 years! It’s yours. It’s your faithful fact-finder. It’s your consulting partner. Use it!
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Norman H . Smith and Dale F. Rudd, University of Wisconsin
A new method for seeking a maximum or minimum is based on directed random search. I t operates efficiently in multimodal situations, in problems of high dimensionality, and in nonlinear least squares analysis of complex models. Ms. 63-730
18 pages, including 6 j g u r e s
PUBLISHING REiNHOLD CORPORATION
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$2.00
The Effect of Mixing Conditions in Barium Sulfate Precipitation
H. A . O’Hern and F . E. Rush, Jr., E. I. du Pant de Nemours &3
For Research I n
Go., It%.
Mixing conditions and reagent concentrations were found to have a pronounced effect on the sizes of barium sulfate particles obtained by the continuous-flow mixing of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid solutions. The observed results are qualitatively explained in terms of the relative rates of precipitate nucleation and growth.
M s . 63-732
22pages, including 2 tables, 4Jgures
83.00
On the Theory of a Conical Aerosol Centrifuge
Werner Stoeber, W. M . Keck Engineering Laboratories Basic results are in good agreement with experimental findings about length of aerosol deposits; theoretical consequences appear reliable and lead to an exact relationship between particle size distribution and particle number concentration of deposit. Theory reveals certain limitations on choice of operating conditions and reliability of evaluations.
Ms. 63-133
60pages, including Sfigures, 3 tables
$6.00
Kinetics and Mechanism of Ferric Oxide Reduction by Hydrogen in a Fluidized Bed
Philip R. Marshall, Daniel M . Steffenson, and Samuel S. Butcher, Cornel1 College
20 pages, including 7Jgures
$2.00
I
PARTICLE DYNAMICS
An unusual chance to work and develop in this important field with a n outstanding senior man. Interesting and varied assignments in the general area of Particle Dynamics, including atomization, air cleaning, and air pollution control. Should have a good academic background in mathematics and interest in conducting experimental and analytical studies in small particle behavior. Needs B.S. or M.S. in Mechanical or Chemical Engineering, or Physics. Battelle research embraces entire science and engineering spectrum; excellent inter-disciplinary rapport. Battelle offers provocative and challenging opportunities. Salaries are competitive; benefits are excellent and living conditions are good. Write Mr. David Bennett, Professional Placement.
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
Ferric oxide reduction by hydrogen was followed at temperatures from 250 to 700’ C. Contrary to expectations, FeO is a major consideration in the reduction process a t all temperatures in the range studied.
Ms. 63-134
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RESEARCH RESULTS Some Effects of Monomer Chain length on the Properties of Normal-Alpha Olefln Polymers Using an Aluminum Chloride Catalyst
J . P. Giannettiand A. M . Henke, Gulf Research C9 Development
Quantitative Chromatography Over a Wide Wavelength Range linear with Absorbance
Company Monomer chain length plays a major role in determining viscosities, viscosity-temperature properties, and pour point characteristics of the polymers. All polymers exhibit excellent color stability a t elevated temperatures and are completely resistant to shearing forces.
Ms. 63-737
J
79pages, including 7figures, 3 tables
$2.00
Solvent Extraction of Phenol from Water
Frank X . Pollio, Albert F. Preuss, and Robert Kunin, Rohm B Haas Company
b
1
Primene JM-T, a primary amine liquid anion exchanger, exhibits an appreciable capacity and selectivity for extracting phenol from water. Phenol can be conveniently stripped and recovered relatively pure from saturated organic phase by distillation a t reduced pressure.
Ms. 63- 139
12pagcs, rnciudtng 7 7 tables
$2.00
High Temperature Catalytic Effects on Polyphenyls
Daniel A . Scala and Robert J. Wineman, Monsanto Research Corporation Several catalysts have been investigated a t atmospheric pressure in hydrogen for ability to promote hydrogenolysis of the carboncarbon bond between aromatic rings in polyphenyl systems. O n e per cent platinum-on-alumina was the most active. Certain catalysts promote isomerization and dehydrocyclization of the terphenyls. Suggested paths for the hydrogenolysis, isomerization, and dehydrocyclization reactions are presented.
M s . 63-140
34pages, including Z j g u r e s , 11 tables
The Reaction with a-Oleflns
of
Phosphate-Complexed
Sulfur
$4.00
Trioxide
Albin F. Turbak and Joel R. Liuingston, Jr., Esso Research and Engineering Company Essentially complete conversions of high molecular weight aolefins to alkene sulfonates, without hydroxy sulfonate byproduct formation, achieved a t ambient temperatures. Reaction described, also techniques for recovery, separation, and identification of products. Discusses effect of reaction conditions and of other complexing agents on product yield and distribution.
M s . 63-747
76pages, including Gfigures, 2 tables
William B . Retallick, Consolidation Coal Company
A well known equation for distribution without back mixing is extended to include back mixing. 4 pages, including 7 figure
81.00
Reaction of Aluminum Alkyls With Ethylene Over Supported Catalysts
Ronald L. Poc and William R. Van Hoozer, Continental Oil Company Aluminum alkyls with a random distribution of alkyl groups were reacted with ethylene in the presence of a supported displacement catalyst to give triethylaluminum and a-olefins. Yields u p to 97% were obtained.
Ms.63-754
17pages, including 7figures, 2 tables
CHEMICAL ENGIN EERl NG DEPARTMENT HEAD Applications for the position of Head of the Chemical Engineering Department a t Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, are invited. Minimum salary $12,000 per annum.
82.00
The Distribution of Residence Times i n d a Cascade of Mixed Vessels with Back Mixing
M s . 63-145
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