R E S E A R C H RESULTS . . . immediately All papers listed are being considered for possible publication in I&EC and I&EC Quarterlies. They are available in manuscript form prior to I&EC publication or alternatively for a t least three months. A Research Results Service manuscript should be treated as a personal communication. Reference to its content in any publication should have the author's prior approval. Orders are processed within 24 hours of receipt. Shipment is by first class mail; prices for subscribers and nonsubscribers are listed with each manuscript. Please use the printed coupon and include payment with your order.
Notes on the Use of the Tsziui-fu Batch Distillation Approximations. Modified method was basis of an IBM 1620 computer
program, and approximations were compared with batch distillation calculations by more usual methods. Surprisingly few plates necessary for infinite plate approximation. Method extremely useful for parameter and optimization studies.
G. A . R. Trollope, Hooker Chemical Carjaration
M S . 66-69
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Bubble Formation in Viscous liquids under Constant Flow Conditions. Part II. Effect of Orifice Geometry on Bubble Formation. Triangle, square, pentagon, and hexagon geometries
were considered, and experiments were conducted on liquids of different viscosity. Data were correlated, and the resulting equation fit the experimental data wsith a standard deviation of 2.4%. S. Krishnamurlht, R. Kumar, and N . R. Kuloor, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore- 12, India
Ms. 66-704
Subscribers 83.00
21 pages (5figures, 4 tabres)
Nonsubscribers JG.00
Pilot Plant Development of an Electrolytic Dissolver for Stainless Steel Alloy Fuels, Development of an electrolytic dissolver for high-enriched stainless steel and Nichrome cermet fuels is described. Dissolution rates obtained in testing show that plant scale units are practical. Effects of operating variables, sludge formation and handling, off-gas composition, and materials of construction are discussed.
L. T. Lakey and W . B . Kerr, Phillips Petroleum Company M s . 66-95
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25 pages ( 1 2 j g u r e s )
Nonsubscribers $6.00
Performance of Odd and Even Chain Pure Alcohol Monolayers in Water Evaporation Retardation. Describes a method for
performing precision measurements of transport of water through monolayers prepared from a n extcnded series of pure fatty alcohols. Results are accurate and reproducible. Savings in evaporation can also be computed.
Edward R . Noe and Russell G. Dressler, Trinity Unioersity
M S . 66-105
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25Pages (3jigures, 12 tables)
Esterification Rates of Long Chain Hydrocarbon Dicarboxylic Acids and the Steric Environment in the Vicinity of the Acid Groups. T h e rates of esterification of acid-terminated poly-
butadienes and their hydrogenated analogs show that the acid groups are not equally reactive. T h e difference in reactivities arises from steric hindrance by vinyl or ethyl substituents on some of the alpha-carbons.
R . H. Quacchia and A . J . Di Milo, Aerojet-General Corporalion M s . 66-99
14pages ( 1&re,
Subsnibers $2.00 6 tables)
Nonsubscribers $4.00
Formation of Gas Bubbles in Viscous Liquids under Constanl Flow Conditions. Port 1. Comparison of Existing Models and Development of a N e w Model. As existing models and correla-
tions failed to explain the results of present investigation, a new theoretical model was developed and verified. T h e bubble volume can be predicted with a n accuracy of kG.l% by use of the equation based on the present model.
S. Krishnamurlhi, R. Kumar, and N . R. Kuloor, Indian Inslitute of Science, Bangalore- 12, India
M s . 66-103 29 pages ( 1 I jgures, 2 tables)
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Risk Analysis in Chemical Plant Investment. T h e expected value of certain economic factors and their uncertainty estimates are combined statistically to estimate over-all uncertainty i n profit for a chemical manufacturing facility. Computations can be made conveniently by hand calculation.
E. L. Reynard, Stauffer Chemical Company
Ms. 66-107
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17 Pages ( I figures)
A70nsubscribers S4.00
Gasification of the Organic Content of Sodium Base Spent Pulping Liquors in a n Atomized Suspension Technique Reactor.
Pilot plant studies show good synthesis gas yields, with simultaneous pulping chemical recovery a t 800' to 850' C. reactor temperatures. Some kinetic considerations are discussed.
Stevens Prahacs and Jean J . 0. Gravel, Pulp and Paper Research Inslitute of Canada Ms. 66-108
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30pages (5jigures, 4 iables)
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(Continued on poge 707) VOL. 5 8
NO. 6 J U N E 1 9 6 6
105
At K€M, we make our inner valves with a very light hand.
The inner valve of a control valve is a relatively simple component. But a very important one. We give it the treatment i t deserves. Our inner valves are machined on an automatic-cycle contouring engine lathe at the extra.-fine feed of 0.002 of an inch. By removing the metal in such very thin slices, we obtain an exceptionally smooth surface finish, free from
chatter cuts or work-hardening. The fine surface finish, combined with precision contouring and exact concentricity, makes our inner valves fit precisely as they are meant to. (Your maintenance people should never have an honest reason to swear at a K&M control valve.) But a nicely turned part i s hardly an overwhelming reason to buy from us instead of from the competition.
So we also throw in the heaviest guide posts and bushings in the industry, size for size. And generally see to i t that you get a little more where a little less would do. These and other construction refinements make a measurably better valve. But how do you prove that to the guy who insists that all control valves are alike? You lend him your glasses.
KIELEY & MUELLER, INC. 64 Genung Street, Middletown, N.Y. 10941 Canada: Kieley & Mueller of Canada Ltd., West Lome. Ont.
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RESEARCH RESULTS Solid-Fluid Reactions Controlled by Interface Phenomena Methods for Their Study. Recent possibilities of the successful
kinetic investigation of interface-controlled solid transformations are outlined. Research usinq new methods is described. Thorough quantitative studies of nucleation-induced reactions are examplified. Illustrations include reductions of PbO, ZnO, NiO, and CuO.
Bernard Delmon, Institute Francais du Pelrole, France M s . 66-7 14 Subscribers $4.00 38 pages ( 7 1 jgures, 7 table)
Nonsubscribers $8.00
Application of Conventional loop-Tuning to Sampled-Data Systems. Shows that the response of a conditionally stable
sampled-data system may or may not be periodic, explains occurrence of the aperiodic response, and verifies the results experimentally. Loop tuning of sampled-data systems is discussed in light of this information.
Henry A . Mosler, Lowell B. Koppel, and Donald R. Coughanowr, Purdue University Subscribers $3.00 M S . 66-175 26 pages (6fgures)
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A General Matrix Differential Equation for Process Dynamics. A single matrix differential equation to obtain transient characteristics of process equipment is applied to four types of process hardware. Three techniques for solving the equation are reviewed.
Cecil L. Smith and Paul W . Murrill, Louisiana State Universit.v M S . 66-126
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42 pages (20Jigures)
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Factors Influencing the Rate of Heat Conduction in FreezeDrying. Measured thermal conductivities of freeze-dried
turkey meat are reported and interpreted. Variables investigated were nature of the surrounding gas, pressure, temperature, humidity, grain orientation, and piece-to-piece scatter.
Thomas .4. Triebcs and C. Judson King, University of California Subscribers $4.00
M S . 66-127 3 1 pages (Qjgures, 1 table)
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A n Evaluation of Temperature Pulse Characteristics and Pulse Testing for Thermal Dynamic Analysis. Results indicate total
pulse duration as best criterion for predicting pulse quality with respect to valid data reduction capability, but also show some difficulties and limitations of temperature pulsing for thermal dynamic data recovery.
C. I. Lewis, Jr., Duane F. Bruley, and Daniel H . Hunt, Clemson University Plutonium and Uranium Hexafluoride Hydrolysis Kinetics.
Ms. 66-128
The hydrolysis rates of gaseous plutonium and uranium hexafluoride were measured i n a packed bed at room temperature. The rate effects identified include reaction order, adsorption of reactants and products, and a transition to aerosol formation at increasing reactant concentration.
3 6 pages (7 7fgures)
Robert W. Kessie, Argonne National Laboratory M s . 66-1 16 19pages (3jgures, 2 tables)
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Dialysis for Separating Solutes of Different Molecular WeightsProcess Optimization. Dialysis is a useful tool for separating low molecular weight impurities from pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and related organics. Dialysis process variables are correlated to aid in selecting conditions that optimize product loss, investment, and operating cost.
C. C. Oldenburg, Staiiffer Chemical Company
MS.66-730
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77pages (4fgurcs) Influence of Furnace Pressure on Inspirator Burner Performance. Primary air is far more sensitive to furnace pressure or draft than anticipated. Excess air, or deficiency, is de-
pendent on both gas and furnace pressures. Data were obtained on small gas-fired furnace, with furnace pressure, firing rate, and excess air the principal factors.
R. H . Essenhigh and G. Kobrynsky, Pcnnsyvlnia State University
M S . 66-122 15 pages (5jgures)
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Shows how a series of observations from an operating unit can be used to construct a statistic that serves as a quantitative guide. Derivation of the test statistic is described in detail.
Chemical Process line-Out and Plant Testing.
France P. Vance, Phillips Petroleum Company
MS. 66-131
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74pages ( I j g u r e , 3 tablcs)
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The Permeability and Washlng Characterlstics of Flocculated Kaolinite Filter-Cakes. I. Permeability behavior of cakes Dynamic Optimization of the Williams Reactor. T h e Lyapunov
control approach is shown to be better than a conventional threemode controller for the Williams system since it will handle all upsets, while a conventional controller tuned for one upset cannot handle another satisfactorily.
W . F. Stevens and U. A . Wanninger, Northwestern Technological Institute M s . 66-123 37pages (7jgures, 5 tables)
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Adiabatic Thermal Ignition in a Stationary Piston Flow System.
Describes how an explicit calculation of energy of activation and of the frequency factor for the assumed first-order reaction can be developed from measurement of stationary temperature profile through a flow system.
J . Tranum, Haldor Tops#e Laboratory, Vedbaek, Denmark M S . 66- 124 23 pages (8jgiires, 7 table)
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prepared from suspensions of kaolinite in water is strongly influenced by the state of aggregation of the clay in initial suspension and by the flocculating and dispersing actions of acids, bases, salts, and polymers.
.A. S. Michaels, W. E. Baker, W. R . Vieth, Massachusetts Institute of Technology M S . 66- 132
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The Permeability and Washing Characteristics of Flocculated Kaolinite Filter-Cakes. II. At high porosities, washing be-
havior is erratic. Below 0.86, washing curves are reproducible, show no evidence of significant solute hold-up, are not influenced by bed porosity or extent of flocculation, and behavior is satisfactorily described as plug flow displacement coupled with axial dispersion of solute.
A . S. Michaels, W. E. Baker, and W. R. Vieth, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MS.66-733
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24pages (7Jigures, 1 table)
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(Continued on page 709) VOL. 5 8
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New NORCROSS Model 20 In Process Viscometer
~pEEF
For Pipe Lines
OF INTERFACES
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Air-pressure in a 2 - w a y cylinder first raises the piston, drawing a sample of the liquid through the space between piston and tube (the measuring orifice) into the space under the piston; then forces the piston down, expelling the sample out by the same path. The time required to force the piston to the bottom and operate the switch is a measure of viscosity, and these measurements are transmitted electrically to the receiver for indicating or recording.
Proven Principle of Operation Easy to Install and Service Unaffected by Friction or Changes in Process Pressure Self Cleaning a Explosion Proof Corrosion Resistant for full details write Dept. A-84
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I&EC announces t h e publication of a hard-cover volume reprinted f r o m our pages. The chapters a r e t h e papers presented at The Interface Symposium, held in Washington, D. C., in J u n e of 1964 and then expanded f o r publication. The first of these articles appeared in t h e September, 1964, issue of I&EC. The last appeared in September, 1965. This symposium w a s organized by Sydney ROSS,Professor of Colloid Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. H e deliberately designed the symposium to provide a teaching instrument f o r industrial chemists faced with practical problems in surface chemistry-a much-needed item. According t o Dr. Ross, no better t e x t is available f o r those involved in problems of surface chemistry, whether in industry or in advanced classes at universities. The 177-page book, printed in two colors, is bound in hard covers. It is available now, and includes a 5-page subject index. Price-$7.50 The topics and their authors a r e as follows:
General
Solid-liquid i n t e r f a c e s
Frederick M. Fowkes: Attractive Forces at Interfaces
5. P. Olivier:
P a u l Sennett and Colloidal Dispersions, Electrokinetic Effects, and t h e Concept of Zeta Potential Rudolf Schmut: Zeta Potential Measurement John B. Hudson and Sydney Ross: Adsorption and Condensation Processes F. Romland, R. Bulas, E. Itothstein, and F. R. Eirich: Structure of Macromolecules on Liquid-Solid Interfaces
Liquid-liquid a n d liquid-gas i n t e r f a c e s Walter Drost-Hansen: Aqueous InterfacesMethods of Study and Structural Properties Parts 1and 2 Sydney Ross and E. S. Chen:
LABORATORY SUPERVISOR FOR SA0 PAULO, BRAZIL
Adsorption and Thermodynamics at t h e Liquid-Liquid Interface
Solid-gas i n t e r f a c e s
Victor R. Deitz: Gas AdsorptionFoams and EmulsionsThe Extreme Limits of Formation, Properties Surface Coverage and Breakdown A. C. Zettlemoyer: Part 1-Foams Immersional Wetting of Part 2-Emulsions Solid Surfaces J. R. Dacey : E. G . Schwarz and Surface Diffusion of Adsorbed Molecules W. G. Reid: Surface Active AgentsA. R. C. Westwood: Their Behavior a n d Surface Sensitive Mechanical Properties Industrial Use To order, fill o u t the coupoiz below.
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R E S E A R C H RESULTS Salt and Water Transport ihrough Cellulose Acetate Desalination Membranes. Experimental measurements for forward
1700 MEATY PAGES
and reverse osmosis are consistent with simple model of over-all process. Salt and water are transported by parallel processes of activated diffusion through polymer and leakage through pores. Model is useful for practical purposes, but only hints a t basic mechanisms on molecular level.
T. K. Sherwood, P. L. T . Brian, and R. E. Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MS.66-134 Subscribers $4.00 32 pages (13jgures, 2 tables) Nonsubscribers $8.00 Experimental Study of Concentration Polarization in Forward and Reverse Osmosis. Data confirm theoretical analysis de-
veloped earlier in case of rotating cylindrical membranes, observed effects of concentration can be predicted from mass transfer correlations if membrane properties are known, lending confidence to applications of theory to other geometries.
T . K . Sherwood, P. L. T . Brian, and R. E. Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ms. 66-135 Subscribers $3.00 Nonsubscribers $6.00 24 pages (7j g u r e s ) Trilaurylamine Extraction of Neptunium and Plutonium from Trilaurylamine in hydrocarbon diluent Purex Process Waste,
is used in new process to recover Np237 from a Purex process aqueous waste. Coextraction of small amounts of plutonium also present is added benefit. Scheme appears feasible alternate to tributyl phosphate process presently used for Np237 recovery in Hanford Purex plant.
W. W. Schulr, PaciJc Northwest Laboratory, Division of Batfelle ib‘emorial Inslitute M s . 66-138 Subscribers 83.00 28pages (4figures, 5 tables) Nonsubscribers 86.00 The Role of Mass Transfer In Semiconductor Technology.
T h e gas-phase mass transfer process may be the rate-determining process in epitaxial growth, and can be involved in determining impurity distribution in epitaxial films. Simple electronic measurements can determine concentrations and concentration distributions with extreme accuracy.
A . S. Grove, Fairchild Semiconductor M S . 66-140 28 pages (14Jigures)
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Precisely the facts you need every day in solving process problems! Facts about equipment, materials of construction, specialized services. Over 500 companies have carefully assembled all the detailed data you might require, and we have published ALL of it in CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CATALOG. Just reach for your copy-swiftly enter the 5-way index-and in a few seconds you are focusing your mind on the exact information you’re looking for! CEC is organized for process men by process men, the way you want it, the way you can most easily use it. No need to look further-the facts are there-right on your desk.
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A logical basis is given for dimensional or dimensionless analysis, which does not depend on thc assumption that mass, time, and space are incommensurable. T h e power of such a n analysis to given information on the functional form of equations is shown to reside in dimensionality of variables. O n Dimensional Analysis.
Bryanl Filch, Dorr-Oliver, Inc. Ms. 66- 141 15 pages
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Some Effecis of Synthesis Conditions a n the Morphology and Strong permissive evidence is Properties of the Diamond.
shown for presence of charged defects, other than nitrogen atoms, in both catalyzed and “direct transition” syntheti2 diamonds. Catalyzed reaction process responds to addition of silicon, forming rotation twins. These effects lie outside the present classification scheme for diamond.
Peter Cannon, General Electric Company Ms. 66-142 20 pages (l2figures)
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Hydrodynamics of Disparate Mass Mixtures. Earlier continuum formulation of particulate suspensions are shown to be valid provided careful determination is made on transport properties of mixture components. Results also agree with microscopic-kinetic conclusions on a binary mixture of gases of disparate molecular masses.
S. L. $00, University of Illinois MS.66-143 18pages (ZJigurcs)
Here’s the book you’ve been waiting for-a new 46. page catalog of reagents for adhesive, coating, fiber, plastic and rubber research. 400 new compounds, Includes epoxy resins and metal impregnants, photo. polymerization reagents, monomeric acids, acrylic compounds, allyl and methallyl compounds, cross. linking agents, dental experimental materials, high temperature resin components for missiles, stand. ardized polymers, scintillation reagents, chemicals for plastic semi-conductors. Polymer reference handbook section contains comprehensive data, definitions, equations, and formulae compiled and edited for practical application. Write today for your FREE copy of Borden’s Monomer/Polymer Catalog IEC-46.
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VOL. 5 8
NO. 6
JUNE 1966
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