Researches of Mellon Institute ]1940—41 - C&EN Global Enterprise

Researches of Mellon Institute ]1940—41

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CIENTIFIC research is a powerful agency of service in national defense. The present emergency has therefore extended the range of work of the institute, inducing much more investigation on problems having important relations to the country's future welfare. The institute is in fact looking for all occasions and opportunities for the application of science in safeguarding the nation. In this attitude the organization has in full force the wholehearted cooperation of the large group of industrial fellowship donors, the many leading manufacturers sustaining researches in the institution. These activities are s o valuable today and tomorrow that t h e y will make an outstanding chapter in t h e institute's history. E. R. Weidlein, director of the institute, is spending about half his time as head of the chemicals, drugs, and allied products group, Industrial Materials Section, Federal Office of Production Management, and E . W. Reid is in constant service in Washington as his deputy, having been given indefinite leave of absence from the institute's multiple fellowship on organic synthesis. Especially useful these days as sources of helpful information to federal bureaus, professional bodies, and manufacturers concerned are the fellowships in the domains of industrial hygiene, fuels, coal products, petroleum, synthetic organic chemicals, plastics, textiles, surgical supplies, commodity standards, foods, building materials, glass, heat insulation, refractories, and ferrous metallurgy. In addition, the institute is continually assisting to fill governmental and industrial demands for scientists, which have been heavy, particularly for physicists, metallurgists, chemical engineers, plasticians, and various types of organic specialists. Tying in with this widespread collaboration was the annual meeting in November of the Air Hygiene Foundation, attended by 250 technical representatives of the Government and industries. The foundation is devoting more and more study to health problems of the chemical and munitions manufacturing fields. Other national conventions held at the institute during the year were those of the American Society of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, the American Association for Cancer Research, and the International Association of Medical Museums. The Transportation Division of the Society of Automotive Engineers also convened in the institute's auditorium.

fellowships—the 32 multiple and 61 individual fellowships listed at the end of this report—have been active. These investigational programs have required the services of 187 fellows and 114 fellowship assistants during all or part of the year. Forty-eight fellowships have been in operation 5 years or more, and of this number 26 have been at work 10 years, 10 have concluded 15 years or more of research, 9 fellowships are 20 years of age or older, and 4 have a quarter century of service. In 1940-41 the institute has expended $1,258,866 in carrying on its various pure and applied science projects. N e w Fellowships of 1940-41. Eight fellowships have set out on their researches during the year: Foundry Practice; Leather Reclamation, Lignin, Nacre, Petrolatum, Phenol Chemistry, Powder Metallurgy Techniques, and Sugar Chemistry. T h e investigational intentions of six of these fellowships are presented here because of their general professional interest. Three other new fellowships have been accepted and will shortly begin work. Fundamental Chemistry of Foundry Practice· The National Radiator Co. has founded a fellowship on which W. A. Pennington is studying the basic chemical reactions involved in the production of cupola-iron and in its heat treatment. Correlations will be made between the chemical composition (and of course the manner in which it is obtained) and the physical properties of the iron to effect all possible improvements in plant practice as well as in the finished product. The research in heat treatment will be conducted to develop methods for manufacturing materials with unique physical properties which will lead to a broader field of adaptability for cast irons. Utilization of Leather Waste. A project for t h e development of new uses for scrap leather has j u s t been initiated by the Smith-Rowland Co., with G. A. Harrington as t h e fellow. Investigation in Lignin Technology. As the holder of the fellowship of the Marathon Paper Mills Co., L. T. Sandborn will do research on the properties and uses of the various lignin products made by the donor's chemical division. The studies will supplement the program of investigation and development that has been under way for many years and is being continued in the Marathon laboratory.

During t h e institute's fiscal year March 1, 1940, to March 1, 1941, 93 industrial

Search for N e w Facts about Petrolatum. The Chesebrough Manufacturing Co. has established a fellowship with W. S. McClenahan as the incumbent for extending the utility of refined petroleum jelly. The work has begun with a broad investigation of the chemical and physical nature of crude petrolatum stocks. I t is anticipated t h a t the information disclosed by this research will greatly facilitate the development of new products and manufacturing processes and also will axid valuably to the available knowledge of the composition of petrolatum.

* Abstract of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Report of the director to the trustees of the institution.

Techniques for Powder Metallurgy. Recently, on a new fellowship of The

Industrial Fellowship Statistics and Changes

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McKay Co.„ A. E . Broady has started studies of basic principles involved in processes and equipment for the fabrication of metal products by powder molding. The growing importance of powder metallurgy a s a manufacturing procedure holds out promise for greatly simplified and more economical practice in the production of many kinds of metal articles. New Research in Sugar Chemistry. On the fellowship of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association G. E . Barker will investigate uses for the products and byproducts of the cane-sugar industry. T h e pertinent literature is being surveyed comprehensively prior to the initiation of laboratory research aimed at the development of novel derivatives of varied types. Completed Fellowship Programs. Seven fellowships concluded their investigations during the year: Can, Electrodeposition, Filter, Graphite, Laboratory ConstructiorkaJ Materials, Optical Glass, and Pearl. Improved Graphite Crucibles. T h e fellowship of the Vesuvius Crucible Co. ( C . A. Styer, incumbent) pursued research o n problems in the manufacture of graphitic refractories, such as crucibles, stoppers, and nozzles. The work was directed principally toward the development of crucibles characterized as to composition b y improvement of the bond as compared with crucibles in current use and as to service by higher melting speed and longer life than attainable with pots of the conventional type. Laboratory studies on the scientific foundations of crucible composition were followed by semiplant work o n modified manufacturing methods and practical testing of the new products. I n consequence crucibles have been produced which without loss of metal-melting capacity or increase in weight, are proving to be superior in foundry service to those previously employed. Ceramic Table Tops and Sinks; K e m ite, Karcite, and Neo-Kemite Labstone. T h e fellowship on laboratory constructional materials under E . E. Marbaker completed more than five years of investigational work f o r the Ceramic Products Co. o n the development and production of Kemite and Karcite, invented by S. M. Phelps of the institute's refractories fellowship. Kemite and Karcite are acidresistant, low-shrinkage ceramic bodies whose pores are filled with carbon in the form of coke. Kemite, primarily intended for u s e a s a table-top material, contains cordierite which, because of its low coefficient of expansion, imparts to t h e body a high degree of resistance to thermal shock. A commercial process was evolved for making cordierite synthetically. .Karcite, less complex in composition, possesses all the properties necessary for laboratory service in the form of sinks, window sills, and drain pipes. The experimental methods of manufacture were brought to industrial status, and the first products were installed in the institute's building where they continue to give excellent service. Karcite has proved t o be so satisfactory as a material for laboratory sinks t h a t the scale of production has been extended to meet the increasing demands of the trade. During tlae last two years of the fellowship, besides the evaluation of new raw

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were permitted to infest the room or case in which the instrument was stored. The facts discovered about this effect of tropical exposure will be applied t o make glass and instruments more durable. The fellowship's research on chemical treatments to reduce the amount of light lost by reflection at a glass surface disclosed methods applicable to types of glass previously resistant t o treatment. Hence it is now possible to form a glasshard silica film on all the kinds of glass commonly used in optical instruments. If the optical thickness of the film is one fourth the wave length for which maximum transmission is desired, the lighttransmitting power of a polished lens is increased by 3 to 10" per cent, depending on the refractive index of the glass. Silica films of the thickness required for increased light transmission and films of more thinness can be made extremely resistant to chemical attack or to weathering by suitable treatment after application. The increase in durability that ensues is so marked that types of glass formerly considered too soluble for employment in exposed locations can now be used where needed. The chemical processes for increasing the transparency and durability of glass surfaces have been adapted to plant use through the cooperative work of Jones and Theodore Zak of the donor's chemical laboratory. Many instruments of utility in national defense have been made with treated optical glass for trial in service. Measurement of glass-surface texture by topographic profilograph devised by multiple fellowship on plate glass technology

materials for and further development work on Kemite and Karcite, research was carried out that gave an entirely new ceramic body possessing properties required for table-top service. This novel material, made by methods different from those applied in the production of Kemite, is unique from the point of view that its strength and other physical characteristics are realized by heating the raw forms to a temperature much lower than that generally necessary in the manufacture of ceramic products. New Treatments for Optical Glass. The fellowship of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., set up in 1931, was terminated on Jan. 1, 1941, when the incumbent, F. L. Jones, joined the donor's laboratory as director of chemical research. In the past five years the fellowship studied the chemistry of glass surfaces: the durability of highly polished surfaces was investigated; methods of chemical treatment to increase the transparency of polished surfaces and to raise the durability of optical glass received broad research. During 1940 Jones, assisted by H. J. Homer, looked into the effect of tropical cjimates upon optical instruments. The high humidity found in some regions is detrimental t o lenses not only because of slow reactions between moisture and glass but also because the moisture promotes the growth of fungi which may cover the surfaces of lenses and prisms, rendering them opaque. Investigation showed that the glass was not a food for fungi and that little damage occurred if all materials from which a fungus could draw nourishment were excluded from the environment. Bad fungi damage resulted where certain microscopic insects common to the tropics

Basic Research in Margaritology. The pearl fellowship, headed b y A. E. Alexander, ended its two-year investigational program during the past summer. Sustained by Pearl Associates, Inc., the objective was to secure new information on all types of pearls formed i n whole or in part in any species of shellfish. Following the accumulation and correlation of the fundamental data, investigations were begun on the practical application of the findings, involving the revaluation of all techniques used to differentiate the natural pearl from those types which in one way or another attempt to imitate it. Considerable time was therefore- devoted to a study of the x-ray diffraction method, which had been employed and accepted by the pearl trade over a period of 15 years as the most reliable laboratory test for distinguishing natural from cultured pearls. Research subsequently revealed that care must be exercised in applying this procedure, be anomalous and contradictory results .e possible. For this reason, a new test was sought and finally there was perfected, with the cooperation of H. F. Sherwood of the Eastman Kodak Co., a radiographic method by means of which an entire pearl necklace can be xrayed in less than a minute. The structural differences that characterize and distinguish cultured and natural pearls are clearly displayed on the x-ray plate. A supplemental study included the assembly of new data o n the annual rate of deposition of natural pearl aragonite. The results of all these investigations have been published. Upon the termination of the fellowship research, Pearl Associates established in New York the office and laboratory of the Bureau of Natural Pearl Information, to enable Alexander t o expand his work. Since then the bureau's activities have been broadened through the extensive testing of pearls and the dissemination of scientific facts about them. Close cooperation and exchange of information on pearls are maintained with the gemtesting laboratory of the London Chamber of Commerce.

Vol. 19, N o . 7 Bibliographic information During the calendar year 1940, a new periodical, 12 bulletins, 25 research papers, and 41 other articles made their appearance from the institute. The total publications for the 30 years ended December 31, 1940, have been 18 books, 153 bulletins, and 1800 journal contributions. Forty-six United States patents and 30 foreign patents on fellowship inventions were issued in 1940; 801 United States patents and 841 foreign patents have been granted since 1911.

Releasable News of Continued Industrial Fellowship Researches New Testing Procedures for Refractories Technology. The technical services of the multiple fellowship on refractories (S. M. Phelps, senior fellow) of the American Refractories Institute are available to manufacturers of these products for studies of their individual problems relating to control and development. Aside from the appreciable order of useful work carried out for that purpose, the fellowship has been engaged in a number of investigations of interest to the industry as a whole. Where the refractoriness of clays is determined by heating small cones until they bend, it often happens that the test materials bloat to a degree that destroys the accuracy of the test. Experimental work has demonstrated that the gases causing the bloating can be expelled by heat treatment at a comparatively low temperature; consequently, it has been recommended that the standard procedure for determining the pyrometric cone equivalent require that all clays be calcined to 1000° C. prior to performing the test. The class of refractory mortars which develops a strong bond for brickwork at room temperatures must have, among other properties, what is known as good working characteristics. This property is not readily measured b y test methods, and is complicated further by the thixotropic behavior of many mortars. It is essential that test samples for evaluational work be made up t o a standardized degree of consistency, as determined by a reproducible method. At present it is necessary t o rely o n the operator's judgment as to what constitutes "troweling" consistency and, to overcome this situation, a satisfactory mechanical means for determining the consistency has been developed. The test is carried out as follows: The mortar is placed in a cylindrical tube raised 1/16 inch from a base plate; a weighted plunger is inserted in the top of the tube and the apparatus is given a predetermined number of jolts, which destroy the thixotropic set of the mortar and force a quantity of it out of the Vie-inch clearance at the bottom of the tube; the distance the plunger travels in the tube is the measure of consistency.

April 10, 1941 This test is far more sensitive than estimations obtained by manual trial. T h e loss of refractories in industrial furnaces b y t h e action of slag is of major importance. The fellowship is devoting research t o this problem and will endeavor t o develop an improved t y p e of slag test that will simulate slagging as it occurs in boiler furnaces. A nontechnical bulletin has been published as a summarization of the literature on the subject of the slag action of alkalies on various types of refractories. T h e fellowship has been participating over a period of years in the study of methods for measuring brick and shapes for size and warpage. A n outgrowth of this work has been t h e adoption of a simple and practical means of measuring for size b y the use of a hooked rule and b y overall stack measurements. Warpage of tile and shapes is obtained by placing a straight edge across the diagonal of the shape o n the concave side and inserting a calibrated wedge a t the point of maxim u m warpage. These methods of measurement, which have been set forth in detail in a bulletin, have been adopted by the A. S. T . M. During the year there was issued a 28page booklet describing the activities of the fellowship and showing pictorially the quarters and equipment used in carrying on its work. This publication is being distributed gratis. Expansion of Research on H e a t Insulation. The Philip Carey Co.'s multiple fellowship o n heat insulation and roofing materials (R. H. Heilman, senior fellow) has widened its studies of the thermal conductivity of a large variety of insulating materials, including pipe coverings, blocks, insulating fills, and cements. The national emergency has resulted in a great increase in the demand for heat-insulating products of all types. Such insulation plays a major part i n the conservation of heat and in the stepping-up of output in the industrial fields which contribute directly or indirectly to the manufacture of defense materials. T h e fellowship is carrying on a comprehensive investigation on t h e effects of chemical composition and physical characteristics on the rate of heat transmission through various insulating materials, especially asbestos and magnesia products. T h e chemical industries require large quantities of insulation for the protection of equipment operating a t sub-zero temperatures. The main obstacle to the continuous operating efficiency of insulating materials at these low temperatures is the penetration of water vapor into the insulation. Obviously the solution of the problem is of prime importance, and a research with this aim has been started by the fellowship. Better Building Materials. On the multiple fellowship of the H. H . Robertson C o . (J. H. Young, senior fellow) further developmental work on the cupriferous

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cement, Hubbellite, by D . S. Hubbell has resulted in several improvements that aid the cement finisher in securing pleasing color and texture. Considerably increased use of the cement as a surfacing material has come about largely because it provides a "self-sanitizing" floor and is safe where sparks must be avoided, characteristics attributable to its unique composition. Because of the oligodynamic action of the copper compound in it, molds cannot survive on its surface and many pathogenic bacteria are markedly suppressed, as have been demonstrated by broad studies completed recently by cooperating bacteriologists (M. A. Farrell, Pennsylvania State College; W. L. Mallmann, Michigan State College). Traces of the antiseptic copper ingredient, liberated by washing or dampening, are adequate to accomplish this function, while the amount lost during a thorough washing is but an infinitesimal part of the quantity present in the cement. Accelerated tests as well as longtime studies of floors in actual service indicate that the cement can be regarded practically as permanently self-sanitizing. This quality is of particular interest where adequate treatments with disinfectants cannot be relied upon or afforded. For example, many schools and industrial plants have observed that "athlete's foot" is not transmitted by shower and locker room floors covered with Hubbellite, while experience has shown that the contagion spreads where similar areas are not so protected. The cement does not give rise to "struck sparks" and, while it is not an electrical conductor, it will drain away static and prevent its accumulation to sparking potentials. This elimination of the two main causes of sparks on floors

391 has resulted in its wide u s e in explosives plants. H . J. Read has begun on this fellowship a basic investigation of the problem of refining chromium-bearing bodies with t h e object of producing a cheaper source of substantially carbon-free chromium or ferrochromium for the manufacture of low-carbon stainless steels. This new undertaking is in Une w i t h the donor's policy of diversification i n the field of building materials, in which stainless steel is assuming ever-increasing importance. Garspar and Garcolite Gain Ground. The mineral products fellowship of Garco Products, Inc., has advanced substantially in the processing of the spent grinding sand formerly considered a waste in t h e plate-glass industry. T i n s fellowship under G. J. Bair has found new applications of importance for the novel fine silica products. Garspar, a special flux-containing silica, the first product evolved try treatment of such sand, introduced in 1938, is being made under fellowship supervision in an enlarged plant at Ford City, Penna. Changes in the processing have increased manufacturing efficiency and improved the alkalinity control o f the product. Laboratory and plant stuclies of pottery bodies containing Garspa]r have led t o the expansion of its use i n t o the sanitary ware and wall-tile fields. A new glass-batch nod toting plant, completely mechanized a n d embodying improved equipment to give controlled nodule size, was constructed by t h e fellowship. Commercial tests of nodulated batch containing Garspar in tanks and

Garspar, Garcolite, and Gartex processing plant of Garco Products, I n c ·

392 pot furnaces of the glass-container and plate-glass industries have demonstrated the advantages of this intimately and permanently mixed fine-grained dustless material. Homogeneity is being obtained in the finished glass made from this batch which has previously resulted only by the employment of optical glass methods. Large-scale tests with Garcolite, the surface-reactive fine-grained silica de­ veloped for addition to concrete mixes, have been commenced b y the fellowship. In collaboration with a state highway department, a test road was laid. Manu­ facturers of concrete block, precast slabs, and ready-mixed concrete are cooperating with the fellowship in large trials of mix­ tures containing this treated silica. Gar­ colite produces a pozzuolanic action in Portland cement mixtures, increasing their strength and durability; i t also acts as a plasticizer, improving workability and decreasing bleeding of concrete. New Knowledge on the Vitreojis Enameling of Sheet Steel. T h e ceramic chemicals fellowship, whose purpose is to investigate problems relating to the porce­ lain enameling of steel b y the w e t process, is maintained b y The O. Hommel Co. For five years the project was success­ fully headed by W. J. Baldwin, who lately resigned t h e post to enter another indus­ try· A new acid-resisting enamel was evolved and accepted by the trade. The problems involved in producing opaque and super-opaque enamels to supply an ever-increasing demand were next at­ tacked, and several new enamels of these types were formulated and developed. In addition, improvements in blue groundcoat enamels were introduced. Some at­ tention was given to problems connected with the physical and chemical appraisal of enamels, with special reference to meas­ urements of thermal expansion of enamels in contact with metal and also resistance to abrasion, effecting refinements of test­ ing methods. Further developmental work on t h e two-coat, one-fire Hommelaya process of vitreous enameling was carried out, with the result that this method has been used with commercial success for certain types of work, such as reflectors, signs, and building exteriors. Under the new incumbent, Ε . Ε. Marbaker, t h e program of t h e fellowship has been broadened to include research on raw materials, such as clay, especially of American origin, because t h e incidence of the war has disrupted the supply of the German clay which has hitherto been considered indispensable b y t h e enameling industry. Research has also been con­ ducted o n problems involved in the colorflux labeling of glass containers with par­ ticular reference to the relative physical properties of color and glass which are important in securing successful results. The present major problem of the fellow­ ship pertains to the adaptation of t h e Hommelaya process to the enameling of hollow ware.

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A research enamelist shows how slip is applied to hollow ware by dipping. Furtherance of Plastic Iron Technology. The multiple fellowship of Plastic Metals, Inc. (J. L. Young, senior fellow) i s en­ gaged i n developing and perfecting equip­ ment for the production of electrolytic iron powder and melting stock. This pure metal, which is being made at the donor's plant in Johnstown, Penna., has been found especially suitable for a variety of industrial purposes through subcommer­ cial studies. Owing to its purity, Plast-Iron possesses unusual electrical properties. I n powder form it can be advantageously utilized in t h e fabrication of magnets, various types of radio cores, and other electrical ap­ pliances. Principally because of t h e na­ ture of the molding and sintering tech­ niques employed in powder or ceramic metallurgy, uniformity of quality of the powders used is of paramount importance. Lack of uniformity in powdered metals, particularly in iron, is generally caused b y variations in the amounts of impuri­ ties. The new iron is exceptionally uni­ form i n density, compressibility, shrink­ age upon sintering, and other physical properties which are essential for success i n compacting and heat treating iron pow­ der t o produce satisfactory machine parts. In the form of sheets or plates, the iron has proved useful as melting stock in the preparation of spectroscopic standards and high-quality ferrous alloys which demand extremely close control of all constituent elements. The manufacture of this iron involves the reduction of ore into sponge iron, which is then formed into anodes for the electrodeposition process. I n the donor's fac­ tory t h e cells and other production equip­ ment have been constructed for unit operation; expansion of capacity there­ fore will simply consist of providing addi­ tional units as the markets are secured later on. As announced previously [ N E W S E D I ­

TION, 18, 291 (1940) ], a number of metal plastics besides iron powder have places o n the fellowship program. Progress in Research on Waste Pickle

Vol. 19, No. 7 Liquor Utilization. The activities of t h e American Iron and Steel Institute's fellow­ ship (W. W. Hodge, advisory fellow) have related chiefly to certain of the more prom­ ising processes for treating waste pickle liquor. R. D . Hoak, formerly district sanitary engineer, Pennsylvania Depart­ ment of Health, joined the fellowship staff in July. T h e technical factors involved i n some of t h e treating processes have been sub­ jected to laboratory research, and t h e available data on the economics of several procedures have been studied as to relative costs for abating stream pollution. T h e properties of the ferrous sulfate separated from spent pickling liquors by spray dry­ ing and other ways have been investi­ gated respecting use in water purification, treatment of sewage and certain organic industrial wastes, and the manufacture of other commercial sulfates as well a s sulfuric acid. The lack of adequate markets for the iron salts readily obtain­ able from spent pickle liquor is a serious problem involved in many of the proposed processes of treatment. Applications of copperas and lime in water purification and of chlorinated copperas, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, and certain recently developed "ferri-gels" in sewage treat­ ment appear to be receiving increased favorable attention. T h e manufacture o f iron oxide paint pigments and glass polishing rouge from recovered copperas apparently offers only a relatively small market for utilizing this by-product. The costs for transporting ferrous sulfate from steel mills to central plants, where i t would be processed t o sulfuric acid a n d iron oxide, ammonium sulfate, or certain mineral sulfates, are being thoroughly investigated. Objections have been raised to re-using recovered acid in picklers. Hence laboratory experiments are i n prog­ ress t o ascertain if the sulfuric acid r e ­ covered from waste pickle liquor b y certain processes can be satisfactorily reemployed for cleaning the surfaces of iron and steel. The results t o date appear t o be rather favorable, but pilot-plant tests must b e made before final conclusions can b e drawn. If t h e recovered acid could b e re-used, it would be an important economic factor toward the installation of a waste pickle liquor treatment process, depending on t h e composition and quantity of t h e waste liquor a t a specific iron and steel works. T h e fellowship has cooperated with sanitary engineers of the U . S. Public Health Service, assigned to t h e Ohio River Pollution Survey, and with special­ ists of several state health departments and municipal sanitary districts, and h a s benefited from the suggestive aid of these public service groups. Through t h e work of the fellowship the attention of many steel companies has been focused o n the betterment of pickling operations, with pleasing results in improved ef­ ficiency of utilization of the acid consumed and much smaller quantities of waste

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ceramic materials are in acid discharged from the good condition after two plants with corresponding years' exposure. reduction in stream polluResearch has been started tion. Examples of pertinent on the behavior of certain reports are as follows: savolefin gases with sulfur. The ing of a tank car of concenabsorption of these gases by trated sulfuric acid every sulfur under different conditwo weeks; reduction of tions is being studied in a free acid in the waste pickle packed tower, through which liquor from about 8 per cent the gas is passed countercurt o between 3 and 4 per rent t o the sulfur and then cent; about 4 0 per cent decollected and analyzed. The crease in the spent liquor diseffect of various solvents on charged from a plant. olefin-sulfur reaction prodIn addition t o the 42 procucts has been investigated esses of which preliminary and a method of fractionatstudies were made during ing this material has been the first two years of the developed. Factors affectfellowship, five other proceing the aging characteristics dures have been investigated of sulfur cements have been this year. Improvements studied. Tests are in proghave been found for four ress t o find the changes, if processes. Consideration is any, resulting from adding now being given by certain divers agents to sulfur steel companies to the concements. struction of pilot plants for further researches on three of the proposed methods. Coping with Sulfur ComAs the quantity of waste pounds in Manufactured pickle liquor made in the Gases. J. A. Shaw of the Unit for investigating deportment of sulfur and olefin gases United States during the gas purification fellowship, course of useful manufacsustained by the Koppers turing operations is estimated at from Co., has described a rapid method for to ensure maximum uniformity with the 500,000,000 t o 800,000,000 gallons a the determination of hydrogen sulfide best corrosion resistance for atmospheric year and its corrosive properties lead t o and mercaptan sulfur in gases and in aqueand domestic hot water service. An autohigh costs for suitable equipment and ous solutions, by which these compounds matic continuous method of pickling and treatment, the need for complete investiare totally absorbed in a specially pregalvanizing cylindrical vessels, devised b y gation of both technical and economic pared cadmium chloride solution in a new t h e fellowship, is being further developed factors in any proposed process is apparent. type of flask, and then are estimated by in cooperation with the donor's techiodometric titration under definite condinicians. Many materials have been extions that elliminate several sources of amined in the search for a better corrosionResearch Benefits Metalworking Techerror without appreciable increase in time resistant lining for domestic range boilers. niques. The fellowship of the Scaife Co. and manipulation. This procedure has Among the materials being tested are is concerned principally with processes received cordial attention in the gas incements, enamels, stainless steel, stainlessinvolved in the fabrication of tanks, range clad steel, electrolytic coatings, and polydustry. Another method, as y e t unpubboilers, and other unfired pressure vessels. merized lacquers. This investigation will lished, contrived o n request of the donor, T h e activities of H. L. Anthony, III, the be broadened in the hope that an economifor the determination of small amounts of incumbent, have centered around the cal and otherwise satisfactory lining will oxygen such as occur in coke-oven and standardization of materials, welding, brazsoon be found. other fuel gases, is delicate to concentraing, pickling, galvanizing, and material tions of less than 0.01 per cent oxygen. testing. Use is made of the special flask employed Studies on Sulfur Products. Research Definite control for welding has been in the determination of sulfides. Research on new and improved products from sulfur established from the material standpoint on the major problem of t h e fellowship, has been carried on by M . G 'ayberry, and in the technique followed in fabricathe removal of organic sulfur from cokesenior fellow, a n d his associa on t h e tion. Considerable rasearch has been oven gas, has been sufficiently successful multiple fellowship of the Texas Gulf devoted t o the Hafergut process of weldto warrant the design and construction of Sulphur Co. ing, which appears to have all the advana pilot plant, now nearly ready for operaDuring the year a report on provisional tages of automatic shielded arc welding. tion. methods for examining sulfur cements was Other methods of automatic arc welding prepared b y P. V. McKinney in assistance have been developed through the colU s e s for Ammonium Thiocyanate. The to the A. Si T. M . Plans have been made laboration of the donor's engineers and work of the gas by-products fellowship for the formation of a committee t o study the fellowship. Copper brazing by t h e (W. H. Hill, advisory fellow, and J. H . F. specifications for sulfur cements and t o flux method has been extensively investiVeltman) for the Koppers Co. has related l a y down tentative standards. Plasgated both in the laboratory and in t h e largely to the production, purification, and ticized sulfur a s a jointing material for plant, and definite improvements have development of uses of ammonium thiobrick roads has completed five years of been accomplished, particularly in t h e cyanate. Various grades, including c. P., service on a test road in Hocking County, advancement of the flux-coated copper have been prepared by different methods, Ohio. The road is in excellent condition brazing rods t o bring about many of t h e the removal of iron, sulfate, and arsenic and entirely free of exudation; the refinements of controlled atmosphere brazcausing the greatest difficulties. Starting strength of the sulfur plastic has a decided ing. Certain measures of improvement from technical and pure grades, a number advantage in holding the bricks firmly in have been effected in the pickling and galof organic derivatives have been made, place; very few bricks broken b y traffic vanizing of cylindrical vessels. Special some of them entirely new compounds. are evident. Other sulfur compositions attention has been allotted t o the control T o assist in the production and marketing under trial as calking compounds for and composition of hot-dip zinc coatings

394 of ammonium thiocyanate, studies have been conducted on packaging and on the effects of the dry and moist salt and the 30 per cent crude solution on various metals, wood, protective coatings, and fabrics. During the packaging tests it has been observed that ammonium thiocyanate is not nearly so hygroscopic as is commonly believed; it will dry out at a relative humidity of around 50 per cent. Research has also been done on a new series of pigments derived from ammonium thiocyanate. T h e y show good covering power and brushing qualities; several of them are distinguished by great brilliance. Another investigation has led to the development of a series of compounds to be used as inhibitors in the pickling of steel; they have greater solubility in pickling acids than most commercial products of the type. Some attention has been given to the production of ferrocyanides, utilizing the hydrogen cyanide of coke-oven

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Vol. 19, No. 7 program is utilizing t h e highpressure catalytic technique pioneered by Vladimir Ipatieff, whicii is playing such an important role i n t h e petroleum industry of t o day.

N e w Synthetic Organic Chemicals. The multiple fellowship 021 organic synthesis, supported by t h e Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp., entered its 27th year of continuous research. T h e purpose of this fellowship i n cludes the development of new products on an experimental scale and studies of their industrial applications. The value of this type of i n vestigation i s exemplified b y the increased number of n e w products in t h e donor's latest chemical catalog. Many of the projects of necessity stretch out over a period of years. T h e researches o n hydraulic fluids, gas purification and dehydration, surface-active compounds, synthetic coatings, and l u b r i c a n t s fall i n t h i s Ammonium thiocyanate plant, Eastern Gas & Fuel Associates. category. Advances h a v e Shown in the above photograph are steelwork for filter and mixing platform, absorption tower, and gas piping t o and from the absorber. been accomplished in all these fields; commercial u s e has been attained in four of them, a n d I n the course of these activities of the tion, anthracene oil, and high-boiling tarplant and field tests are in progress fellowship old methods of analysis had base fractions. B y a hydrogénation procin the textile lubricant and oil-additive to be revised and new ones devised beess these substances may be converted into studies. cause the known procedures were found products of increased value, such as creot o be entirely inadequate. sote, tar acids, and a variety of other comAs t o amines, several interesting prodpounds. Preliminary experiments with ucts and applications h a v e been evolved, Products from Coke-Oven Light Oil. batch hydrogénations are being followed such as antistatic compounds for textiles, The investigations of W. L. Glowacki on by continuous processing. solubilizing agents for mineral oils, which the Koppers Co.'s tar distillation fellowpermit the compounding of oil emulsions A new separation of the constituents of ship have pertained to the separation, by of controlled stability, a n d several addianthracene cake has been evolved which a variety of physical means, of paraffins tional aryl alkanolamines of utility in d y e yields anthracene of high purity and faciliand naphthenes from the otherwise pure stuff manufacture. T h e preparation of tates the recovery of carbazole and phenaromatics from light oil, and t o t h e appliphenyl diethanoiamine has been transanthrene. Supplementary to this developcation in practice of methods for the formed t o plant-scale operation. D i ment is a systematic search for uses for analysis of the crude oil and its derivatives. methyl aminoethanol is being made o n a these chemicals, which are available in Wojciech Swietoslawski, formerly prodevelopment scale to iraeet the needs of large quantities but find little application fessor of physical chemistry a t t h e Polythe dyestuff and pharmaceutical indusat present. Particular attention is being technic of Warsaw, who is known intertries. T h e application of vinyl resins t o given to phenanthrene, which has n o nationally for the promulgation of acthe adhesive and coating fields h a s led t o known industrial employment. A liquidcurate principles in the determination of their use in t h e leather, metal, and p l y phase oxidation of heavy pyridine bases physical constants, has lately joined this wood industries, as well as for hydrohas given rise t o pyridine carboxylic acids, fellowship to conduct research on the apcarbon-resistant coatings on experimental useful in producing picolinic acid and plication of ebulliometrie procedures to puncture-proof fuel t a n k s . Improved nicotinic acid. azeotropic systems, particularly with referhigh-gloss paper coatings, oilproof coatence to t h e refining of light oil. ings for paper packages, and decorative Weaving Methods of Synthesis for B y coatings for various surfaces have been product Coke Technology. Through the investigated. Many high-boiling m a Novel W a y s of Utilizing Tars. In genmultiple fellowship on tar synthetics ( B . terials have been prepared and evaluated eral, the research of the multiple fellowB. Corson, senior fellow) the Koppers Co. is as plasticizers for various coating m a ship on tar treatment of the Koppers Co. engaged in up-grading by-products of the terials in a n effort to improve t h e proper( C . F. Winans, senior fellow) has consisted coking process. I n the past these by-prodties of flexible films and sheet materials. of studies of the beneficiation of coal-tar ucts, which are legion, have been disposed Nonoleaginous products of particular inof in the crude state. I t is now planned fractions, tar residues, and miscellaneous terest as softeners or c 'antiscroop" comto process them into pure compounds pitchy products by destructive hydrogénaponents of lubricants, for synthetic fibers or into other chemicals; to develop a flextion processes. Specifically, the following are being developed. Chlorinated solible network of treatments which can be materials have been investigated: heavy vents for the degreasiaag of metal have quickly adjusted t o the demands of the creosote oil, pitch oil (from the coking of been studied t o determine the effectiveindustries concerned. This long-term hard pitch), residues from tar-acid distilla-

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exposures t o vapors of ethyl silicate and the other to vapors of isophorone. In both, t h e sort of human injury to be expected from, an excessive exposure was ascertained as well as various technical details of interest to the hygienist.

Apparatus and controls used for the research work on high-pressure reactions under the multiple fellowship on tar treatment

Stabilized Iodized Salt and Iodized Mineral Feeds. The Iodine Educational Bureau's fellowship, with a program embracing the development of new medicinal and industrial uses for iodine, has investigated and evaluated a variety of novel products containing iodine. During 1939-40 iodine in nutrition and agriculture was emphasized, and a system was introduced for the voluntary regulation of the iodine content of animal feedstuffs. To assist in this work, a procedure for the determination of iodine in livestock mineral supplements was developed and distributed to the feed industry. In t h e past year F. F. Johnson and E . R. Frederick on this fellowship had occasion to study broadly the factors responsible for t h e loss of iodine from iodized salt and iodized mineral feeds. Iodized salt was found t o lose 40 per cent or more of its iodine in 18 months, while the iodized mineral feed mixtures lost between. 9 and 20 per cent of their iodine content during four months. The factors responsible for these losses of iodine were then determined and reported. Of special value was t h e finding that powdered potassium iodide, of particle size a s small as 300-rnesh, could be given a waterproof coating by milling with 10 per cent of its weight of impalpable calcium stéarate or magnesium stéarate. The resulting product, now on the market and in successful use, is a freeflowing powder that has greatly improved stability in the presence of salt or mineral oxidizing catalysts and y e t exhibits complete absorbability in the digestive tract.

Equipment in high-pressure catalytic research, multiple fellowship on tar synthetics of various inhibitors. Solvent extraction as a means of separating aliphatic from aromatic hydrocarbons is being investigated. Specific emulsion problems have been under research and recommendations made for their solution. The appraisal of wetting agents for various purposes has been carried forward. Chemical Hygiene Research Goes Ahead. The multiple fellowship on chemical hygiene of t h e Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp. has provided H . F. Smyth, Jr., a n d his enlarged staff of seven with opportunities t o continue the study

of newly synthesized organic compounds. It has been possible to reduce emphasis upon the dangers of swallowing these materials and to devote more time to the investigation of actual industrial hazards, such as skin contact and vapor inhalation. Closer relations with the donor's plants have been maintained by more frequent visits, bringing a better understanding of the information needed to protect the employees, supplementing inquiries from customers regarding safe handling of products. Two researches were brought to completion by publication—one involved single

New Foods and a N e w Nutritional Periodical. The multiple fellowship of H. J. Heinz Co. ( E . R. Harding, senior fellow) has announced two new products, made ready for manufacture a t t h e end of the year: strained applesauce in the strained foods series and vegetables with beef and barley in the junior food line. The development of several other novel foods is advancing. Nutritional investigations have been continued on the donor's products, including further work o n the availability of calcium in strained foods and vitamin assays of many products, with nicotinic acid determinations using dogs as the test animals. New microbiological, chemical, and physical methods for vitamin estimations have been studied. The ninth edition of the "Nutritional Charts'* was issued. Supplementing this, publication, a new quarterly journal named Nutritional Observatory was started under the editorship of the fellowship, staff; its contents are summaries and. discussions of recent advances in the fields of nutrition and foods. Applications of t h e Tenderay Process. In the institute's reports of 1938-39 and 1939-40 [see especially N E W S EDITION,

18, 291 (1940)] a new and rapid method for the tendering of edible flesh was described as a development of the fellowship on meat merchandising of the Kroger Food Foundation of the Kroger Grocery and Baking Co. During the year Tenderay plants were opened by the donor company i n Chicago, Detroit, and Columbus; an additional factory is under construction at Grand Rapids, and recently the Detroit plant has been doubled in size. Inde-

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avoid contact contamination, as long as the product is ex­ posed t o the air it remains subject to infection b y air-borne organisms. Air-washes and air-filters only partially remove microorganisms and do not prevent reinfection of the air b y microorganisms introduced b y persons or objects enter­ ing a room supplied with purified air. Such air-borne organ­ isms are capable of reinfecting foodstuffs produced under the most careful conditions of handling. T h e Sterilamp is particularly effective in destroying air-borne microorganisms and therefore serves as a sanitizing agent t o maintain an essentially sterile atmosphere in which foods may be exposed or further processed, as in the cooling, slicing, and wrap­ ping of bread and other baked goods.

Experimental work on oil additives, using the extreme-pressure lubricant test machine of the Society o f Automotive Engineers pendent packing and distributing plants have been put in operation in Brooklyn, Newark, Providence, Troy, Ohio, Indian­ apolis, Peoria, St. Louis, Tulsa, Pitts­ burgh, Tyrone, Penna., and Allentown, Penna., and factories are being erected at other points. Meantime the fellowship under M . D . Coulter has carried on work leading to improved commercial practice. A compact treatise on the Tenderay proc­ ess has been published for general distri­ bution. The Sterilamp in the Food Field. B. H. Gilmore, with Margaret Yarlett, bacteriologist, has studied in critical fash­ ion the sanitizing properties of ultraviolet radiation of the wave length 2537 Α., as generated by the Westinghouse Sterilamp. Principal attention has been given t o its use in the tenderization of beef, in the holding of meat prior t o retail sale, and in the baking industry. Applied t o freshly produced foods, the direct and indirect effects of the bactericidal radiation markedly reduce any initial surface con­ tamination. As a consequence, the storage life of these commodities is con­ siderably lengthened. Although proper care may be taken in the physical handling of food products to

Valuable Public Health Work in Natural Gas. J. B . Garner, who had served continuously and creatively as t h e head of the natural gas fellowship since its inception in 1915, retired with distinction on September 15, 1940. H e was succeeded by R. W. Miller, a former institute fellow, but more recently in charge of research and sales for the donor, the Peoples Natural Gas Co., a s well as t h e Hope Natural Gas Co., a position he will continue to occupy. F . R . Holden has been employed as junior fellow, bringing spe­ cialized experience along hygienic lines. The Utility Survey Commission of the Pittsburgh district has its headquarters at the institute, operating in conjunc­ tion with this fellowship. The senior fellow is director of the commission, which has had the active support of t h e same four Pittsburgh utilities over t h e past 12 years. T h e commission has for its major function the discovery and elimination of underground gas leakage in both the Pitts­ burgh metropolitan area and adjacent communities. Its field also includes inspection of public buildings, investigation of carbon monoxide poisoning cases, and application of safety methods having to do with gaseous and liquid fuels. A p ­ proximately 25 men work each day out of the institute for this commission. Comprehensive research has been begun on the fractionation of various liquid hydrocarbon mixtures produced by the donor. N e w Tools for Petroleum Investigations· The multiple fellowship of the Gulf Research and Development Co. ( W . A. Gruse, senior fellow) has moved forward in the study of microanalytical methods useful for examining petroleum products. The aniline-point procedure employing 0.5-cc.

Unit plant of multiple fellowship on organic synthesis

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samples has been in routine use for some time and is quite dependable. T h e m i c r o method for titration of organic acidity, corresponding t o neutralization number, has been worked out and applied satisfactorily t o oxidized oils; i t is most successful where t h e acid number is relatively high. Samples of the order of 0.05 cc. can be examined with an accuracy conservatively estimated at 10 per cent. The end point is recognized by a photoelectric cell technique. Research o n fractionation i n vacuum is in action, with emphasis on locating suitable means for evaluating column performance under diffusion p u m p vacuum. Inquiry is being continued on the chemical constitution of the highmelting waxes in petroleum and of certain higher molecular weight lubricating Pharmacollaboratîon on multiple fellowship on chemical oil materials. T w o highefficiency extraction columns are in steady operation. T h e chemistry with vigor and a paper on piston deof the sulfur compounds in certain gasoposits was published. A mass spectrolines and of desulfurization methods is graph has been constructed for a program under investigation. Studies i n the correof investigation on hydrocarbon decomlation of crude oils with geological enposition; it is hoped to observe the variavironment have yielded a method for distions, with increasing temperature, in the tinguishing between crudes produced strength of carbon-carbon and carbonfrom the same horizon and regarded as hydrogen bonds. practically identical by true boiling-point •distillation. The prototype engine work Basic Facts on Oil Cleaning. As the o n engine deposits has been carried on holder of the oil cleaner fellowship of the

397 FramCorp., G. Ο. Ebrey has examined the solid sludge from many samples of various types of used lubricating oil and has developed an im­ proved apparatus for the laboratory determination of the sludge content of such oils. Through this technique the sludges have been recov­ ered in dry form whereby their physical characteristics can be observed. T h e study of these sludges is fundamental in designing the type of filter required for their removal. Along t h e same lines, a spe­ cial apparatus has been de­ vised for the laboratory clari­ fication of used or oxidized oils. Descriptions of these two pieces of apparatus will appear i n the literature in the near future. With the aid of these procedures, a study has been made o f the fundamental principles involved in the hygiene removal of solid sludge by mechanical straining ac­ tion. T h e physical requirements of a suit­ able filter medium h a v e been determined and defined and the essential features of design for a more efficient long-life filter cartridge have been established. The advantages and disadvantages of both the conventional cylinder type cartridge, con­ taining fibrous or granular materials, and the extended filtering surface type car­ tridge have been studied. A n investiga­ tion has also been conducted o n the wear

Left. Mass spectrograph for studies of Hydrocarbon decompo­ sition. Above. Apparatus for the investigation of the phe­ nomena of ring sticking in internal combustion engines under the multiple fellowship on petroleum refining technology

398 effects of various sizes of abrasives in oil. Many niters evolved in the past have been built without reference to certain very simple mechanical limitations to their efficient action. One of the most important principles in filter operation has been found to be the simultaneous use of a retentive large filtering area with adequate available sludge deposition space and freedom of flow which only terminates when the useful filtering area has been exhausted. New Watch and Precision Instrument Lubricants. G. E. Barker on the fellowship on watch technology has developed new lubricants especially valuable for watches, clocks, meters, scientific apparatus, and other mechanisms requiring a lubricant that will remain effective under conditions where a continued delivery of lubricating agent cannot be readily provided. The lubrication of precision instruments presents a peculiar problem, as usually they are inspected and supplied with oil only once a year or longer. The novel oils, products of synthetic organic chemistry, evolved on the fellowship are nonspreading, noncorrosive, chemically stable, and essentially nonvolatile; they possess low pour and solidification temperatures, high viscosity indexes, and good boundary lubrication qualities. These lubricants can be made in a moderately wide range of viscosities without materially altering their other properties. Recently perfected, they have resulted from the investigation of a large number of compounds of vastly different structures and a correlation of these structures with the extensive list of necessary properties. The Elgin National Watch Co., donor of the fellowship, has conducted comprehensive tests of the new lubricants applied to watches, and as a result of these studies has placed one of the oils in commercial use. This fellowship, with R. H. Lester as incumbent, on March 1 began research relating to other problems of watch technology, and Barker has been appointed head of the fellowship on sugar chemistry. On February 28 Lester concluded his work on the electrodeposition fellowship. Cotton Research Foundation Continues Its Fruitful Investigations. This multiple fellowship, now in the fourth year of operation, has extended its experimental work aimed at the betterment of the economic status of the entire cotton industry through the development of new uses. The philanthropic background of the donor, the Cotton Research Foundation, which serves as the technical agency of the National Cotton Council^hafi^been particularly stimulating to the personnel, consisting of D. M. Musser, R. F. Nickerson, H. S. Olcott, and several assistants. Studies of the cotton fiber have been carried onward along three general lines: applications for novel purposes; improvements in suitability for established uses;

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and semitheoretical investigations planned to yield a better understanding of the relationships between fiber structure and properties. In new-use research excellent progress has been made toward the main objective, which is to effect, by inexpensive means, a marked increase in the "drape" qualities of cotton fabrics. Along a second line, an investigation of the requirements for extra performance in high-speed, heavy-dutv pneumatic tires has resulted in a method of increasing cotton cord strength about one third and also trebling its flex-life. A cord of even better characteristics is anticipated. Thirdly, fundamental studies of the structure and properties of cotton fibers include analytical, physical, and physicochemical attacks. Published reports have made available findings on the analytical and physical aspects. Physicochemical studies under way hold the possibility of yielding new methods of fiber characterization and of extending present knowledge not only of the structure and behavior of cotton but of other celluloses as well. The practicability of using cotton lint, linters, and cottonseed hull fibers in papermaking has been investigated in a thoroughgoing manner. Chemical methods for purifying and processing the fibers have received main attention, and a patent application covering certain aspects of this work has been filed. These new developments facilitate fibrillation, materially decrease the beating time, and increase the strength values. A comprehensive research on cotton pulp properties, including viscosity, has been begun; the information acquired will certainly be useful to paper manufacturers and will no doubt add new knowledge to related industries. Special types of pulps are being investigated as re-enforcing agents for plastics and other molded articles. The cottonseed research program has also been advanced. Further study of the cottonseed proteins has afforded information of value: during the year two patents covering methods of preparation of cottonseed globulin were granted, and a third application has been filed; studies on the solubilities of the proteins were published; an analysis of the constituent amino acids is in progress. Cottonseed hull bran has been examined as source material for the, preparation of activated carbons; a paper describing the properties as related to water purification and medicinal uses has. appeared recently. This work is being extended to investigate the possibility of making vapor-absorbent carbons. A patent on a cottonseed hull-bran sweeping compound was granted, and licenses have been negotiated with several companies to manufacture and sell this .product. * More light has been shed-on the many factors involved in evaluating the nutritive properties of cottonseed meal. The effects of heat on the proteins, gossypol, and the vitamins have been determined with the aid of rat-growth experiments. Studies of the cottonseed enzymes have

Vol. 19, No. 7 gone forward; it has been shown that cottonseed exhibits no lipolytic activity but that, upon germination, a lipase develops. Some properties of this enzymic system have been described in a journal contribution. An investigation of the properties of the cottonseed phospholipids has been started; these materials appear to have possible commercial values. New Fabrics and Laminating Processes for the Garment Industry. For 12 years the multiple fellowship of Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc. (T. H. Swan, senior fellow) has been working in the field of fabric lamination. Extensive research has been conducted on bonding materials, and processes and techniques for fusing fabrics have been developed and put into industrial operation in the various factories of the donor. Technical supervision and quality control of the production of laminated collars are being maintained by the fellowship. Other projects have related to the improvement of certain of the donor's products. One study has pertained to fabric constructions. From this investigation has come the discovery that increased wear performance of fabrics can be attained through selected weaving conditions. Special fabrics have been developed for effecting better adhesion where employed in making laminated materials; these fabrics have been applied commercially to several lines of shirt collars and have met with consumer acceptance. During the past year patent protection has been accorded to some features of these accomplishments. Improvements in Textile Auxiliaries. The fifth, sixth, and seventh years of the Onyx Oil & Chemical Co. fellowship have been spent in close cooperation with the donor's technical staff. The incumbent, R. R. Ackley, has been working at the donor's plant, installing processes previously developed by the fellowship, studying aspects of the application of newer types of auxiliaries in modern textile processing, and supervising research and development in the fine chemicals division. The principal fellowship activity has related to the development and introduction of Onyxsan, a new type of cationic finishing agent for rayon fabrics. By the use of this mixture of high-molecularweight imidazoline salts, it has become possible to finish fabrics in the rinse water of the dyeing machine, without the necessity of passing the cloth through a mangle, as required in the employment of sulfonated olive oil and the like. The fabric treated in this manner possesses the advantage of extreme softness and improved draping qualities, without danger of rancidity, odor, or stiffening upon storage. The ease and economy of application, together with the fact that the finish obtained is strongly resistant to washing, are responsible for its use during the past year in the finishing of approxi-

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399 this work is still going on. Compounding experiments with natural and synthetic rubbers, employing certain grades of processed silica as fillers, have been directed toward the selection of the best processing conditions for the silica to give the broadest range of application in the fields concerned. Further experiments have been made to determine the range of commercial use to which Gartex fillers can readily be applied with an expectation of the most satisfactory results. I t has been found that the characteristics of Gartex filler*· can be varied to a marked degree by :ind of processing of the raw material from which they are

Battery of units for laminating garment parts in a Cluett, Peabody & Co. factory mately one third of the total rayon production of the United States. The development work necessitated the devising of new testing procedures and the synthesis of many new chemicals before compounds were obtained with maximum rate of exhaustion, highest softening efficiency, and greatest stability under operating conditions. I t was then requisite t o construct and place in operation a suitable manufacturing unit for the commercial production of imidazoline salts in quantities sufficient to meet the large demand for this type of finishing agent. United States Patent 2,200,815 and an Italian patent have been issued for the preparation of these compounds, and applications have been filed in other foreign countries. Other fellowship acquirements have included the development of Aurinoi, a type of fatty alcohol sulfate specifically designed for employm e n t as a dye auxiliary, and improvements in the production of sulfated fatty amides for use as detergents and wetting agents. T h e donor's fins chemicals division is installing pilot-plant equipment for making surface-active textile auxiliaries by adaptations of the Grignard synthesis. Ten Years of Research on Commodity Standards. The multiple fellowship maintained b y Kaufmann Department Stores, Inc. has completed its 10th year with Jules Labarthe, Jr., as senior fellow. The origraalpr oject of merchandise évaluation has been extended greatly and at present a broad five-point program serves the donor and its customers: (1) the preevaluation of new merchandise, (2) the formulation of specifications for staple

merchandise, (3) the study of customer complaints, (4) the solution of store maintenance problems, and (5) the education of the store employees and of the general public. The merchandise-specification work has resulted in the preparation of specifications and labels for nearly 500 items. These specification labels and the part played b y the fellowship staff in the consumer interest both locally and nationally have brought wide recognition t o the fellowship. Research is proceeding on determining the degree of usefulness of various kinds of informative labels as to both their merchandise selling power and their value to the public. More informative selling is wanted b y consumer leaders, but labels giving facts lack appeal and often confuse the purchaser who is unfamiliar with the terms and data given. Buyers and merchandise managers generally are dubious about informative labels as sellers of goods. I t is hoped that this study will result in the preparation of label types that will be more helpful to consumers and will sell merchandise more quickly. I t is time that consumers, retailers, and producers learn more about what the informative label really means in the distribution and use of merchandise. Gartex Shows Its Value in Rubber and Resins. The Gartex fellowship (K. J. Miller, incumbent), sponsored by Garco Products, Inc., has made progress in investigating problems connected with the production of the processed silica known as Gartex for use as a filler in the rubber, paint, and plastics industries. The effects of various types of processing on the characteristics of Gartex have been studied;

Test for cure in vulcanized rubber during research on Gartex made. Certain qualities in the finished material can be increased or suppressed by the use of proper methods in its preparation. This fact suggests the possibility of a wide range of usefulness in the industries in which applications are made. Research on natural and synthetic rubbers has demonstrated that desirable physical properties can be obtained by the use of the right type of Gartex. Good aging qualities have been proved to accompany the employment of Gartex in properly selected rubber compounds. Promising results have been obtained by the use of Gartex in both natural and synthetic resins from the standpoints of ease of manufacture and quality in the finished goods. Considerable quantities of various grades of Gartex are being produced for utilization in several industrial fields. Raolin Resins, Their History, Development, and Industrial Introduction. The fellowship of the Raolin Corp. was established in 1936 to expand the groundwork laid by the late C. O. North and J. W. Raynolds in the field of chlorinated rubbers. The generic name Raolin was adopted for these resins, with further designations to indicate various types. The fellowship activities, headed by Raynolds since their commencement, have embraced five main phases—laboratory investigations, unit-piant operations, market

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Advances in Resin Coating Technology. paints, wood finishes, metal finishes, appraisals, patent protection, and comUnder the donorship of Stoner-Mudge, gasoline-resistant finishes, electrical insulamercial plant design—a program that has Inc., the multiple fellowship on protective tion coatings, artificial leather dopes, printbeen successful. coatings (G. H . Young, senior fellow) is in ing inks, and cloth coatings. In addition, a The early laboratory studies consisted its sixth year of research on problems pernumber of specialized applications are beof a review of the basic principles of taining t o the application of synthetic ing considered as possible future market chlorinating rubber and an evaluation of resins as coatings for metal, wood, stone, outlets for Raolin. The early work of the products made according to various ceramic, and other surfaces. procedures. The methods of The fellowship's basic studies North and Raynolds were conon the chemistry and physics of firmed as techniques for the metal surfaces in connection production of chlorinated rubwith coatings performance have ber having improved chemical and physical properties. One of progressed. Of particular imthese processes was shown to portance is an investigation, yield a new type of chlorinated nearing completion, of the effect rubber characterized by better of variations in relative humidcolor, higher heat stability, and ity upon the incipient corrosion greater moisture resistance of ferrous metals under continuthan found in previously availous resin films. It has already able products. During the folbeen shown that this phenomelowing years much time was non, a serious problem in metal devoted in t h e laboratory to decorating, is related to film devising manufacturing control permeability rather than to the methods, especially applicable presence of gross discontinuito guide operations of a unit ties. T h e corrodibility of steel plant. Materials suitable for surfaces under lacquer films has plant construction, were debeen proved to be a function of termined only after careful thickness, density, and conlaboratory investigation. The tinuity of the oxide film a t the fellowship staff constantly metal-resin interface, and of the sought ways t o simplify and permeability and adhesion of improve the processes. Also, the lacquer. Many commerresearch was carried on t o cially available metal-pretreatReaction equipment of the initial Raolin plant. Control outfit evaluate possible newgproducts, and provisions for drying and packing are in adjacent building. ment processes have been quanand as a result two novel prepatitatively evaluated, particurations are under study and will be larly from t h e standpoint of underfilm North and Raynolds resulted in four reported later. corrosion inhibition and of coating adU. S. patent applications, all of which have been allowed, together with their correhesion and fabrication characteristics over At the time the fellowship was set up, sponding cases in Great Britain and such passivated surfaces. plans were made to proceed with the conCanada. I n consequence of the fellowResearches on the kinetics of resin struction of a unit plant at the institute, ship researches a basis was found for 22 formation and degradation have been and a preliminary installation for the prepaadditional patent applications. Under conducted. Studies on the thermal breakration of chlorinated rubber was built the guidance of the fellowship, 34 patent down of halogen-containing thermoplastic during the first year. I n the second year a applications altogether have been proseunit for the recovery of the dry resin was polymers have resulted in several addicuted, and t o date 19 have been granted, designed and erected. This entire subtional inventions (United States Patents 6 in the United States, 5 in Canada, and 8 commercial plant was then operated on a 2,208,216 and 2,224,924) of thermally in Great Britain. These results indicate continuous basis for a lengthy period that stable coating compositions based on resthat the Raolin development has been enabled the correction of many faults. In ins derived from vinyl chloride and along new lines in the fields of chlorinated some cases extensive laboratory study was vinylidene chloride, alone or conjointly rubber manufacture and employment. required before the proper means of impolymerized with other vinyl compounds. provement was found. During the fourth T h e problem of increased hiding power, Early in 1940 it was concluded to carry fellowship year the unit plant design had gloss, and color stability of pigmented the accomplishments into commercial been completed. The operation of all finishes has been investigated. Studies production. Accordingly the fellowship steps in the process was demonstrated to staff worked out the necessary specificainvolving inhibitive pigments and sacribe essentially sound and commercially tions based upon the best practice revealed ficial metals used as pigments i n underpractical. Several novel ties in processing b y the unit-plant experience, and the first water resin-base paints have been in suggested b y laboratory research were of a contemplated series of full-scale manuprogress for some time. The fundamental studied under plant operating conditions; facturing units was placed in operation in role of the resin vehicle in such pigmented some were shown to be useful, others December 1940. The men who are in coatings has received too little quantitawere rejected for one reason or another. charge of this factory were trained for tive attention i n the past. Researches the work during the construction and have been under w a y on solvents, diluents, During the past "four years the fellowoperation of the unit plant at the institute. and plasticizers i n resin coating formulaship has conducted a continuous investiThe Raolin Corp. has appointed the tion. T h e effect of residual solvent and gation of various possible commercial Binney & Smith Co. as sales agents for of plasticizer o n film continuity and applications for Raolin resins. The folits products, and introductory information lowing uses are among the most promispermeability characteristics in both airis now being furnished the paint, lacquer, ing: moistureproof paper coating, chemidrying and baking lacquers has been printing ink, and coating solution trades. cal-resistant finishes, food-container coatappraised qualitatively. A technical service organization is mainings, hardening and drying agent for tained by Binney & Smith with a fully modified aikyd-resin finishes, and heatN e w Plastic Parts for Meters. The equipped laboratory to handle problems sealing paper coatings. Other suggested Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co. fellowconcerning the use of Raolin chlorinated uses under study are: concrete paints, ship, held by R. L . Wakeman, has sought rubber resins. Raynolds continues as traffic-marking paints, fire-resistant through investigation plastics a s materials the incumbent of the fellowship. finishes and paints, mildew-resistant of construction for various functioning

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ground flint, 99.3 per cent parts of fluid meters. A silica, were prepared in 3.3, thorough study of the heat 1.7, 1.0, and 0.6 microns. resistance and dimensional The object of Tebbens' ex­ stability of a wide variety of perimentation with sized particles was to find the plastics in boiling water has relationship of size to po­ resulted in the development tency (with respect to sili­ of a special laminated phe­ cosis). It was generally nolic-type water-meter disk admitted that the potency increased as the size de­ for use in meters operating creased but, so far as we continuously under these knew, no studies had been conditions. Other new types made (and certainly none published) which attempted of plastics are in t h e proc­ to answer this question with ess of development for em­ pathological proof. For each ployment in water meters size group, nine rabbits at medium and high tempera­ were used and each received 400 mg. of dust in saline tures. suspension injected in two A proving station for hotequal doses at three-month water meters has been con­ intervals. N o animals died structed and equipped with from the injections. One animal from each series was apparatus which enables sacrificed a t about threethe elimination of all gear month intervals. From the trains inside of the meters. results of Tebbens and Actual nutations of the Schulz, it is evident that methods and apparatus de­ disk within the chamber, signed to abate dustiness covering the range of one or to estimate dust concen­ nutation every half hour trations should be directed to 700 per minute, are especially against the par­ ticles well below and not recorded b y photoelectric above 1 micron in size. means. This facility has Engineers are concerned with permitted a precise study particle size in t h e causa­ tion of silicosis because we, of the effect which various and not the physicians, are physical characteristics of responsible for dust control the disk exercise upon t h e and for making estimates or Apparatus for research o n decomposition kinetics of β thermoplas­ accuracy of the meter. counts of dust concentra­ tic resins under the multiple fellowship on protective coatings tions. It has been found that, a t constant temperature, t h e (2) A part of Tebbens' work has been devoted t o research on the nature density of t h e disk, within limits of spe­ Accordingly Air Hygiene Foundation, and quantity of the fumes and gases liber­ cific gravity of 1 t o nearly 2 , has little or whose headquarters are at Mellon Insti­ ated during arc welding with coated rods. no effect upon the sensitivity of the meter tute on a multiple fellowship, has con­ N o t all electric welding today i s done with at low flows. Attention t o the relation­ centrated its efforts on industrial health coated rods, but their use is increasing rapidly. I n the case of alloy steels and of ship between nutations of the disk and defense along a broad front, namely: nonferrous metals, coated rods are t h e temperature of t h e water passed has rule and not the exception. I n general, Cl) revision of its program of medical shown that the higher the temperature the primary purpose of the coating is t o and engineering research t o stress proj­ the greater t h e flow required for the meter shield both the arc and the hot metal ects of more immediate benefit in t h e from reaction with constituents of the air. to attain optimum operating accuracy. national emergency; Time would not permit investigating the £2) more attention to chemical hygiene The cause of this phenomenon is being full list of the coatings employed on mod­ with i t s multiplying problems arising investigated. ern welding rods or the substances they from the rapid introduction of new indus­ give off in the arc. With t h e help of I n the field of gas-meter diaphragms, trial solvents and other essential com­ welding experts from the General Elec­ additional progress has been made o n the pounds; tric Co. we selected a number of repre­ C3) initiation of a s t u d y of sick a b ­ preparation of drip-oil-insoluble resinous sentative rods, of which t h e makers senteeism in industry, seeking t o help materials possessing high flexibility and generally furnished the approximate analy­ reduce the great losses t o labor and man­ ses. A . Low-carbon steel electrodes: low resilience. Experimental diaphragms agement suffered from this cause; Seven different electrodes were studied in of such new construction have given a (4) expansion of plant surveys for m e m ­ three sizes, 6/ztt 1 A, and 5/16 inch. T h e ber companies t o combat occupational good account of themselves during the coatings contained the following: ferrohazards which augment w i t h increased past year. manganese, the manganese serving as a production. deoxidizer; various silicates, including asbestos, with small amounts of free silica; sodium silicate as binder; titanium B . D . Tebbens, on a foundation fellow­ dioxide as an arc stabilizer; carbohydrates ship at the Harvard School of Public to furnish a reducing atmosphere. B . A i r H y g i e n e Foundation Works for Health, has been engaged on t w o re­ Steel alloys and nonferrous alloys: T h e Industrial H e a l t h Defense searches: studies of particle size in rela­ coatings of these rods all contained fluo­ rides, usually carbonates and some sili­ tion to silicosis, in which he had t h e The task of arming America, demanding cates. T h e coating of rods for welding cooperation o f R. Z. Schulz of the Harvard aluminum contained chlorides, while one maximum production in t h e heavy indus­ Medical School; and a n investigation of alloy rod—96 copper, 4 silicon—carried tries, has riveted attention on industrial gases and fumes evolved i n arc welding borates. I n general, all rods and all hygiene as never before. M e n m u s t be coatings gave off visible fume or smoke with coated rods. On another grant Leslie kept at machines. Illness and disease of which the qualitative composition was Silverman h a s studied hood design for among defense workers, occupational or redictable from the analyses of the rods, tanks. Philip Drinker of Harvard, chair­ otherwise, slow production, menace η addition, we looked for a n y volatile man of the foundation's preventive engi­ fluorine compounds, as well as carbon preparedness. Hence the health of the neering committee, has told about these monoxide, chlorine, or hydrochloric acid, men producing armament i s as vital t o the and especially des of nitrogen. Weld­ pieces of work as follows: nation as t h e health of its fighting forces. ing was done r a gas chamber equipped Industrial hygiene is receiving everwith a special exhauster and a hood placed (1) For the studies on particle size near the welding work. Beads were increasing recognition and rightly so. and silicosis, dust samples of finely

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402 welded across small metal plates, and the gases and fumes from the arc were drawn into the hood by the exhauster. Samples of gas and of the visible fume were taken from the flue pipe and analyzed. From a considerable series of such analyses it was possible to construct a table. If welding was done at various distances from the hood it was possible to determine at what suction velocity, measured at the arc, all visible fume and gas entered the hood. I t was also possible to predict, with fair accuracy, the gas and fume concentration after a definite time when welding under a particular condition. I t follows, therefore, that one may write specifications for the necessary ventilation to bring about any desired condition. Generally speaking we believe modern electric welding is a safe job, provided the worker observes certain simple rules: He must avoid ultraviolet light from the arc, and his skin, especially hands, face, and neck, must be protected. We have no fault t o find with the conventional safety practices concerning these items. He should not weld in confined spaces, like tanks, unless they are well ventilated, or unless he is supplied with an air mask. If the concentration of visible fumes is kept within reasonable limits by means of appropriate ventilation, there will be no risk of poisoning from nitrogen oxides. This finding does not mean that such gases and visible fumes are given off in any constant ratio; they are not. B u t low concentrations of visible fumes, such as 20-25 mg./cu. m., preclude any possibility of harm from breathing gaseous impurities. (3) On a second fellowship, held by Leslie Silverman, there have been studied the factors affecting hood design for single-slot unheated tanks, such as are used for cold-plating, pickling, aciddipping, alkali baths, and wash tanks. The effects of temperature and of solvent characteristics on ventilation requirements, together with the performance of double-slot hoods, are being investigated further. Ventilation requirements (Q) of unheated tanks with lateral exhausts were found to vary as follows: unfianged hoods, Q = 2.3 (width) 1 · 16 (length) 0 · 85 (velocity); flanged hoods, Qf = 1.9 (width) 1 · 3 (length) 0 · 7 (velocity). The optimum height of the flange is that equal to the tank width, and the optimum flange inclination is the maximum allowable without interference with industrial operations. Slot velocity or slot width is an unsatisfactory criterion of hood performance. T h e important factor is the quantity of air handled. The depth of liquid surface below t h e slot does not affect greatly the characteristics of hood performance, but m a y have an important effect on evaporation and entrainment of liquid. A. J. Lanza has summarized the foundation's medical committee's activities of the year and also salient developments in the field of industrial hygiene: "At n o time in our history has the health of the industrial worker. . . received so much careful consideration as at present. I t is safe t o say that, a s a result of the national defense program and its coordinated activities, industrial hygiene will be established on a firm and permanent basis throughout the United States."

NEWS

Vol. 19, No. 7

EDITION

Lanza urges adequate medical care for persons found unfitted for work, "care that will have for one of its objects, as far as possible, physical rehabilitation". L. U. Gardner, director, The Saranac Laboratory, has reported o n the researches which the foundation supports at his institution, saying in part: T h e Saranac Laboratory has embarked upon a program to determine, first, whether there is such a thing as individual susceptibility t o silicosis and, if so, what mechanisms are responsible foritsexistence. A review of available statistics indicates that, while not more than one quarter of all employees in any exposed group usually develop silicosis, the incidence for individuals increases with the length of employment- In practically all groups, however, some persons fail t o react, regardless of length of exposure; the number decreases with the severity of the silica hazard. A study of a long series of dust inhalation experiments, each usually based upon a group of a hundred or more animals, confirms an impression that the maximal disease does not occur in animals exposed for the longest periods. A certain number always have t o be killed to terminate the experiment; they manifest less silicosis than others sacrificed earlier. The number of such resistant survivors varies inversely with the concentration of silica in the dust. With fine quartz the figure may be 10 to 15 per cent; with mixtures of quartz with gypsum it m a y be 75 per cent. The possibility of associated tuberculosis infection was eliminated, and the concentrations of dust were so controlled that every member of the group was exposed t o essentially the same amounts of quartz. Therefore there seems to be ample justification for the assumption that individuals differ in their response to silica in the air about them. T o discover whether the observed differences in tissue reaction are attributable either to exclusion of particles from the lungs by peculiarly effective upper respiratory nitration or to their subsequent elimination by a peculiarly active lymphatic system, both the lungs and lymph nodes are being subjected to analysis for free silica. . . . A limited amount of human material is now available, in which there is little or no evidence of silicosis, in spite of histories of exposure of from 10 t o 20 years in.industries where this condition is' prevalent. Similar studies have been started on animals subjected to controlled dust concentrations for prolonged periods. N o conclusions are justified at present; usually t h e quantities of quartz in the lung correspond with the degree of tissue change. A few striking discrepancies may be caused by protective coating of the quartz surfaces, an effect which has been described experimentally. Empirical tests are being made to discover whether dietary factors, alleged to influence the development of scar tissue in general, have any influence upon silicotic fibrosis (scar). I t is anticipated that at least some of these avenues of approach m a y throw more light on the problem of "individual susceptibility". If its cause should involve factors that are subject t o control, they might be manipulated to prevent the disease. If such factors are readily detectable, they have a place in the preemployment examination. We also have work progressing in the field of asbestosis, which w e think is going to be of definite significance as t o the etiology of this disease. T h e fourth year of the program is about completed. There is still more to do. We have been studying the effect of inhaled glass wool. Apparently even the finest textile glass set

up as an atmospheric dust is not inhaled in appreciable concentrations and does n o t roduce any dangerous effects upon t h e lung.

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Eliot Clark and D . E . Haagensen have described the investigation maintained by the foundation at the School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. I t may be concluded from observations for a period as long as 370 days, following a single insertion of silica granules in a series of rabbit ear chambers, that the following points are evident: T h e endothelium of the very extensive complete vascular system found in various chambers does not show increased growth or differentiation into epithelioid cells; the granular leucocytes do not reveal a specific response to the silica particles; neither the lymphatic capillaries nor their contained cells have given a specific response to the presence of the silica particles in the living connective tissue. Visible reaction to the silica has been almost exclusively confined to macrophages. As described last year, these cells take in or phagocytize the silica granules in varying numbers and retain them for weeks or months. They become very sluggish in their movements and show a pronounced tendency t o form permanent groups in the tissue spaces. Such groups have been followed for nearly a year without showing any significant changes. During the first few weeks, before grouping has occurred, and in less degrees in later stages, there are seen many giant cells. They do not develop until after the macrophages have taken up most of the silica and are probably formed from macrophages, either by coalescence or b y nuclear division, as W. H. and M. R. Lewis have related. While they may contain large numbers of silica granules, the evidence indicates that these granules have been taken up by the individual macrophages and not by the giant cells themselves. Giant cells may persist for days or weeks, during which time they may manifest a very slow amoeboid movement. They m a y then disintegrate, the remains being taken u p by new macrophages, or the silica granules may be left in the tissue or incorporated in connective tissue fibers. Following the disintegration of giant cells there is no visible evidence of a deposit of any irritating residue. It should b e pointed out that giant cells are invariably observed in the chambers in the rabbit's ear whether or not silica granules are present. I t should also be mentioned that t h e supply of macrophages is probably inexhaustible, for they undoubtedly come from the large mononuclear leucocytes of the blood stream whose number remains constant normally, with replenishment t o excess following depletion. The pattern of the connective tissue growth in the neighborhood of the silica injections has no noticeable difference from, that in other regions or in chambers without silica. Whether the groups of silicacontaining cells are large or small, nothing has been seen, either in living specimens or in those of preparations which have been fixed and stained, which indicates even a tendency toward, the appearance of the typical silicotic nodule, T . C. Waters, reporting for the legal committee, has narrated recent occupational disease legislation and trends. N o additional states, during 1940, e n acted new occupational disease compensation statutes and, therefore, there are now 24 states and the District of Columbia where occupational diseases are specifically

April 10, 1941

Workers testing efficiency of a supplied-air respirator on a sand blaster compensable by statute. During 1941 the legislatures of all the states, except those of Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis­ sippi, and Virginia, will be in session. It is probable that bills will be offered to make occupational diseases compensable in some of the states where compensation is not provided, and that in other states efforts will be made to liberalize the laws and extend the benefits of compensation thereunder. It is apparent that the trend of judicial opinion is toward a liberal interpretation of our compensation statutes, in providing compensation for those injuries to health that are peculiar to and may be aggravated b y conditions of the employment. It is also clear that, in those states having gen­ eral coverage occupational disease com­ pensation laws, compensation will be awarded for health impairment that is common to every-day life, if there is medi­ cal testimony in the case expressing the opinion that the injuries so sustained may have oeen caused or aggravated by the conditions of employment. With the con­ tinuation of this tendency substantial un­ anticipated expense will be imposed upon employers and their insurance carriers be­ cause of awards for tuberculosis, pneu­ monia, asthma, and other similar respira­ tory diseases. Actual tabulations were started on Jan­ uary 1, 1941, in the foundation's study of sick absenteeism in industry. Details of procedure and mechanics had been evolved in several preliminary meetings during the preceding year. The foundation is collaborating with the U. S. Public Health Service and the American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons in this undertaking. Sixteen member com­ panies, large and small, are participating in the study for the first year, representing approximately 70,000 workers in different industries. Records will be kept for sick absences of eight days or longer for this group. The causes of absences and other data are being recorded on forms requiring a Tninimnm of clerical time and effort, developed after much study by W. M. Gafafer, senior statistician,. U. S. Public Health Service. D a t a from the partici­ pating companies will be relayed to the Public Health Service each month for analysis and interpretation. Further progress in industrial health hinges in a large measure on accurate audits of sick absenteeism which uncover causes, for the latter help t o secure correctives.

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403

EDITION

Η . Β. Meller, managing director of the foundation, has announced a steady growth in the organization's industrial hygiene surveys at the plants of member companies. Surveys have; been made for a number of companies in the steel, re­ fractories, glass, and chemical industries. The work has embraced t h e determination of health hazards, if any exist, from dusts, fumes, vapors, and gases, and the prepara­ tion of recommendations For their correc­ tion. An engineering study of existing exhaust equipment is in progress at the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of T. F. Hatch, Philip Drinker, and other members of the preventive engineering committee. This project will enable the foundation to aid further its member companies confronted with ex­ haust problems. C. E. Ralston, chairman of t h e membership committee, h a s pointed out that the plant survey service "links the benefits of foundation membership more firmly with daily plant operations. An industrial concern which does not know its health hazards, or i t s lack of them, and does not have these data in precise, scientific form, is like a company that does not know its costs. Industrial hygiene surveys are simply inventories; like inventories, they should be made periodically". Meller recently said: "If claims for damages from dusts, fumes, or gases were filed against your company tomorrow, do you have dependable evi~ dence to show to what concentrations your employees have been exposed? If you don't know, find outi." I n its field surveys and other activities the founda­ tion operates in close collaboration with the department of industrial hygiene at the University of Pittsburgh, which headed b y T. L. Hazlett, a, member of the medical committee.

During the year the foundation's monthly Digest of Industrial Hygiene con­ tained abstracts of approximately 1000 articles published here and abroad; some 285 journals in a dozen languages are now covered by this periodical. A legal sec­ tion has been added wherein pertinent court decisions are reported together with current developments respecting occupa­ tional disease legislation. Monthly and annual indexes are issued. The complete proceedings of the fifth annual meeting held at the institute on November 12 and 13, 1940, came out in booklet form, and a series of brief bulletins was started on "Industrial Health Defense". A n everincreasing number of inquiries are handled b y the foundation staff, which serves as an information center for member com­ panies and, so far as possible, for the gen­ eral public. J. F. McMahon is the execu­ tive secretary. Direct aid to all its members in the con­ servation of the health and well-being of their workers, through the application of correct scientific, medical, and engineer­ ing procedures, is the function of the foundation in its unique but comprehen­ sive field, including the mining, metallur­ gical, chemical, and other essential in­ dustries represented by the leading com­ panies, large and small. Pointing to the broader significance of the foundation's activities today, R. A. Hitchins, chairman of its board of trustees, has declared: One important phase of the foundation, too often overlooked, is the fact that it is a voluntary enterprise by American emloyers for the protection of employee ealth. Y o u will find nothing like i t in totalitarian countries. Their day of vol­ untary action is past. Employers aretold what to do and they do it—or else! Vol­ untary action by employers in dealing with socioeconomic problems might have

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Collection of welding fumes with an electrostatic precipitator for analysis

404 helped avert the failure of democracy in those unhappy lands. There is no need for high-handed governmental edicts where employers recognize their social responsibilities, face such problems themselves, and deal with them intelligently, as is being done through this foundation on the various problems of employee health. National preparedness depends upon production and production depends upon ablebodied, able-minded workmen. In the first World War it was estimated that eight to ten workers were busy in mines and mills keeping one fighter equipped at the front. An even greater number—perhaps twice as many—are needed today, now that war is so elaborately mechanized. Therefore, what is more vital to our defense than the defense of employee health?

The Institute's Department of Re· search in Pure Chemistry Studies in Chemotherapy. Chemical, bacteriological, and clinical investigations relating to the chemotherapy of pneumonia have been continued by L. H. Cretcher, the department head, and his staff and their medical associates. From the chemical point of view the main emphasis, as heretofore, has been in the field of modified cinchona alkaloids. Apocupreine contains t w o hydroxyl groups, either or both of which should be transformable to thiol groups. Similarly, hydroxyethylapocupreine could give rise to mono-, di-, or tri-thio derivatives. Methods of introducing thiol groups, at desired positions in the cinchona molecule, have been evolved, and a study of such sulfur analogs of apocupreine, quinine, and other alkyl and hydroxyalkyl ethers is in progress. Certain alkylthioalkyl ethers have also been prepared and tested for their toxicity, bacteriostatic power, and protection against the pneumococcus. T h e data so far accumulated, on t h e relationship of toxicity and pneumococcicidal power of cinchona alkaloids t o their chemical structure are being examined in the light of the newer statistical methods CR. S. Tipson). In drug therapy it is often of assistance t o have available data on blood concentration, rate of elimination, and nature of the excreted product. Studies for this information have been made o n pneumonia patients receiving hydroxyethylapocupreine, and i t has been found that values for blood level and rate of excretion of this drug do not differ materially from the findings in malarial patients under quinine treatment. The drug is largely excreted i n combination with glucuronic acid. A survey of the chemotherapy of malaria, with particular reference t o recent developments in the field of t h e biology and physiology of the parasite, w a s presented a t the 1940 Gibson Island Research Conferences of the A. A. A . S. (W. W . Carlson). A monograph on this subject is in preparation. A variety of sulfonic acid derivatives of t h e alkaloids has been made and tested for action on the pneumococcus. The preparation of 6'-alkylaminoapocinchoni~

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ED I T I O N

Vol. 19, No. 7

dines has given compounds of low antipneumococcic action but of possible antimalarial interest because of the increased basicity of the molecule (Carlson and Renfrew); these derivatives will be further studied to ascertain their therapeutic utility. Other work in the cinchonidine series has been pursued further. Reactions are under investigation which, it is hoped, m a y contribute to the synthesis of simple cinchona analogs. A survey on structure and antipneumococcic activity in the cinchona series was given at the 1940 conferences of the A. A. A. S. at Gibson Island (Renfrew); it has since been amplified and made ready for release. A paper on some sulfur derivatives of apocupreicine ethers and aminoquinolines was published by Alice Renfrew (with C. L. Butler). New apocupreine ethers and synthetic intermediates have been prepared (Mary Clapp). Statistical analyses of the variations in bacteriology of the pneumonias at Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, covering the period from July 1935 to June 1940, have been carried out by M. M. Bracken, a medical associate, with the following conclusions:

elected G.D. Beal of the institute vice chairman of the committee of revision for U . S. P. X I I and returned him to the chairmanship of the subcommittee on organic chemicals. Elinor Sackter is aiding in t h e incidental research concerned with t h e establishment of standards for surgical dressings and gut and silk sutures. Standards for purified absorbent cotton have been revised b y the addition of specifications for fiber length, fixing a minimum of 60 per cent of fibers 1/2 inch and greater, and a maximum of 10 per cent of fibers 1/4 inch and less. A quantitative measure of water absorbency has been proposed for adoption. Standards are also being proposed for absorbent gauze and roller bandages and for adhesive absorbent compresses used as first-aid dressings. Standard diameters and tensile strength requirements for boilable and nonboilable gut sutures are being revised, and standard gages and strengths for silk sutures are being worked out. A number of nationally prominent surgeons and bacteriologists constitute a sterile products advisory board which cooperates in the development of these official requirements.

(1) During the years referred t o there has been a marked variation in the bacteriology of pneumonia patients in this series. (2) In addition to D. pneumoniae, Strep, pyogenes, Staph, aureus, and H. influenzae have appeared t o play major roles in pneumonia in the Pittsburgh district. (3) D . pneumoniae type II has varied greatly in incidence during this period and assumed almost epidemic proportions in 1937-38. (4) D, pneumoniae type II has shown greater invasiveness of the blood than any other type.

Nutrition and Dental Caries. I n t h e spring of 1940 the fellowship of The Buhl Foundation (G. J. Cox, assisted by W. E . Walker, Sara Dixon Goodlin, and Margaret Matuschak) terminated its five-year research on the relation of nutrition to dental caries—a continuation of work introduced b y G. J. Cox and Mary Dodds in 1933 on the multiple fellowship of the Sugar Institute, Inc.

In a report on the comparison of the mortality in pneumococcic pneumonia treated by hydroxyethylapocupreine and by sulfapyTidine, W. W. G. Maclachlan, J. M. Johnston, and M . M. Bracken, medical associates, have concluded as follows: (1) I n a series of cases of pneumonia treated during 1939-40 there was found practically an equal mortality in cases treated b y hydroxyethylapocupreine and by sulfapyridine. (2) The results of treatment of 494 pneumonia cases by hydroxyethylapocupreine during the past five years, 1935-40, have shown a marked lowering of the total mortality and of the mortality in both the bacteremic and nonbacteremic cases. (3) The only evidences of toxicity observed in the 494 patients treated with hydroxyethylapocupreine have been occasional nausea and vomiting, which were considerably less with the use of the base than with the dihydrochloride of this compound. There has been no evidence of visual disturbance. Contributions by extramural medical collaborators have pertained to the use of hydroxyethylapocupreine in the treatment of pharyngitis and of pneumonia in infants and children. Pharmacopoeial Research. T h e U. S. Pharmacopoeial Convention of 1940

In the early studies the thesis was laid down that the relation of foods to dental caries could be investigated in three phases—namely, (1) nutrition during the formation of the enamel, (2) foods which initiate caries, and (3) factors which promote the carious process. R e search based on this division of the problem has indicated that the facts of t o o t h decay follow such a pattern. The earliest work of the nutrition fellowship w a s concerned with the third phase, the alteration of the rate of decay b y certain foods. This restriction was imposed by the a p parent nature of caries in the rat which, at the beginning of these studies, w a s believed to be caused by gross fracture of the enamel by coarse cereal particles. But observations on (1) the variability of caries incidence related to diet during the period of formation of the enamel and on (2) an "opaque area" t y p e of lesion not arising b y gross fracture suggested a much closer relation of rat to human caries. Consequently the general investigation of all three phases was commenced, using the rat as the experimental animal. The findings of the fellowship in previous years have been reported briefly in relevant annual reports of the institute and in detail in professional periodicals. The fellowship has concluded from i t s results that pre-eruptive influences are dominant in the subsequent susceptibility of teeth to caries. For example, i n creased resistance to caries in the rat has ensued from feeding increased amounts of haliver oil to mothers of the experimental rats during the periods of pregnancy and lactation. Presumably t h e effect is attributable to an increase of vitamin D . A diet high in butter fat

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April 10, 1941

EDITION

405

rine plays a prominent part in such caries prevention and according to available data exerts its action by modification of enamel structure. I t has been proposed that caries can largely be prevented b y the pre-eruptive u s e of fluorides in optimum dosage. But supporting d a t a from human caries, establishing with certainty the mode of action of fluorine and delimiting the dosage, are needed before such a practice can b e introduced.

likewise has added to caries resistance in the young. Mothers on a ration of 100 per cent meat have borne young with a low incidence of caries. Control studies with a wide variation of casein have indi­ cated t h a t protein is not the factor in meat which causes the beneficial results. Out­ standing, however, has been the ob­ servation by the fellowship in 1936 that fluorine in the diet of rats during preg­ nancy and lactation produces teeth in the young with increased resistance t o caries. T h e fluorides in this case were restricted t o t h e pre-eruptive phase, a clear dis­ tinction from the experimental studies of others in which the fluorides have been administered after the teeth were formed and erupted. Under the control of the physiological routes, placental and mam­ mary, it appeared that an optimum amount of fluorine reached t h e teeth of the rats. The enamel was not mottled. In this work, particularly with fluorides, fermentable carbohydrates made up 66 per cent of the rations of the breeding stock. Furthermore, it is known that rats whose teeth have erupted develop few if any carious teeth on such rations. Therefore it has been concluded that fer­ mentable carbohydrates do not interfere with t h e formation of caries-resistant teeth and moreover do not induce caries. In the phase of tooth decay in which the process is accelerated or arrested the fellowship has found with rats that haliver oil has no significant effect. Similarly, increases in the calcium and the phos­ phorus of the diet, after the teeth are erupted and caries is initiated, have no effect o n the course of decay. Ferment­ able carbohydrates promote decay after it is started by some other factor, pre­ sumably b y serving as t h e food for the acidogenic bacteria. During t h e course of t h e research the fellowship introduced new methods of study of rat teeth and of analysis of data and also means of bring­ ing about mottled enamel in the molars of rats b y direct feeding of fluorides to the suckling animals.

Investigations at The Western Penn syIvania Hospital Under subsidy of Mellon Institute, as proposed by C. B . Schildecker, R. R. Mellon and his staff in t h e Institute of Pathology of The Western Pennsylvania Hospital have carried on investigations in chemotherapy, studies of natural resist­ ance factors i n pneumococcic infection and the common cold, a n d fundamental bacteriological experimentation bearing on chemotherapeutic procedure. Research o n various sulfonamide com­ pounds has been somewhat decreased, owing partly t o the success of sulfathiazole in a wide range of infections. There has been a n increase in studies to prove out t h e theory of the antienzymatic action of these sulfonamides and their ability to implement t h e accumulation of hydrogen peroxide by inactivation of the enzymes. Experimental work has been conducted on t h e rate and amount of hydrogen peroxide produced by pneumococci and strepto­ cocci. The consideration of the thera­ peutic efficiency of sulfathiazole has been expanded and its efficacy in 431 cases of varied infections has been reported. A simplified and more accurate method has been evolved for the determination of sulfa­ thiazole blood levels. The host factor investigation has been enlarged along immunological and natu­

On t h e basis of the fellowship's experi­ mental results, supplemented b y the findings of others respecting the beneficent effects of fluorides, it has been suggested that caries-resistant teeth can be pro­ duced b y pre-eruptive nutrition. Fluo­

ral resistance lines. In experimental pneumococcic infection, studies have been turned toward deterrnining whether the body builds up a nonspecific substance in the early stages of infection, which is not antibacterial i n nature and directed against t h e invading organism, but rather is an antishock substance and a neutralizer of the shock effects produced in the animal body by infection. Further re­ search in natural resistance has had t o do with the effect of carbonic anhydrase on changes in warming time reactions and with the use of carbon dioxide inhalations in the treatment of subacute rheumatoid arthritis. Carbonic anhydrase is an en­ zyme, resident in red blood cells, whose function is to break down carbonates into carbon dioxide and water, enabling the gas t o escape through the alveoli of the lungs. Because of the reported effect of this enzyme on the acid-base equilibrium of the blood and its ability to elicit a rise in alveolar carbon dioxide tension, work has been undertaken to determine its possible influence on natural resistance factors as indicated by variations in warming time reactions. As the maintenance of ade­ quate circulation is a major defense against low-grade infection, and as mixtures of carbon dioxide and air or oxygen given over long periods of time are known t o im­ prove peripheral circulation, clinical stud­ ies have been begun with patients suffer­ ing from arthritis. T h e results to date suggest that carbon dioxide impoverish­ ment m a y well b e a factor in the develop­ m e n t and progress of this disease. I t has been found that the sulfonamide end of the sulfanilamide molecule inactivates car­ bonic anhydrase, a fact discovered simul­ taneously in England. Thus is explained the increased acidosis produced b y sulf­ anilamide and the lack of i t with sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole.

Industrial Fellowships in Operation at Mellon Institute during the Fiscal Year March 1,1940, to March 1 , 1 9 4 1 e FELLOWSHIP N A M E

(with inception year) Abrasives (1930) Acid Recovery (1938) Air Hygiene (1935) Air Pollution Control (1928) Amine (1937) Anthracite Industries (1937)

Bone Products (1935;

Bread (1930) Can (1928) Carbon Black (1927) Ceramic Chemicals (1933)

FELLOWS AND ASSISTANTS

A. P. Thompson W. W. Hodge, advisory fellow R. D . Hoak, from July 15 L. L. Friend, assistant H. B. Meller, senior fel­ low

J. F. McMahon F. S. Mallette Η. Β. Meller R. V. Rice H. J. Rose, senior fellow R. C. Johnson Miriam Griffith, assistant James Bateman, assist­ ant, from Oct. 24 J. R. Shields, assistant. to Oct. 15 E. P. Barrett, senior fel­ low

J. R. West R. J. Sarraf, assistant, to Sept. 11 H. A. Kohman C. L. Jones, senior fellow R. E . Henry W. J. Remington Ε . Ε . Marbaker, from May 1 W. J. Baldwin, to April 22

° Listed alphabetically according to name.

1

FELLOWSHIP N A M E

(with inception year) Chain and Welding (1936) Chemical Hygiene (1937)

FELLOWS AND ASSISTANTS

D . F . Helm

H. F . Smyth, Jr., senior fellow C. P . Carpenter, from July 1 Jane Seaton, assistant Louise Leslie, assistant R. T . Scherer, assistant Diana Dibblee, assistant Edmund Kielman, assist­ ant, from June 1 t o Aug. 31 Cigaret Technology C. F. Bailey, senior fellow (1932) A. W . Petre Commodity Standards Jules Labarthe, Jr., sen­ (1931) ior fellow A. F. Tesi M. S. Morgan Ε. Μ . Cohn, assistant Concrete (1939) D . R. MacPherson R. S. Powell, assistant, from Dec. 7 R. E . Friedrich, assist­ ant, from June 22 t o D e c . 10 Constructional Resins P. K. Porter (1939) Joseph Miller, assistant, from April 12 Cork (1937) E. G. King R. C. Sharbaugh, assist­ ant G. H. Eddie assistant. \Ji · XJL. XSJtJLKJLXiSi

from Feb. 21

ttealoMWigi

FELLOWS AND ASSISTANTS

FELLOWSHIP N A M E

(with inception year) Cork (continued) Cotton Foundation (1937)

Cottonseed Products (1930) Dielectrics (1937)

Electrodeposition (1939) Enamels (1925) Ethanol (1938) Felt (1939)

F. C. Weissert, assistant. to Sept. 1 D. M. Musser R. F. Nickerson H. S. Olcott T. D . Fontaine, assistant H. C. Engel, assistant G. 3D. Bieber, assistant R. F. Hafer, assistant. from Oct. 1 C. B. Leape, assistant, t o July 15 C. B. Green, assistant, t o June 3Q A. W. Harvey R. N . Wenzel H. J. Homer, assistant. from Jan. 6 F. H. M. Nestler, Jr., as­ sistant, from June 3 t o Sept. 1 R. H. Lester D . G. Bennett H. W. Coles W. E . Tournay, assistant R. R. Fulton W. G. Gapcynski, assist­ ant

Filter (1938) Food Varieties (1921)

F. F. Rupert E. R. Harding, senior fel·· Helen Wigman

Ν EWS

406 FELLOWSHIP

NAME

(with inception year) F o o d Varieties (continued) Foundry Practice (1940) Garment (1929)

F E L L O W S -AND

1

ASSISTAIflTS

1

( w i t h inception year)

1 1 1 1 1

Organic S y n t h e s i s (continued)

L . L. Lachat W . C. Bell, a s s i s t a n t J . K. B r o c k l e l i u r s t , sistant W . A. Penning-fcon T. H. K. T.

as-

H. S w a n , s e n i o r fallow C. D o n a l d s o n Gartex (1939) J. Miller R. T r e v o r r o w , assistant G a s B y - P r o d u c t s (1940) W . H . Hill, a d v i s o r y (ellow J . H.. F . V e l t m a n R . E. Powers, assistant, from July 1 J . A. S h a w G a s Purification R . S. Detrick, assistant, (1939) from July 8 C . A. S t y e r Graphite (1940) H . E. S i m p s o n G y p s u m (1938) J . R. M c K l v e e n , assist­ ant, from O e t 29 O . F. Hedenbujrg Insecticides (1917) R . H. Heilraan» senior fel­ Insulation and low Roofing (1916) R . W. O r t m i l l e x F. Johnson Iodine (1939) H . A. Nelson, assistant, .Tom Jan. 6 Ε R. F r e d e r i c k , assistant. t o Jan. 1 L a b o r a t o r y C o n s t r u c ­ Ε . Ε. Marbakesr tional M a t e r i a l s (1935) F . J. "Williams, advisory Lead (1936) fellow A . B. Scholes. assistant, to J a n . 1 G . A. H a r r i n g t o n Leather R e c l a m a t i o n (1941) L . T. S a n d b o r n Lignin (1941) M . D . Coulter, senior fel­ Meat Merchandising low (1935) J . F. M c C a r t h y H . L. A n t h o n y - , III Metalworking (1939) Ε . G. O u d e n . assistant, from April 1 R . L. "Wakemajn Meter (1938) S . H. Fuller, a s s i s t a n t G . J. B a i r Mineral Products R . N . Palmer, to J u n e 15 (1936) R . N . Palmer Nacre (1940) R . W. Miller, s e n i o r fel­ Natural Gas (1915) l o w , from S e p t . 1 5 F . R. H o l d e n , f r o m Oct. 1 J . B. Garner, t o S e p t . 15 J . K. Simons N e w Plastics (1933) W . I. "Weaver- assistant P . J. Wilson, Jr., senior Nitrogen Compounds fellow (1933) J . H. Wells G . 0 . Ebrey Oil Cleaner (1939) F . L. Jones Optical Glass (1931) H. J. Homer, a s s i s t a n t E . W. Reid, s e n i o r fellow Organic Synthesis D. C . Lewis. executive (1914) aid H . R . Fife H . D . Cogan R . G . Ruark H . G. G o o d m a n , Jr. H e l e n WaeselL C. P. McClelland A . L- Wilson J . M . Rusa, J R . C . I. SpeseardL B . G . Wilkes R. W . Quarles R . W . B e a t t i e , f r o m Feb. 1 E . C . M a r t i n , assistant T . K . Maher„ assistant R i c h a r d Shiffler, assist­ ant R . T . Hull, a s s i s t a n t F r a n k Snyder-, assistant Β . Μ . Stites, a s s i s t a n t D . M . C l a r k e , assistant J . A. Field, a s s i s t a n t R. J. Ewing, assistant T . H. Kiefer-, assistant. from March 15 C . A . S e t t e r s t r o m , assist­ a n t , from M a y I W. C . J o n e s , assistant, from June 3.7 R. G . Kelso», assistant. from June 2 4 L. D. B e r g e r . Jr., assist­ a n t , from J u l y 1 R. A . Calsibest, assistant. from July 3. D e France C l a r k e , Jr., assistant, from July 1 J. H . D r e x l e r , I I I , assist­ a n t , from July 1 J. F . Luther-, assistant. from July 1 R. G . M e t z , assistant. from July 1 A. K . M y e r s , assistant, from July J. W . C , Nelsoxi, assistant, from July 1

FELLOWSHIP

NAME

1

Paper (1928) Pasteurization (1036)

Pearl (1938) P e t r o l a t u m (1940) P e t r o l e u m Refining (1911)

ι ! ! Phenol Chemistry (1941) Plastic Metals (1929)

P l a t e Glass (1936)

1 1

Powder Metallurgy Techniques (1941)

1

Pressing Machinery (1928) P r i n t i n g (1938)

1

I

I

Protected Metals (1918)

Protective Coatings (1935)

R a o l i n (1936)

EDITION

Vol. 19, No. 7

FELLOW8 AND

FELLOWSHIP

L. E . W h i t m o r e , a s s i s t ­ a n t , from J u l y 1 H u g h Rowland, assist­ a n t , from A u g . 1 A. B . B o e s e , t o S e p t . 1 J. J . B e r r y , a s s i s t a n t , f r o m April 1 t o N o v . 1 P. J . D o y l e , Jr., a s s i s t ­ a n t , from M a y 1 t o Nov. 1 J. L . L u c k a d o o , a s s i s t ­ a n t , from M a y 1 t o Nov. 1 J. N . F a l k i n b u r g , a s s i s t ­ a n t , to S e p t . 15 F. F . F i e d o r e k , a s s i s t a n t , f r o m J u n e 17 t o S e p t . 15 J. D . Faiella, a s s i s t a n t . t o April 1 P. B . D a v i d s o n W. D . Claus R. M . T o m a r e l l i , a s s i s t ­ ant B. R. Bowser, assistant. from N o v . 20 A. E . A l e x a n d e r W. C. McClenahan P. E . N e w m a n , assistant, from Sept. 25 W . A . G r u s e , s e n i o r fel­ low D . R. Stevens, executive associate W. P . Ridenour John Metschl J. R . B o w m a n C. J . L i v i n g s t o n e W. E . Hanson J. E . N i c k e l s J. B . M c K i n l e y C. L . W o l f e , a s s i s t a n t G u s t a v e Sill, a s s i s t a n t S. P . Kapff, a s s i s t a n t G. R . T a l i p e k i , a s s i s t a n t J. W . B u t c h e r , a s s i s t a n t , f r o m J u n e 10 W. J. Rusnack, assistant, from July 1 R. C . P a n n i e r , a s s i s t a n t , to June 30 H. L. Stewart

Rayon (1933)

Refractories (1917)

Rubber (1938)

Safety F u s e (1930) S h a v i n g (1932) Silicate ( 1 9 1 7 ) Silk ( 1 9 3 9 ) S o y b e a n (1935)

Special D y e s (1938) Special P l a s t i c s ( 1 9 3 8 ) Steel ( 1 9 2 7 )

S t e r i l a m p (1939) Sugar C h e m i s t r y (1941) Sulfur ( 1 9 3 1 )

J. L . Y o u n g , senior f e l l o w R. C . Buehl E . S. Byron, from F e b . 1 W. E . Walker, assistant, from June 1 A. E . Craig, assistant, f r o m A u g . 5 t o N o v . 11 F . W . A d a m s , s e n i o r fel­ low Lee Devol J. D . J e n k i n s H . O . Farr Marion Maclean C. A . Bishop H R Letner P." W'. C r i s t H. W . Guenther P. W . French Turrell Uleman, from June 1 P. H . D e w e y , from June 1 Ε. Μ . Reilly, assistant, from June 1 J. B . M c C a n d l e s s , a s s i s t ­ a n t , f r o m J u n e 17 t o Sept. 15 D . F . H e l m , a d v i s o r y fel­ low A. E . B r o a d y E d g a r Clark M . W. Weiss J. A . H a b r l e , a s s i s t a n t , f r o m O c t . 21 J. H . Y o u n g , s e n i o r fel­ low P . W . Jenkins D . S. Hubbell H . J. R e a d , from J u l y 1 G. K . D u m b a u l d , a s s i s t ­ ant, to Aug. 5 S. W . M c C u n e , a s s i s t a n t . t o M a r c h 15 G. H . Y o u n g , s e n i o r fel­ low W . K. Schneider G. W . Seagren G. W . Gerhardt Helen McEldowney, as­ s i s t a n t , from S e p t . 2 3 t o J a n . 31 J. G . H o w a r d , Jr., a s s i s t ­ ant, from June 1 to Sept. 1 J. W . R a y n o l d s W . M. K u t z , t o Oct. 16 G. A . W e b b , to June 30 F. F. Fox, assistant, to Jan. 5 J. W . M c C l u n e , assist­ ant, to Dec. 1 Ε . Ε . Fleck, assistant, t o Oct. 31

NAME

(with inception year)

ASSISTANTS

Surgical S u p p l i e s (1936) Suture (1940)

Tar D i s t i l l a t i o n (1939)

Tar P r o p e r t i e s ( 1 9 3 7 )

Tar Synthetics (1939)

Tar T r e a t m e n t (1939)

|

Technical Glassware (1931)

1

Textile Finishing (1934) Thread (1935)

1 1

Tuba (1938) Watch Technology (1938)

1

W h e a t (1937)

j

Yeast (1935)

18

FELLOWS AND ASSISTANTS

R. O. D e n y e s , senior fel­ low W. B . Miller Β. Β . A l l e n G. E . A l t e r , Jr., a s s i s t a n t S. M . P h e l p s , senior fel­ low Ε. Β. R e a d R. W . L i m e s T . L . H u r s t , from J u n e 1 J. P . M a l o n e y , a s s i s t a n t G. K . D u m b a u l d , assist­ ant, from Aug. 5 E . C . P é t r i e , to A u g . 31 R. C . B r i a n t , s e n i o r fellow R. W . P l a n c k G. H . E a d i e , a s s i s t a n t , t o F e b . 21 D . E . Pearsall E. P . S h u m a k e r , J r . , assistant E. J. C a s s e l m a n G. H . F r e y v o g e l , Jr., assistant L. C . H e w i t t R. F . S t u e w e r N . J. B e a b e r t C. F . G o l d t h w a i t , from Dec. 1 J. M . L a w r e n c e , a s s i s t ant, to Jan. 1 G. B . F e i l d F. C . A l e x a n d e r , assistant W. L . R a s t J. W . E e t e p , a s s i s t a n t , from June 7 S. A . B r a l e y , senior fellow Daniel Neuman, from Dec. 1 D. E . Babcock, to Nov. 1 H. E . N e e l y , Jr., assistant, to Feb. 1 B. H . G i l m o r e M a r g a r e t Y a r l e t t , assistant G. E . B a r k e r M. G. M a y b e r r y , senior fellow Winton Brown H. E . W e s t l a k e , from July 1 W. E . G l a u s s e r , assistant, from July 1 P. V . M c K i n n e y , senior fellow, t o M a y 1 5 W. L . N e l s o n E. P. Hazlett, assistant Ε . Μ . S h e l t o n , s e n i o r fel­ low W. L . T h o m p s o n , from June 24 W. L . G l o w a c k i Wojciech Swietoslawski, f r o m F e b . 14 R. E . M u d e r , a s s i s t a n t , f r o m J u n e 13 W. F . F a i r , Jr., s e n i o r feilow H. R . B e c k R. H . C a l d e r w o o d W . L . W i l l i a m s , assist­ a n t , from F e b . 6 Β . Β . C o r s o n , s e n i o r fel­ low Robert Johnson, from July 15 W . M . K u t z , f r o m Oct. 16 L. J . B r a d y , f r o m F e b . 1 M. J. Cerveny, assistant G. U . R o g e r s , a s s i s t a n t D. F. Ailes, assistant C. F . W i n a n s , s e n i o r fel­ low T . H . Insinger, J r . , from Oct. 21 J. L . Keller, a s s i s t a n t , from Jan. 1 J. R . V a u g h a n , Jr., a s ­ sistant, to Feb. 1 R. R . M c G r e g o r , senior fellow E. L. Warrick E. R. Mease R. R . A c k l e y T . A . W i l s o n , s e n i o r fel­ low E. R. McLean D. F. Menard G. E . B a r k e r , t o J a n . 15 R. H . L e s t e r , f r o m F e b . 28 W . S. C l a u s H . E . B u m s t e d , assist­ ant, from July 8 W. L. T h o m p s o n , t o June 24 J. J. E n r i g h t , s e n i o r fel­ low H. E . F o o t e H. W . Wilker, assistant Pauline Hopfer, assistant