REVIEW OF AMERICAN CHEMICAL VOL. IX.
M. T. Bogert, E. M. Chamot, B. S. Cushman, Benton Dales, L.M. Dennis, A. H. Gill,
No. 8.
WILLIAM A. NOYES,Editor. REVIEWERS: H. M. Goodwin, W. F. Hillebrand, L.P. Kinnicutt, H. W.Lawson, G. N. Lewis, H. N. McCoy,
A. A. Noves. J . W.Riihaids, S. P. Sadtler, J. 0. Schlotterbeck, W. H. Sekman, F. P. Underhill.
GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL GH EIlISTRY. The Geological Features of the Gold Production of North America. BY WALDEMAR LINDGREN. Trans. A m . Inst. Min. E?zg.(Advance extra, New Haven Meeting, October, 2902,56pp.). -Notwithstanding its lack of chemical data, this paper is entitled to mention in this review. Its purpose “ is briefly to consider the product of each state in North America, emphasizing especially the derivation of the gold from its various classes of deposits, so as to arrive, if possible, at an approximate conclusion as to the relative importance of the different kinds of deposits, and finally to indicate the probable outlook in each state for the immediate future.” T h e following table gives the author’s estimate of the source of production of gold in North America, the figures representing millions of dollars :
..............................
Pre-Cambrian Cretaceous (Pacific). Cretaceous and early Tertiary (Central). Tertiary (largely propylitic)
Total.
I39
....................... I 7 1 9 .... 287 ................ 724 2869
IgOO.
5 54
I4 43
I 16
W. F. HILLEBRAND. The Geographical and Geological Distribution of the Mineral Deposits of Ilexico. BY JOSE G. AGUILERA. T?-nns.Am. Znst. Min. Eng. (Advance extra, Mexican Meeting, November, r90r, W. F. HILLEBRAND. 24 PP.>. Ore-Deposition and Vein-Enrichment by Ascending Hot Waters. BY W. H. WEED. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. (Ad-danceextra, New Haven Meeting, October, 1902,8pp.).--Not only, as is quite generally admitted, can enrichment of mineral veins be brought about by descending waters which have derived their metallic contents from the upper portionsof the vein,
346
Review o f American Chemical Research
but, according to the author, by a reopening of the primary vein, as a consequence of earth movements, and subsequent 00w of hot waters from deep-seated sources toward the surface. These waters may be acid or alkaline and the results of their action upon the already existing vein-contents will differ accordingly. I n an unfilled fissure, the ascending hot waters, if metalliferous, may deposit ores with an orderly vertical distribution,” as is often actually observed. “Ascending, hot a/X.ali?zematers coming up through crushed and reopened veins containing pyrite (or niarcasite) react with the sulphide, and zinc, lead, copper, or silver, if present, are thrown down as sulphides. ,kcending, hot, acidwaters may reach the lower levels of reopened veins and deposit gold, silver and copper upon cooling at higher levels. ” T h e conclusions reached are largely due to recent important work by Dr. H. N. Stokes in the laboratory of the Geological Survey, as yet unpublished, except for brief quotations in the present papers. Froni these it is seen that hot alkali-carbonate solutions act upon pyrite with fortnation of alkali sulphide and thiosulphate and oxidation of the iron. T h e reaction is reversible, but if the soluble sulphide is removed as fast as formed, complete oxidation of the pyrite results. If the removal of the sulphide is accon~plishedby a heavy metal carbonate, as of lead, copper, silver, the corresponding sulphide is precipitated. Since in these reactions carbon dioxide is formed, and this partially decomposes soluble sulphides with formation of hydrogen sulphide, by heating FeS, with KHCO, solution in a sealed vessel filled with CO, and so arranged that the volatilized H,S is continually taken up by an absorbent, it was found possible to convert FeS, completely into hematite, without direct contact with metallic salts and in absence of oxygen.” Hence, Dr. Stokes concludes : ‘ I T h a t the conversion of FeS, into Fe,O, is not a necessary proof of the action of oxidizing (descendingj waters, but may be due to any alkaline solution free from oxygen,” and that “ the circulating solutions which have acted on FeS, mny carry away alkaline sulphide, and cause the deposition of other sulphides, as of copper, zinc, lead, silver, at another place.” IY.F. HILLEBKISD. Ore-Deposits Near Igneous Contacts. B Y IY. H. \VEED. Trans. Am. Insf. Min. Eng. (Advance extra, New Haven Meeting,October, ’ 902,32 ) .--This paper ‘ ‘ is largely a discussion of contact metamorphic ore-deposits based upon the physical changes in rocks due to contact action.” I t s only strictly novel feature is the discussion of the origin and character of that class of contact deposits which is due to the porosity induced in certain sedimentary rocks by contact metamorphism. The author’s conclusions are : “ Contact metamorphic ore-deposits occur about the margin of intrusive masses of granular, igneous rocks, either at the actual contact or in the zone of metamorphosed sediinentaries. T h e deposits of economic value occiir only where strata or blocks ‘ I
~
++.
GeoZogicaZ and MiiieraZogicaC Ch emistry.
347
of impure limestone have been crystallized as garnetiferous or actinolite-calcite rocks, with consequent porosity . , T h e oreminerals were introduced in gases and vapors-solfataric emanations-from the eruptive masses of which they constitute pneumatolytic after-actions, or by hot, circulating, primitive waters given off by the cooling igneous mass. This theory of genesis being true, the deposits should extend downward in depth to the granular rock.” T h e author holds the view, in opposition to van Hise, that the ore-forming solutions of certain veins cutting the igneous rock and the contact-rocks above them were not of meteoric but of direct igneous origin. W. F. HILLEBRAND. Zinc and Lead Deposits of Northern Arkansas. BY GEORGE I. ADAMS. Trans. .Am. Inst. Min. Eng. (Advance e x f r a , AZbany Meetizg, February, 1903, 12 )).).-A preliminary statement of results and conclusions from an extensive report now in preparation for the U. S. Geological Survey. I t is sufficient to say, at present, that the author’s views are by no means altogether in agreement with those of earlier workers in this region. (See this Review, 24, R. 206, and 25, R. 166). W. F. HILLEBRAND. Some Practical Suggestions Concerning the Genesis of OreDeposits. BY MAX BOEHMER. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. (Advance extra, British CoZumbia Meeting, Ju&, 1903, 6 p).). -The author finds it difficult to accept the theory that ore deposits may owe their origin solely to the circulation of meteoric waters. “ . . it fails to explain the localization of the deposits, depreciates the importance of the eruptive rocks, and does not convince us that the waters feeding the springs of the earth are the same which have deposited the millions of tons of ore in the great mining districts.” H e accepts the existence of “ an underground sea of water, continuous and saturating the rocks throughout,” and attempts ‘ ( to show that the waters in the zone of open fracture in the upper region do not search or leach the masses of rock, but that they flow through them in permanent and open channels ; that the waters in the middle and lower zones of the underground sea are stagnant and not sufficiently effective ; and that we must look still deeper for the source that could supply the immense masses of ore found in the veins.” W. F. HILLEBRAND. The Synthesis of Chalcocite and i t s Genesis at Butte. BY HORACE V. WINCHELL. Eng. Min. J . , 75, 782-784.--The author supposes chalcocite, Cu,S, the chief copper mineral in the mines a t Butte, Montana, to have been formed by the action on pyrite or other sulphides of descending acid waters carrying cupric sulphate. In order to explain this formation instead of that of CuS, it is supposed that SO,, formed from the oxidation
.
348
Review of American Ckemical Restarch.
of pyrite, reduces some of the cupric ions to the cuprous state, these being then precipitated a s sulphide by interchange with other metallic sulphides. Experiments were made showing the actual deposition of chalcocite by pyrite and other sulphides froni cupric sulphate solutions charged with sulphurous acid, but some of the statements are so confused and even contradictory that it is difficult to decide what weight should be given theexperimental ITr. F. HII~LEBKAND. data.
The ilonteregian Hills-A Canadian Petrographical Province. BY FRANK D. ADAMS. J . Geol., XI, 239-282 ; maps and figures. -The author gives the above name to the succession of promitient hills, beginning with Mount Royal (Montreal) and extending in an easterly direction for about fifty miles, that are such pronounced landmarks in the valley of the S t . Lawrence. The eight hills, Royal, M o n t a r d l e , Beloeil, Rougemont, Yamaska, Shefford, Brome, and Johnson, he finds constitute a well-defined petrographical province. T h e rocks of other hills, such as Rigaud, Calvaire, etc. which have been supposed to belong to this group, are now known to be of different character, Sliefford and Brome have already been described, and Beloeil is under study. The present paper is chiefly taken tip nit11 a study of the rocks of Mount Johnson, but t h e petrography of the whole group, so far as revealed. is considered. T h e rocks forming the great intrusions making up the mass of these hills are of tn-o nell-characterized types : I . Alkali syenite, nepheline syenite, or sodalite s!’enite ; 2 . Essexite. They afford most excellent examples of magmatic differentiation, In addition, dykes are very niiniero~is; their rocks will he separately studied. Mount Johnson, a volcanic neck of the most typical form, “consists of essesite in the center, surrounded b y a zone of pulaskite, the two rocks passing iniperceptibly into one another. ” Probably the same relation obtains at Beloeil, showing but a single period of intrusion, nhereas at Mounts Royal and Shefford the essesite represents the earliest intrusion. Careful analyses of Mount Johnson rocks are given, in part by Professor Norton-Evans, in part by X r . M. F. Connor, which permitted of very exact classification by the new system (this lieview 25, 7 ) , as follows : I. Sornial essexite (andose) ; 11. Olivine-bearing essexite (essexose) : 111. Transition rock froni essesite to pulaskite ; Iir. Pulaskite (laurrikose) : I-. Hornblende froin the essexi te. ~
I.
SiO, . . . . . . . . . . . 4S.Sj TiO, ............ 2.47 A1,03 ........... 19.38 Fe,O,. .......... 4.29 FeO ............ 4.94 S i 0 , C o O ....... not det. &Ill0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19
11.
1x1.
IT.
T.
48.69
50.40
2.71
....
57.44 1.97
38,633 5.035 11,974 3.903 11.523
17.91 3.09’,
6.41 I o.oj 0.Ij
1.17
j . j s ( a s FeO) n o t det. 0.77
‘9.43 I2.69 ,jo
.... 0 . Z j
....
0 .j 2 9
GeologicaI and M i n u a logica l Chemistvy . I.
........... ................
MgO 2.00 CaO ............ 7.98 BaO Na,O ........... 5.44 K,O ............ 1.91 P,O, ............ 1.23 C1 ..............not det. H,O 0.68 99.36
............
11.
3.06 7 30 0.0s
5.95
2.56 1-11
not det. 0.95 -100.02
111.
.... 6.77 .... 6.24 2.56
0.09 ....
....
-
IV.
1.16 2.66 not det. 6.45 4 28 0.60
trace 0.59 99.69
349 V.
10.200 12.807
....
3.139 1.489 .... ....
0.330 -99.762
T h e positions of the earlier analyzed rocks from Shefford ( A m . Geologist, 28, 203, this Review, 24, R. 6 ) have been calculated, the essexite becoming akerose, and the nordmarkite, nordmarkose. W. F. HILLEBRARD.
Preliminary Report on the Lead and Zinc Deposits of SouthGRAST. Wisconwestern Wisconsin. BY ULYSSESSHERMAN silt Geol. a d Nat. Hisf. Survey, B7d. No. CX, 103 pp., maps and figures.-This report brings the geology, partjcularly of the ore deposits, down to the present time, there having been no complete discussion of the district since Chamberlin’s report of twenty years ago, and gives the present and future outlook for mining, which the author regards as very promising. Of the few analyses in the book, only one seems to be new, that of portions of the Galena limestone free from flint nodules, by Prof. W. W. Daniels, which shows : CaCO,, 54.33 ; MgCO,, 41.56 ; Fe,O,, o go ; A1,0,, 0.99 ; S O , , 2. IO. Total, 99.88. 1%’. F. HILLEBKAND. Analyses of Certain Clays Used fbr flaking Paving Brick for Cedar Rapids, Iowa. BY C. 0. BATES. PYOC. Iowa Acad. Sci. fo. r901, pp. 61-63.-A table of analyses made several years ago, with descriptions of the clays. W. F. HILLEBRAND. A New (?) fleteoric Iron from Augusta County, Virginia. BY H. D. CAMPBELLAND JAS. LEWISHOWE. Am. J. Sa‘., 15, 469-471 ; figure. T h i s i s a partial description of a meteorite] which has been in the mineral collection of the Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., since 1870 or 1871. Analysis by J. E. Whitfield shows : F e , 89.850; Ni, 7.560 ; Co, 0 . 6 0 0 ; Cu, 0.065 ; P, 0.158 ; S, 0.006 ; C, 0.046; Si, 0.045 ; oxide, 1.560. T h e gases were extracted and analyzed by Professor Rainsay and found to consist of methane in the main, with considerable hydrogen, a little argon, and possibly a trace of helium. Comparison of the results with older analyses of the Staunton irons, of which several have been made, and which yielded helium in one case, does not permit of settling the question of the identity of the present iron with those known as ‘(Staunton.” T h e prominent club-shaped, kamacite blades of all but one of the latter
35 0
Review of American Chemical Research.
are here absent, and there are perhaps structural differences. T h e meteorite will be known as ‘ ‘ Staunton No, 7.’’ I t s present weight is 6.04 kilograms. IV. F. HILLEBRAND.
Meteorite from Algoma, Wisconsin. BY WILLIAN HERBERT HOBBS. Bull. Geol. SOL.A m . , C’ol. 14, pp. 97-116, plates and figures. This is a markedly discoid meteorite, an octahedral siderite, found in 1887, and now weighing nearly 4 kilograms. I t is rich in kamacite and taenite, and poor in plessite. I t “belongs to the Charlotte group and is in many respects similar to Cohen’s Charlotte type. ” Closely agreeing analyses by Arthur A. Koch are reported, of which the following is the mean : Fe, 88.62 ; Ni, 10.63 ; Co, 0.84 ; P, 0.I j : Si, 0 . 0 2 ; S, trace ; Cu and C, absent ; total, 100.26. Specific gravity, 7 .75. T h e markings are discussed at length, also the probable manner of flight through the air, and there is an appendix by Chas. S. Schlichter on the W.F. HILLEBRASD. motions of a discoid meteorite. Synopsis of Paper on the Development of Pseudomorphs. BY HORACEB. PATTOS. PYOC.Colo. Sci. Soc., 7, 103-10s ; plates.-The author presents nothing new, but illustrates some of the processes producing pseudomorphs by unusually fine material, particularly of dolomite encrusting calcite from t h e Camp Bird Extension mine, Ouray, Colorado. 11.. F. HILLEBRAXD.
Lime and Cement Industries of New York. BY HENRICH RIES, with chapters on the Cement Industry in Xew York, by Edwin C. Eckel. Bull. F e w Yo& Slatc Mzis. Are. 44, Vol. 8 , pp. 63;-968.-This voluminous report, abounding in plates and analyses, treats not only of the occurrences of the state, but deals also with the numerous industrial uses of limestones except for building and road construction, and contains a fuud of useful information. There is an extended table of physical tests made by the state engineer during 1897-1900, and, i n addition to the analyses of New York limestones scattered through the text, there is a table of analyses at the end of no less than 880 limestones grouped by states, the use of which is greatly aided by a key to the series, based on composition. 1V. F. HILI,EBKASD. Plumasite, an Oligoclase-Corundum Rock Near Spanish Peak, California. BY ANDREWC. L a n ~ s o ~Bull. . Dept. Geol., Uniu. Calform’a, Vol. 3 , No. 8, pp, ~1g-229.-Corundum has only within the past five or six years been recognized as an essential constituent of igneous rocks, but within that period a number of occurrences have been noted, of which this is the latest. T h e plumasite occurs as a dyke of limited extent cutting a broad belt of peridotite. This latter Dr. Blasdale analyzed with the following results: SiO,, 41.49; A1203,2 . 2 2 ; Fe,O,, 1.07; FeO, 7.11 ; MgO,
MefallurgicaI Chemistry.
351
3q.63 ; CaO, 1.89 ; ign., 5.56 ; total, 98.97 ; from which its mineral composition is computed to b e : Olivine, 44.97 ; serpentine, 33.12 ; magnetite, 1.39 ; edenite, 19.60; total, 99.08. T h e edenite is original, and not secondary, as Turner concluded from his observations elsewhere on the belt. T h e white dyke rock (sp. gr. 2.633) is composed almost wholly of oligoclase and corundum in about the proportion 84 : 16. T h e composition of the feldspar as ascertained by J. Newfield is : S O , , 61.36 ; A1,0,, 22.97 ; CaO, 5.38 ; Na,O, 8.08 ; H,O, 1.72 ; total, 99.51. T h e corundurii crystals range in length from a few millimeters to over 5 cm. Plumasite may be defined as a rock resulting from the consolidation of a magma having the composition of a medium acid plagioclase with an excess of alumina." W. F. HILLEBRAND.
Annual Report of the Minister of Mines [British Columbia] for 1901. 1236+xviii pp.-Scattered through the series of reports making up this volume are occasional analyses of coals, ores, and waters. W. F. HILLEBRAND.
I.,
Precious Stones in 1902. Eng. Min. March 7 , 1903 (from Bull. U. S.Geol. SUYV.).BY G. F. KuNz.-'l'his year has seen the.finding of a new locality for sapphires in Montana, the developing of old beryl localities in Mitchell County, N. C., and a t Grafton, N. H. , the opening of an amethyst mine in South Carolina and of two in Virginia, the discovery of a new deposit of rubellite near Banner, Cal., the further development of chrysophrase in Tulare Co., Cal., and the discovery of a new locality in Buncombe Co., N. C., the increase of turquoise production in Arizona and discovery of that gem in two localities in Alabama. T h e total value was $318,300, the principal items being sapphire, ,$I 15,000; turquoise, $130,000 ; tourmaline, $15,000; quartz, $12,000 ; chrysoprase, $io,ooo ; silicified wood, $7,000. J. W. RICHARDS. IlETALLUROICAL CHEIlISTRY. The Hearst Ilemorial Mining Building, University of California. BY S. B. CHRISTY. Eng. Min. J., March 2 1 , 1go3.-A detailed description of the building devoted exclusively to mining and metallurgy ; apparently one of the largest, finest and bestequipped laboratories of the kind in the world. T h e large provision for practical work, roasting, smelting, machinery, etc. , suggests rather the manual training school and commercial testing laboratory, than a university laboratory ; but facilities for instruction and research are not lacking, and the combination is probably that best adapted to the needs of such a rapidly developJ . W. RICHARDS. ing country. Protecting Furnaces with Carborundum. 1~001i and Mach.
