Both polycarbonates can be cast to give clear, tough films which are particularly valuable for applications requiring resistance to heat. These films also have excellent properties for various electrical uses. The bisphenol IV polymer is outstanding in that it not only has an exceptionally high secondorder transition temperature (290’ C.) but also is nonburning. Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to K. P. Perry for excellent technical assistance and to numerous other persons for the determinations of various polymer properties. literature Cited
(1) Alder, K., Windemuth, E., Ber. 71B, 2413 (1938). (2) Am. SOC. Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., “ASTM Standards,” 1961. (3) Bartlett, P. D., Schneider, A., J . Am. Chem. SOC.68, 6 (1946). (4) Bruson, H. A,, Riener, T. W., Zbid., 67, 726 (1945). (5) Buchner, K., Meis, J. (to Ruhrchemie A.-G.), German Patent 951,867 (Nov. 8, 1956).
(6) Caldwell, J. R., Hill, E. H. (to Eastman Kodak Co.), U. S. Patents 2,732,369 (Jan. 24, 1956) ; 2,899,412 (Aug. 11, 1959). (7) Campbell, T. W., Foldi, V. S., J . Org. Chcm. 26,4654 (1961). (. 8.) Christopher, W. F., Fox, D. W., “Polycarbonates,” Reinhold, New Yo&, 1962. (9) Cohen, C. A. (to Esso Research and Engineering Co.), U. S. Patent 2.991.308 (Julv 4. 1961). (10 Diels,’O.,’Ald- transglycosidation is facile and lends itself to simple, uniform incorporation of the catalyst, potassium hydroxide, in the absence of water for subsequent polyetherification of the glycosides. In other processes potassium hydroxide is generally dissolved in an aqueous solution of the initiator, from which the water must be removed before polyetherification ( 7 ) . Good catalyst dispersion is required for uniform etherification and to avoid superactive sites that could cause a n uncontrollable reaction. Ethylene glycol and glycerol glycoside polyet hers are attractive for rigid urethane foam use because of their potential low cost of production. In considering the properties of the foams reported in this paper it cannot be assumed that the conditions of preparation were optimum. .411 foams were hand mixed, and evaluations kvere directed toward basic characterization. Emphasis was placed on uniformity of preparations rather than on formulation variations. Property improvement may be achieved by use of catalyst combinations, increased N C O / O H ratio, and other variables ( 6 ) . The encouraging results obtained indicate the desirability of continued investigation of these glycoside polyethers, particularly in the machine production of rigid foams? \vhere improved properties will probably be obtained. Hand-mixed foams are useful for screening only and improvement in properties is achieved in large scale machine preparations through the development of finer and
e
Physical Properties of Rigid Foams after Humid Aging (Time, 4 weeks) Compressive Density, Strength,” Change in Lb./Cu. Ft. P.S.I. Volume, Ethylene Glycol Glycoside 19 34 1.3b 16 23 1.3b 25 3.0 1 1.7b 22 - 3.4 2.3c 19 -10.0 Glycerol Glycosides
Change in Weight, %
- 1.7 - 9.5 - 8.8 -11.5 -11.1
Sorbitol 480 1.1b 14 35 - 7.3 436 1.9c 28 1.5 - 8.8 a Parallel to rise. Density before aging, 1.7 to 7.8 lb./cu. ft. Density before aging, 2 . 1 to 2.2 lb./cu. f t .
more uniform cell structure. Because of the cost of machine and raw materials, the authors were unable to consider foam machine runs at this time. Acknowledgment
The authors thank K. L. Brown and C. P. McClelland of the Union Carbide Chemical Co. and members of the Urethane Application Research Group, National Aniline Division, Allied Chemical Corp., for information useful in carrying out this investigation; also, B. T . Hofreiter and D . E. Smith of this laboratory for compressive strength determinations. literature Cited (1) Chem. Week, p. 89 (June 23, 1962).
(2) Hostettler, F., Barnes, R. K., McLaughlin, R. W. (to Union Carbide Corp.), U. S. Patent 3,073,788 (Jan. 15, 1963). (3) LeBras, L. R., SOC. PlasticsEngrs. J . 16,420 (1960). (4) National Aniline Division? Allied Chemical Corp., Buffalo, N. Y., “Porosity Determinations of Urethane Foam.” (5) Otey, F. H., Mehltretter, C. L., Rist, C. E., J . Am. Oil Chemists’ SOC.40. 76 (1963). (6) Wileon, J: E., Truax, H. M., Dunn, M. .4.,J . Appl. Polymer Scz. 3, No. 9, 343 (1960). ( 7 ) \Vismer, M., Foste, J. F. (to Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.), U. S. Patent 3,085,085 (April 9. 1963). (8) Yeates, T. E., Mehltretter, C. L., Mod. Plastzcs 39, No. 3, 151 (1961). RECEIVED for review June 27, 1963 ACCEPTED September 30, 1963
Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, 145th Meeting, ACS, New York, N.Y., September 1963. The Northern Laboratory is part of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, .4gricultural Research Service. Trade names are given as part of the exact experimental conditions and not as an endorsement by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the products named over those of other manufacturers.
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