Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ortho C–H Arylation of Aromatic Nitriles with

Dec 29, 2016 - There are two major strategies to achieve high regioselectivity in C–H functionalizations; one is to employ heteroarenes as substrate...
45 downloads 9 Views 752KB Size
Download PDF
Featured Article pubs.acs.org/joc

Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ortho C−H Arylation of Aromatic Nitriles with Arylboronates and Observation of Partial Para Arylation Yuta Koseki,† Kentaroh Kitazawa,† Masashi Miyake,† Takuya Kochi,† and Fumitoshi Kakiuchi*,†,‡ †

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan ‡ JST, ACT-C, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Ruthenium-catalyzed C−H arylation of aromatic nitriles with arylboronates is described. The use of RuH2(CO){P(4-MeC6H4)3}3 as a catalyst provided higher yields of the ortho arylation products than the conventional RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3 catalyst. The arylation takes place mostly at the ortho positions, but unprecedented para arylation was also partially observed to give ortho,para diarylation products. In addition to C−H bond cleavage, the cyano group was also found to function as a directing group for cleavage of C−O bonds in aryl ethers.

■

INTRODUCTION Catalytic C−C bond formation via C−H bond cleavage by transition-metal catalysts has been studied extensively in the past decade and become a useful method in organic synthesis.1 Control of the regioselectivity of the C−H functionalization is one of the most important issues in development of useful transformations. There are two major strategies to achieve high regioselectivity in C−H functionalizations; one is to employ heteroarenes as substrates to differentiate and potentially activate the C−H bonds,2 and the other is the use of arenes bearing directing groups.3 Direct functionalization of the latter substrates is usually controlled at the ortho positions because pre-coordination of the directing group to a metal center occurs and C−H bond cleavage is assisted by chelate formation. A variety of directing groups have been used for regioselective C−H functionalization, but most of the examples have employed directing groups containing sp2- and sp3-hybridized nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur atoms as coordinating atoms to facilitate the chelate formation. In contrast, the use of π-electrons in multiple bonds such as those in alkynes4 and nitriles5−8 to direct the C−H functionalization sites has been less explored. Benzonitriles usually coordinate to metals using the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, but it is difficult to consider that the coordination mode facilitates the chelation-assisted C−H bond cleavage. Instead, the π-coordination of the cyano group may bring the metal closer to the ortho C−H bond to facilitate the bond cleavage. In 1999, Murai, Kakiuchi, and co-workers reported the RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3-catalyzed alkylation of aryl nitriles with alkenes via oxidative addition of C−H bonds to a low-valent ruthenium complex.5 In 2011, Sun and co-workers found the palladium(II)-catalyzed cyano group directed arylation of aromatic nitriles with aryl iodides where the C−H bond cleavage was proposed to take place via electrophilic palladation.6a Subsequently, they have expanded this cyano group © 2016 American Chemical Society

directed C−H functionalization to catalytic regioselective introduction of oxygen6b and halogen atoms6c on aromatic rings. Recently, the Jeganmohan group also reported a ruthenium(II)-catalyzed ortho C−H alkenylation of aromatic nitriles with alkenes.6d Here, we report ruthenium-catalyzed C−H arylation of aromatic nitriles with arylboronates. The optimized catalyst for this arylation was RuH2(CO){P(4-MeC6H4)3}3, which was recently developed in our group and is clearly more efficient for this reaction than the conventional RuH2(CO) (PPh3)3 catalyst. The arylation mostly took place at the ortho positions, but unprecedented para C−H arylation was also observed.

■

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our group has developed ortho C−H arylation of aromatic ketones and esters with arylboronates using RuH2(CO) (PPh3)3 (1a) as catalyst, pinacolone as solvent and H−B(OR)2 acceptor.9 Considering the previous observation that complex 1a can cleave the ortho C−H bonds of benzonitriles, we decided to examine the ruthenium-catalyzed arylation of benzonitriles with arylboronates. When a reaction of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (2a)10 with 2 equiv of phenylboronic acid neopentylglycol ester (3a) was carried out using 1a as a catalyst under pinacolone refluxing conditions for 24 h, ortho phenylation product 4aa was obtained in 10% GC yield (Table 1, entry 1). Other ruthenium complexes, such as RuH2(PPh3)4, Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3, and Ru3(CO)12, showed lower or no catalytic activity for this reaction (entries 2−4). Recently, we established a synthetic method to access RuH2(CO) (PAr3)3type complexes using various triarylphosphines11,12 and the use of these complexes for arylation of sterically congested C−H bonds of aromatic ketones.11 Therefore, several ruthenium complexes Received: October 30, 2016 Published: December 29, 2016 6503

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

Table 1. Ruthenium-Catalyzed C−H Arylation of 2a with 3aa

used for entry 21 were considered optimal and used for further investigations.14 Various arylboronates can be used for the C−H arylation of benzonitrile 2a (Table 2). The reactions with Table 2. Ruthenium-Catalyzed C−H Arylation of 2a with Various Arylboronates 3a

entry 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21b

catalyst RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3 (1a) RuH2(PPh3)4 Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3 Ru3(CO)12 RuH2(CO)(P(4-FC6H4)3)3 (1b) RuH2(CO)(P(4MeOC6H4)3)3 (1c) RuH2(CO)(P(3-MeC6H4)3)3 (1d) RuH2(CO)(P(4-MeC6H4)3)3 (1e) 1d 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e 1e

base

GC yield of 4aa (5aa) (%)

none none none none none

10 6 ndc ndc 25 (trace)

none

32 (trace)

none

47 (1)

none

47 (1)

KHCO3 KHCO3 NaHCO3 CsHCO3 KF NaF CsF K2CO3 Na2CO3 Cs2CO3 KOtBu NaOtBu KHCO3

yield (%)

78 (1) 81 (1) 66 (2) 53 (trace) 30 (trace) 33 (trace) 21 (trace) 80 (2) 65 (1) 24 (1) 48 (2) 14 (trace) 82 (2)

entry

3

Ar

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 3g 3h 3i 3j 3k 3l

4-F3CC6H4 4-FC6H4 4-MeC6H4 4-nHexC6H4 4-MeOC6H4 4-Me2NC6H4 3-MeC6H4 3,5-Me2C6H3 2-MeC6H4 1-naphthyl 2-naphthyl

4ab: 87 4ac: 77 4ad: 88 4ae: 82 4af: 89 4ag: 80 4ah: 84 4ai: 74 4aj: 24 4ak: 49 4al: 87

5ab: ndb 5ac: −c 5ad: 5 5ae: ndb 5af: ndb 5ag: ndb 5ah: 2 5ai: −c 5aj: ndb 5ak: ndb 5al: ndb

a

Reaction conditions: 2a (0.2 mmol), 3 (4 equiv), 1e (10 mol %), KHCO3 (1 equiv), pinacolone (0.2 mL), 120 °C, 24 h. bNot detected. c Formation of a small amount of 5 was suggested by GCMS and 1 H NMR analyses, but the corresponding fractions could not be completely purified.

a

Reaction conditions: 2a (0.2 mmol), 3a (2 equiv), catalyst (10 mol %), base (1 equiv, if any), pinacolone (0.2 mL), 120 °C, 24 h. b4 equiv of 3a was used. cNot detected.

4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronate 3b and 4-(fluorophenyl)boronate 3c afforded coupling products 4ab and 4ac in 87 and 77% yields, respectively (entries 1 and 2). The arylation with arylboronates bearing electron-donating para substituents such as methyl, n-hexyl, methoxy, and dimethylamino groups (3d−g) gave 4ad−ag in 80−89% yields (entries 3−6). These results suggest that the electronic nature of the substituents has no significant effect on the reactivity. The arylations with metasubstituted arylboronates 3h and 3i also provided the corresponding monoarylation products 4ah and 4ai in high yields (entries 7 and 8). The reactions with bulky 2-tolyl- and 1-naphthylboronates 3j,k resulted in lower yields (entries 9 and 10). In contrast, less sterically congested 2-naphthylboronate 3l smoothly reacted to give 4al in 87% yield (entry 11). The reaction was also examined with the corresponding 2-methyl-1propenylboronate but did not provide the desired alkenylation product. Our group has developed several carbonyl-directed C−H arylations,9 but no para C−H arylation product has been observed. Therefore, improvement of the yields of the para C−H arylation products was examined by conducting the reaction using higher catalyst loading (Table 3). When the reaction was carried out with 20 mol % of catalyst 1e for 24 h, 4aa and 5aa were obtained in 85 and 5% yields, respectively (entry 1). The reaction using 20 mol % of 1a instead of 1e as a catalyst led to significant improvement of the yield of 5aa to 17% (entry 2). The arylation with arylboronates 3b−j also gave the corresponding ortho,para diarylation products 5ab−aj, albeit in lower yields than 5aa (entries 3−6). The reaction with

1b−e containing triarylphosphines other than PPh3 were investigated for this reaction (entries 5−8). The product yields were generally improved using these para- or metasubstituted triarylphosphines, and in particular, RuH2(CO) {P(3-MeC6H4)3}3 (1d) and RuH2(CO){P(4-MeC6H4)3}3 (1e) provided ortho phenylation product 4aa in 47% yields (entries 7 and 8). The ortho,para diphenylation product, 4,6-diphenyl2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (5aa), was also obtained, albeit in very low yield. Although catalytic C−H functionalization at a position para to the directing group is not unprecedented,13 this is the first observation of para C−H functionalization of benzonitriles. This process should be regarded as nonchelation-assisted arylation and may be facilitated by the strongly electron-withdrawing cyano group at the para position of the electron-deficient aromatic ring possessing a trifluoromethyl group.13b Addition of the base was then examined using complexes 1d and 1e as catalysts. The use of KHCO3 dramatically improved the catalytic activity of 1d and 1e, and ortho arylation product 4aa was obtained in 78 and 81% yields, respectively (entries 9 and 10). Other alkali metal bicarbonates (entries 11 and 12), fluorides (entries 13−15), carbonates (entries 16−18), and alkoxides (entries 19 and 20) were less effective compared to KHCO3. Increasing the amount of 3a to 4 equiv slightly improved the yield (entry 21). From these results, the conditions 6504

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

Table 3. Formation of Ortho,Para Diarylation Products 5 Using High Catalyst Loadinga

yield (%) entry

3

Ar

catalyst 1

4

5

1b 2 3 4 5 6 7c

3a 3a 3b 3d 3f 3h 3j

Ph Ph 4-F3CC6H4 4-MeC6H4 4-MeOC6H4 3-MeC6H4 2-MeC6H4

1e 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a

4aa: 85 4aa: 66 4ab: 66 4ad: 67 4af: 43 4ah: 75 4aj: 60

5aa: 5 5aa: 17 5ab: 5 5ad: 8 5af: 2 5ah: 6 5aj: ndd

a

Reaction conditions: 2a (0.5 mmol), 3 (4 equiv), 1a (20 mol %), KHCO3 (1 equiv), pinacolone (0.5 mL), 120 °C, 15 h. bReaction conditions: 2a (0.2 mmol), 3a (4 equiv), 1e (20 mol %), KHCO3 (1 equiv), pinacolone (0.2 mL), 120 °C, 24 h. c2 equiv of 3j was used. d Not detected.

2-methylphenylboronate 3j did not give the diarylation product even in the presence of 20 mol % of 1a (entry 7). The structures of the diarylation products were determined by NMR analyses, but synthesis of the same diarylation product via a different route was also investigated (eq 1). Diarylation

monoarylation product exclusively,6a and our C−H arylation can be regarded complementary to Sun’s cyano-directed C−H arylation. The phenylation of 2-methoxybenzonitrile 2e with 3a provided 6da in 65% yield predominantly (eq 4). This result suggests that the cyano group can be used as a directing group not only for C−H bond cleavage but also for cleavage of C−O bonds in aryl ethers, similarly to acyl groups.15 The C−H phenylation was also investigated using 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 7, which has no C−H bond at the ortho positions of the cyano group, and para phenylation product 8 was obtained in 14% yield (eq 5). The formation of 8 from 7 shows that the para C−H arylation does not require preceding ortho C−H arylation. Other nitriles such as acrylonitrile, cinnamonitrile, and phenylacetonitrile were also tested as substrates for the reaction with 3a but failed to give more than a trace amount of the desired phenylation product. The reaction of an electron-deficient arene, 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, did not proceed either, indicating that the presence of a cyano group on the benzene ring is necessary for this reaction. In order to gain insight into the mechanism, the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of benzonitrile (2d) and benzonitrile-d5 (2d-d5) was performed using only 1 equiv of phenylboronate 3a (eq 6). As a result, the corresponding diphenylation product was isolated in 11% yield as a ca. 2:1 mixture of 6da and 6da-d3. This result suggests that the reaction of 2d-d5, which proceed via C−D bond cleavage, is much slower than that of 2d, and the C−H(or D) bond cleavage is the turnover-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. The detailed mechanism for the rutheniumcatalyzed C−H arylation of aromatic nitriles is unclear, but the C−H bond cleavage step may proceed via oxidative addition as was considered for the C−H/olefin coupling of aromatic nitriles catalyzed by complex 1a. The catalytic cycle of this reaction may be similar to that of ortho C−H arylation of aromatic ketones with arylboronates catalyzed by 1a. The C−H

product 5ab was chosen as a target here because it seems to be a crystalline material that may be used to form a single crystal for X-ray analysis. The C−H arylation of p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl benzonitrile 2b with 3b gave 32% yield of o,p-diarylbenzonitrile 5ab, which shows the NMR spectra identical to those of 5ab prepared in entry 3 of Table 3. As expected, the structure of 5ab was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of a single crystal prepared by recrystallization of the material synthesized here. Other benzonitriles were also examined for the C−H arylation. The reaction of 2-methylbenzonirile 2c with 3a using catalyst 1e provided ortho arylation product 4ca in 29% yield (eq 2). Elongation of the reaction time to 45 h only slightly increased the yield to 31%. Screening of the reaction conditions for this substrate showed that the use of catalyst 1a with NaOtBu as a base also gave a similar yield within 24 h, but extension of the reaction time to 45 h improved the yield in this case to 44% without any significant decomposition of cyano groups. In the case of benzonitrile 2d, complex 1a was found to be the most effective catalyst, and the reaction with 4 equiv of 3a provided ortho,ortho′ diarylation product 6da in 44% yield with no formation of monoarylation product 4da detected (eq 3). Interestingly, Sun and co-workers reported that the Pd-catalyzed coupling of benzonitrile with aryl iodides yielded 6505

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

The spectroscopic data of 3c are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18c 4-Methylphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3d). The general procedure was followed with 4-(methylphenyl)boronic acid (5.44 g, 40 mmol), neopentylglycol (4.17 g, 40 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (19:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3d as a white solid (7.98 g, 98% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3d are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18d 4-n-Hexylphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3e). The general procedure was followed with 4-n-hexylphenylboronic acid (5.15 g, 25 mmol), neopentylglycol (3.12 g, 30 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (20:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3e as a white solid (6.12 g, 89% yield): mp 49−50 °C; 1H NMR (399.7 MHz, CDCl3) δ 0.87 (br t, 3H), 1.02 (s, 6H), 1.22−1.37 (br m, 6H), 1.59−1.61 (m, 2H), 2.61 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 4H), 7.17 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H); 13 C{1H} NMR (98.5 MHz, CDCl3) δ 14.1, 21.9, 22.6, 29.0, 31.3, 31.7, 31.9, 36.1, 72.3, 127.8, 133.8, 145.7 (one signal for arylcarbon is too broad to be seen due to the quadrupole effect of the adjacent boron atom); IR (KBr) 2961 s, 2930 s, 2855 s, 1611 m, 1481 m, 1419 m, 1380 m, 1306 s, 1248 m, 1130 m cm−1; HRMS (DART-TOF) calcd for [M + H]+ (C17H28BO2) m/z 275.2182, found 275.2185. 4-Methoxyphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3f). The general procedure was followed with 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (1.52 g, 10 mmol), neopentylglycol (1.15 g, 11 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (15:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3f as a white solid (2.11 g, 96% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3f are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18c 4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)phenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3g). The general procedure was followed with 4-(N,Ndimethylamino)phenylboronic acid (3.30 g, 5 mmol), neopentylglycol (2.29 g, 22 mmol), and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3g as a white solid (3.64 g, 78% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3g are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18e 3-Methylphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3h). The general procedure was followed with 3-methylphenylboronic acid (6.12 g, 45 mmol), neopentylglycol (5.21 g, 50 mmol), and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (20:1 hexane/EtOA) afforded 3h as a white solid (9.15 g, >99% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3h are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18f 3,5-Dimethylphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3i). The general procedure was followed with 3,5-dimethylphenylboronic acid (12.0 g, 80 mmol), neopentylglycol (9.17 g, 88 mmol), and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3i as a white solid (16.4 g, 94% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3i are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18b 2-Methylphenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3j). The general procedure was followed with 2-methylphenylboronic acid (1.36 g, 10 mmol), neopentylglycol (1.04 g, 10 mmol), and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (20:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3j as a colorless oil (1.90 g, 93% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3j are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18b 1-Naphthylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3k). The general procedure was followed with 1-naphthylboronic acid (1.72 g, 10 mmol), neopentylglycol (1.25 g, 12 mmol), and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:1 hexane/ EtOAc) afforded 3k as a white solid (2.21 g, 92% yield). The pectroscopic data of 3k are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18g 2-Naphthylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3l). The general procedure was followed with 2-naphthylboronic acid (8.60 g, 50 mmol), neopentylglycol (5.21 g, 50 mmol) and THF as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3l as a white solid (9.14 g, 76% yield). The spectroscopic

bond cleavage step became slow and turnover-limiting because it could not be effectively assisted by chelate formation.16

■

CONCLUSION We developed the ruthenium-catalyzed C−H arylation of aromatic nitriles with arylboronates. The use of RuH2(CO) (PAr3)3 catalysts containing triarylphosphines other than PPh3 was important in obtaining high yields of the ortho arylation products. The reaction was mostly ortho selective, but unprecedented para arylation was also partially observed to give o,p-diarylation products. A cyano group was found to function as a directing group not only for C−H bond cleavage but also for cleavage of C−O bonds in aryl ethers.

■

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General Information. Aromatic nitriles 2 except for 2b were purchased from commercial suppliers, dried from CaH2, and distilled under nitrogen prior to use. Pinacolone was dried from CaSO4 and distilled under nitrogen. Bases were purchased from commercial suppliers and used as received. RuH2(CO) (PPh3)3- (1a),17a RuH2(PPh3)3-,17b Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3-,17c and RuH2(CO) (PAr3)3-type complexes using various triarylphosphines (1b−e)11 were prepared according to the literature procedure. Ru2(CO)12 were recrystallized from dry hexane under nitrogen prior to use. General Procedures for Syntheses of Arylboronates 3. A round-bottom flask was charged with arylboronic acid, neopentylglycol, and solvent (Et2O or THF). The mixture was stirred for 0.5−2 h at room temperature under air. After the reaction, an excess amount (ca. 5−10 equiv) of CaCl2 was added to the mixture, which was then stirred for at least 0.5 h, filtered through Celite, and concentrated. Purification of the crude material by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc) afforded the arylboronate. Phenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3a). The general procedure was followed with phenylboronic acid (2.19 g, 18 mmol), neopentylglycol (2.08 g, 20 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (30:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3a as a white solid (3.34 g, 98% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3a are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18a 4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3b). The general procedure was followed with 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (5.13 g, 27 mmol), neopentylglycol (3.02 g, 29 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (2:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3b as a white solid (6.59 g, 95% yield). The spectroscopic data of 3b are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18b 4-Fluorophenylboronic Acid Neopentylglycol Ester (3c). The general procedure was followed with 4-(fluorophenyl)boronic acid (699.6 mg, 5 mmol), neopentylglycol (572.8 mg, 5.5 mmol), and Et2O as solvent. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (5:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 3c as a white solid (994.7 mg, 98% yield). 6506

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

126.1 (q JC−F = 4.6 Hz), 129.6, 131.6 (q, JC−F = 32.8 Hz), 132.9, 133.5, 134.3 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 140.6, 146.8; IR (KBr) 3366 w, 2357 m, 2339 w, 2231 s, 1621 m, 1465 s, 1451 s, 1403 s, 1324 vs, 1295 vs, 1203 vs, 1176 vs, 1136 vs, 1108 vs, 1070 vs, 1040 vs, 1016 s, 936 m, 832 s, 813 vs, 792 s, 758 vs, 715 vs, 669 vs, 667 vs, 659 s, 637 s, 603 s cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C15H7F6NNa) m/z 338.0380, found 338.0377. 6-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ac). General procedure A was followed with 34.4 mg of 2a and 166.2 mg of 3c. PTLC (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ac as a white solid (41.1 mg, 77% yield): mp 124−125 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.21 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.51−7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.69 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.75−7.82 (m, 2 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 108.9 (q, JC−F = 2.1 Hz), 114.7, 116.0 (d, JC−F = 21.9 Hz), 122.4 (q, JC−F = 274.2 Hz), 125.3 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 130.9 (d, JC−F = 8.5 Hz), 132.6, 133.1 (d, JC−F = 3.5 Hz), 133.4, 134.0 (q, JC−F = 32.1 Hz), 147.2, 163.4 (d, JC−F = 250.0 Hz); IR (KBr) 2232 m, 1609 m, 1579 w, 1515 s, 1466 w, 1445 m, 1405 w, 1331 s, 1292 m, 1227 s, 1204 s, 1192 m, 1175 s, 1164 m, 1133 s, 1122 s, 1075 w, 1040 m, 844 m, 816 s, 776 w, 757 m, 722 m, 706 w, 669 w, 584 m, 560 w, 520 m cm−1; HRMS (APCI-TOF) calcd for [M + H]+ (C14H8F4N) m/z 266.0593, found 266.0582. 6-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ad). General procedure A was followed with 34.2 mg of 2a and 164.5 mg of 3d. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ad as a white solid (45.9 mg, 88% yield): mp 85.5−86.5 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 2.43 (s, 3 H), 7.32 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.69 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.73 (dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 21.2, 108.8, 115.0, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 273.3 Hz), 124.9 (q, JC−F = 4.7 Hz), 128.8, 129.5, 132.3, 133.4, 133.9 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 134.2, 139.4, 148.3; IR (KBr) 3094 w, 2931 w, 2365 w, 2362 w, 2360 m, 2357 w, 2339 w, 2323 w, 2231 s, 1994 w, 1924 w, 1612 s, 1595 m, 1517 m, 1465 s, 1442 s, 1407 w, 1333 vs, 1315 s, 1293 vs, 1213 vs, 1199 vs, 1187 vs, 1173 vs, 1141 vs, 1126 vs, 1098 s, 1075 s, 1042 vs, 999 m, 935 m, 847 s, 832 s, 809 vs, 768 s, 756 s, 723 s, 703 vs cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C15H10F3NNa) m/z 284.0663, found 284.0663. 6-(4-n-Hexylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethy)lbenzonitrile (4ae). General procedure A was followed with 35.0 mg of 2a and 219.7 mg of 3e. PTLC (5:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ae as a yellow oil (55.7 mg, 82% yield): 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H), 1.30−1.41 (m, 6 H), 1.62−1.70 (m, 2 H), 2.68 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.69 (dd, J = 7.4 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.73 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (dd, J = 7.4 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 14.1, 22.6, 29.1, 31.3, 31.7, 35.8, 108.7 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 115.0, 122.6 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 124.9 (q, JC−F = 4.9 H), 128.86, 128.89, 132.4, 133.5, 134.0 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 134.4, 144.5, 148.4; IR (NaCl) 3029 w, 2929 s, 2857 s, 2231 m, 1612 m, 1516 w, 1467 s, 1448 s, 1408 m, 1333 s, 1293 s, 1201 s, 1174 s, 1140 s, 1076 m, 1042 s, 810 s, 753 w, 723 w, 706 m, 699 m, 667 w, 618 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C20H20F3NNa) m/z 354.1446, found 354.1441. 6-(4-Methoxylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4af). General procedure A was followed with 33.5 mg of 2a and 175.4 mg of 3f. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4af as a white solid (48.5 mg, 89% yield): mp 83−84 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 3.88 (s, 3 H), 7.04 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.67−7.76 (m, 3 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 55.5, 108.8 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 114.5, 115.3, 122.7 (q, JC−F = 274.1 Hz), 124.9 (q, JC−F = 4.8 Hz), 129.5, 130.5, 132.5, 133.5, 133.6, 134.1 (q, JC−F = 32.0 Hz), 148.2; IR (KBr) 3010 w, 2972 w, 2944 w, 2842 w, 2227 w, 1614 m, 1574 w, 1520 m, 1468 m, 1448 m, 1334 s, 1312 m, 1295 m, 1259 m, 1208 m, 1176 m, 1140 m, 1112 s, 1074 w, 1046 m, 1022 w, 831 m, 753 m, 705 w, 634 w, 594 m, 558 w, 543 w, 522 w, 467 w, 448 w, 438 w, 424 w, 412 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C15H10F3NONa) m/z 300.0612, found 300.0612. 6-[4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ag). General procedure A was followed with 34.2 mg of 2a and 186.2 mg of 3g. PTLC (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ag as a yellow solid (46.7 mg, 80% yield): mp 164−165 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 3.03 (s, 6 H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.6 Hz), 7.46 (d, J = 8.6 Hz),

data of 3l are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.18b Procedures for Syntheses of Aromatic Nitriles 2b. The Suzuki−Miyaura cross coupling was performed using a procedure similar to the one reported by Camp and co-workers.19 To a solution of 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (1.22 g, 6.4 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.66 g, 12 mmol) in 22 mL of DME/H2O (10:1) degassed with nitrogen were added 4-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1.18 g, 4.0 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4 (300 mg, 0.26 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 16 h at 80 °C under nitrogen. After the reaction, the solution evaporated under reduced pressure and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (20:1 hexane/EtOAc) to afford 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (2b) as a white solid (212.8 mg, 17% yield): mp 115−115.5 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 7.75−7.81 (m, 4 H), 7.93−7.99 (m, 2 H), 8.03 (s, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 109.4 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 115.2, 122.2 (q, JC−F = 273.9 Hz), 123.8 (q, JC−F = 272.4 Hz), 125.5 (q, JC−F = 4.4 Hz), 126.3 (q, JC−F = 3.7 Hz), 127.7, 130.7, 131.4 (q, JC−F = 32.6 Hz), 133.6 (q, JC−F = 32.6 Hz), 135.4, 141.2, 144.6; IR (KBr) 3106 w, 3068 w, 2234 m, 1935 w, 1814 w, 1616 m, 1586 w, 1528 w, 1498 w, 1436 m, 1399 m, 1324 s, 1299 m, 1265 s, 1183 s, 1167 s, 1141 s, 1116 s, 1071 s, 1055 s, 1033 s, 1011 m, 963 w, 911 m, 863 w, 850 m, 837 s, 775 w, 746 w, 702 m, 675 m, 671 w, 620 w, 599 w, 563 w, 517 w cm−1; HRMS (DART-TOF) calcd for [M + H]+ (C15H8F6N) m/z 316.0561, found 316.0561. General Procedures for Ruthenium-Catalyzed C−H Arylation of Aromatic Nitriles. General procedure A: In a glovebox, arylboronate (3) (0.8 mmol), 20.9 mg of RuH2(CO){P(4MeC6H4)3}3 (1e) (0.02 mmol), and 20.0 mg of KHCO3 (0.2 mmol) were placed in a 6 mL screw cap tube, and then 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (2a) (0.2 mmol) and pinacolone (0.2 mL) were added in that order. The mixture was heated at 120 °C for 24 h. The resulting mixture analyzed by GC and GCMS. After removal of the volatile materials by rotary evaporation, the crude material was passed through a basic aluminum oxide column to remove the remaining arylboronate. The arylation product 4 and 5 was isolated by silica gel column chromatography or preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC), followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in some cases. General procedure B: In a glovebox, arylboronate (3) (2.0 mmol), 45.9 mg of RuH2(CO) (PPh3)3 (1a) (0.05 mmol), and 50.1 mg of KHCO3 (0.5 mmol) were placed in a 20 mL J. Young tube, and then 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (2a) (0.5 mmol) and pinacolone (0.5 mL) were added in that order. The mixture was heated at 120 °C for 15 h. The resulting mixture was analyzed by GC and GCMS. After removal of the volatile materials by rotary evaporation, the crude material was passed through a basic aluminum oxide column to remove the remaining arylboronate. The arylation product 4 and 5 was isolated by silica gel column chromatography or preparative thinlayer chromatography (PTLC), followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in some cases. 6-Phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4aa). General procedure A was followed with 34.0 mg of 2a and 153.8 mg of 3a. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4aa as a white solid (40.6 mg, 82% yield): mp 63−64 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.42−7.55 (m, 5 H), 7.71 (dd, J = 7.8 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.76 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 100.5 MHz) δ 108.9 (q, JC−F = 1.8 Hz), 114.8, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.0 Hz), 125.2 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 128.8, 128.9, 129.3, 132.4, 133.5 (q, JC−F = 1.1 Hz), 133.9 (q, JC−F = 32.0 Hz), 137.1, 148.3; IR (KBr) 3054 w, 2926 w, 2233 m, 1721 w, 1589 w, 1457 m, 1431 m, 1335 s, 1295 s, 1168 s, 1133 s, 1117 s, 1050 m, 821 s, 763 s, 700 s cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + K]+ (C14H8F3NK) m/z 286.0246. Found 286.0245. 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-6-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzonitrile (4ab). General procedure A was followed with 33.4 mg of 2a and 207.2 mg of 3b. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ab as a white solid (53.6 mg, 87% yield): mp 101−102 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 7.67 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.82 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.87 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 109.2, 114.6, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.3 Hz), 123.9 (q, JC−F = 272.3 Hz), 126.1 (q JC−F = 3.8 Hz), 6507

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

7.67 (s, 3 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 40.2, 107.8 (q, JC−F = 2.2 Hz), 112.0, 115.6, 122.7 (q, JC−F = 274.0 Hz), 123.9 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 124.3, 129.9, 132.1, 133.2, 133.9 (q, JC−F = 32.0), 148.6, 150.9; IR (KBr) 3098 w, 2919 m, 2864 m, 2822 m, 2227 m, 1987 w, 1901 w, 1609 s, 1530 s, 1484 m, 1465 m, 1444 s, 1424 w, 1411 m, 1368 s, 1335 s, 1295 s, 1267 w, 1231 m, 1209 s, 1197 s, 1170 s, 1121 s, 1086 m, 1063 m, 1043 s, 998 m, 960 w, 946 m, 928 w, 830 m, 808 s, 792 m, 753 m, 696 s cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + H]+ (C16H14F3N2) m/z 291.1109, found 291.1131. 6-(3-Methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ah). General procedure A was followed with 34.3 mg of 2a and 163.2 mg of 3h. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ah as a white solid (43.9 mg, 84% yield): mp 77−78 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 1.54 (s, 3 H), 7.29−7.42 (m, 4 H), 7.69 (dd, J = 7.9 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.74 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.79 (dd, J = 7.9 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 21.3, 108.8 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 114.9, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 125.0 (q, JC−F = 5.6 Hz), 126.0, 126.7, 128.7, 129.6, 130.0, 132.4, 133.8 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 137.0, 138.5, 148.4; IR (KBr) 3049 w, 2917 w, 2851 w, 2231 m, 1610 w, 1585 w, 1464 w, 1336 s, 1297 s, 1215 m, 1192 m, 1163 m, 1124 s, 1055 m, 1000 w, 940 w, 911 w, 895 w, 821 m, 784 m, 755 m, 712 m, 702 m, 640 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C15H10F3NNa) m/z 284.0663, found 284.0665. 6-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ai). General procedure A was followed with 34.4 mg of 2a and 174.1 mg of 3i. PTLC (4:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ai as a white solid (40.8 mg, 74% yield): mp 114−115 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 2.39 (s, 6 H), 7.13 (s, 3 H), 7.67−7.77 (m, 3 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 21.3, 108.8 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 114.9, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.1 Hz), 124.9 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 126.7, 130.9, 132.3, 133.4, 133.5 (q, JC−F = 1.2 Hz), 133.8 (q, JC−F = 32.1 Hz), 137.1, 138.4, 148.6; IR (KBr) 3091 w, 3029 w, 2922 m, 2865 w, 2234 m, 1606 m, 1596 m, 1453 m, 1343 s, 1309 s, 1289 m, 1230 m, 1197 m, 1185 s, 1169 s, 1137 s, 1122 s, 1089 s, 1072 s, 1039 w, 908 w, 900 w, 858 s, 816 s, 757 m, 708 s, 675 m, 634 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C16H12F3NNa) m/z 298.0820, found 298.0818. 6-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4aj). General procedure A was followed with 33.9 mg of 2a and 180.0 mg of 3j. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4aj as a white solid (12.3 mg, 24% yield): mp 82.5−83 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 2.18 (s, 3 H), 7.21 (dd, J = 7.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.30−7.39 (m, 3 H), 7.59 (dd, J = 7.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (td, J = 7.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.81 (dd, J = 7.4 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 19.8, 110.3 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 114.3, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 125.2 (q, JC−F = 4.6 Hz), 126.1, 129.3, 129.3, 130.6, 132.2, 133.4 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 133.7, 135.6, 136.9, 148.5; IR (KBr) 3050 w, 2925 w, 2233 s, 1995 w, 1602 w, 1581 w, 1495 w, 1463 w, 1456 s, 1430 m, 1334 s, 1298 s, 1210 s, 1199 s, 1179 s, 1162 s, 1131 s, 1111 s, 1074 s,1053 m, 1031 m, 999 w, 953 w, 933 w, 836 w, 819 s, 800 w, 774 w, 760 s, 755 s, 751 s cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C15H10F3NNa) m/z 284.0663, found 284.0661. 6-(1-Naphthyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4ak). General procedure A was followed with 33.7 mg of 2a and 192.0 mg of 3k. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4ak as a white solid (28.7 mg, 49% yield): mp 87.5−89 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.42− 7.50 (m, 3 H), 7.55 (td, J = 6.7 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.60 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.75 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.82 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.96 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 111.0 (q, JC−F = 1.6 Hz), 114.3, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 124.7, 125.2, 125.6 (q, JC−F = 5.3 Hz), 126.4, 127.0, 127.7, 128.7, 129.8, 131.2, 132.0, 133.7, 133.7 (q, JC−F = 32.3 Hz), 134.6, 134.8, 147.2; IR (KBr) 3092 w, 3064 w, 3011 w, 2368 w, 2324 w, 2230 m, 1843 w, 1733 w, 1718 w, 1700 w, 1695 w, 1684 w, 1653 w, 1634 w, 1616 w, 1592 w, 1559 w, 1539 w, 1520 w, 1507 m, 1473 w, 1456 w, 1447 m, 1435 w, 1398 m, 1334 s, 1292 s, 1252 w, 1214 w, 1178 s, 1173 s, 1149 s, 1132 s, 1106 s, 1072 m, 1058 w, 1020 w, 995 w, 981 w, 959 w, 924 w, 855 w, 807 s, 800 s, 792 m, 781 s, 761 m, 749 m, 741 m, 737 m, 703 m cm−1; HRMS

(ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C18H10F3NNa) m/z 320.0663, found 320.0661. 6-(2-Naphthyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (4al). General procedure A was followed with 32.5 mg of 2a and 191.7 mg of 3l. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 4al as a white solid (49.1 mg, 87% yield): mp 115.5−116 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.55− 7.60 (m, 2 H), 7.64 (dd, J = 8.6 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.77−7.85 (m, 3 H), 7.93 (dd, J = 9.0 Hz, 5.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.99 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.03 (s, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 109.1 (q, JC−F = 1.9 Hz), 114.9, 122.5 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 125.2 (q, JC−F = 4.7 Hz), 126.1, 126.9, 127.2, 127.8, 128.4, 128.7, 128.7, 132.5, 133.0, 133.3, 133.8, 134.0 (q, JC−F = 31.9 Hz), 134.4, 148.3; IR (KBr) 3044 m, 2365 w, 2229 s, 1700 w, 1684 w, 1652 w, 1597 w, 1557 w, 1539 w, 1506 w, 1478 m, 1446 m, 1347 s, 1329 s, 1292 s, 1270 w, 1235 w, 1206 s, 1177 s, 1163 s, 1134 s, 1126 s, 1076 s, 1045 s, 1014 w, 1001 w, 947 w, 910 w, 884 w, 860 w, 822 s, 810 s, 769 m, 755 s, 737 s,703 s, 667 s cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C18H10F3NNa) m/z 320.0663, found 320.0661. 4,6-Diphenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (5aa). General procedure B was followed with 83.1 mg of 2a and 379.9 mg of 3a. PTLC (5:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 5aa as a white solid (26.2 mg, 17% yield): mp 98.5−99.5 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.48−7.56 (m, 6 H), 7.59−7.61 (m, 2 H), 7.64−7.66 (m, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 107.2, 115.0, 122.6 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 123.9 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 124.0, 127.4, 128.9, 129.0, 129.4, 129.5, 131.7, 134.5 (q, JC−F = 31.7 Hz), 137.3, 137.8, 145.6, 148.8; IR (KBr) 3063 w, 2923 w, 2349 w, 2228 m, 1605 m, 1578 w, 1496 w, 1458 m, 1437 m, 1405 w, 1360 s, 1289 s, 1264 w, 1249 w, 1190 s, 1164 s, 1153 s, 1118 s, 1078 w, 1063 w, 1049 m, 1000 w, 917 w, 897 m, 832 w, 764 s, 721 w, 696 s, 630 w, 616 w, 583 w, 541 w, 516 w, 477 w, 449 w, 427 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C20H12F3NNa) m/z 346.0820, found 346.0821. 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-4,6-bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzonitrile (5ab). General procedure B was followed with 86.3 mg of 2a and 515.1 mg of 3b. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 5ab as a white solid (11.5 mg, 5% yield): mp 162−163 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 7.72−7.84 (m, 8 H), 7.89 (s, 1 H), 8.05 (s, 1 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 108.2 (q, JC−F = 1.5 Hz), 114.3, 122.3 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 123.8 (q, JC−F = 272.4 Hz), 123.8 (q, JC−F = 272.4 Hz), 124.7 (q, JC−F = 4.9 Hz), 125.9 (q, JC−F = 3.6 Hz), 126.4 (q, JC−F = 3.8 Hz), 127.8, 129.5, 131.6 (q, JC−F = 32.8 Hz), 131.6 (q, JC−F = 32.8 Hz), 131.8, 134.9 (q, JC−F = 32.4 Hz), 140.4 (q, JC−F = 1.1 Hz), 140.9 (q, JC−F = 1.1 Hz), 144.5, 147.4; IR (KBr) 3023 w, 2922 w, 2864 w, 2224 s, 1905 w, 1790 w, 1729 w, 1652 w, 1605 s, 1514 m, 1460 m, 1357 s, 1325 m, 1290 s, 1220 w, 1208 w, 1181 s, 1123 s, 1039 s, 1019 w, 895 s, 860 w, 842 w, 812 s, 724 w, 719 w, 709 m, 683 w, 667 m, 665 w, 647 w, 642 w, 619 w, 540 w, 531 w, 525 w, 515 s, 507 w, 504 w, 501 w, 496 w, 493 w, 488 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C22H10F9NNa) m/z 482.0567, found 482.0544. 4,6-Bis(4-methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (5ad). General procedure B was followed with 88.6 mg of 2a and 407.9 mg of 3d. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 5ad as a white solid (14.6 mg, 8% yield): mp 97−98 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 2.43 (s, 3 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H), 7.33 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 4 H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (s, 1 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 21.2, 21.3, 106.6, 115.3, 122.6 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 123.3 (q, JC−F = 5.6 Hz), 127.1, 127.1, 128.8, 129.5, 130.0, 131.3, 134.3 (q, JC−F = 31.0 Hz), 134.9, 139.4, 139.7, 145.4, 148.8; IR (KBr) 3093 w, 2938 w, 2642 w, 2360 w, 2357 w, 2226 s, 2003 w, 1943 w, 1934 w, 1807 w, 1700 w, 1695 w, 1652 w, 1619 s, 1607 s, 1588 w, 1577 w, 1523 w, 1461 m, 1438 m, 1406 s, 1393 s, 1363 s, 1325 s, 1296 s, 1271 m, 1255 m, 1191 s, 1123 s, 1069 s, 1062 s, 1035 s, 1014 s, 975 m, 961 m, 915 w, 904 s, 846 s, 832 s, 766 w, 742 w, 722 w, 698 w, 654 s, 590 m, 503 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C22H16F3NNa) m/z 374.1133, found 374.1141. 4,6-Bis(4-methoxylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (5af). General procedure B was followed with 86.9 mg of 2a and 441.5 mg 6508

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

of 3f. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 5af as a white solid (4.1 mg, 2% yield): mp 146.5−148.5 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 399.7 MHz) δ 3.88 (s, 3 H), 3.89 (s, 3 H), 7.04 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 4 H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.81 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (s, 1 H); 13 C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 55.4, 55.5, 106.1, 114.3, 114.8, 115.5, 122.6 (q, JC−F = 274.3 Hz), 122.8 (q, JC−F = 5.1 Hz), 128.5, 129.7, 130.1, 130.3, 130.8, 134.4 (q, JC−F = 31.6 Hz), 145.0, 148.4, 160.5, 160.8; IR (KBr) 3063 m, 3037 m, 3012 m, 2972 m, 2945 m, 2918 m, 2849 m, 2225 m, 2035 w, 1876 w, 1844 w, 1604 s, 1576 w, 1515 s, 1461 m, 1436 m, 1419 w, 1413 w, 1362 s, 1333 w, 1318 m, 1307 m, 1290 s, 1257 s, 1245 s, 1207 s, 1179 s, 1174 s, 1164 s, 1118 s, 1060 m, 1044 m, 1024 s, 1014 m, 917 w, 903 m, 960 w, 847 w, 826 s, 820 s, 799 w, 791 w, 777 w, 763 w, 731 w, 725 w, 710 w, 682 w, 667 s, 656 w, 638 w, 620 w, 594 w, 581 w, 568 w, 559 w, 544 w, 536 m, 525 m, 521 m cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C22H16F3NO2Na) m/z 406.1031, found 406.1031. 4,6-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (5ah). General procedure B was followed with 88.1 mg of 2a and 406.4 mg of 3h. PTLC (10:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 5ah as a white solid (10.5 mg, 6% yield): mp 165 °C dec; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400.1 MHz) δ 2.45 (s, 3 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H), 7.30 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.38−7.45 (m, 6 H), 7.86 (s, 1 H), 7.96 (s, 1 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 21.5, 21.5, 107.0, 115.1, 122.6 (q, JC−F = 274.4 Hz), 123.7 (q, JC−F = 4.6 Hz), 124.5, 126.1, 128.0, 128.8, 129.3, 129.6, 130.1, 130.2, 131.7, 134.3 (q, JC−F = 32.9 Hz), 137.3, 137.8, 138.6, 139.2, 145.7, 148.9; IR (KBr) 3651 w, 3028 w, 2963 w, 2925 w, 2864 w, 2352 w, 2229 w, 1947 w, 1734 m, 1695 m, 1607 m, 1456 m, 1419 m, 1394 m, 1362 s, 1289 s, 1135 s, 957 s, 894 m, 785 s, 705 w, 671 w cm−1; HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + Na]+ (C22H16F3NNa) m/z 374.1133, found 374.1120. Spectroscopic data of 2-methyl-6-phenylbenzonitrile (4ca)20a and 2,6-diphenylbenzonitrile (6da)20b are in good agreement with those reported in literature. Para C−H Arylation of Aromatic Nitrile 7. In a glovebox, phenylboronate (3a) (152 mg, 0.8 mmol), RuH2(CO) (PPh3)3 (1a) (36.7 mg, 0.04 mmol), 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (7) (47.8 mg, 0.2 mmol), and KHCO3 (20.0 mg, 0.2 mmol) were placed in a 6 mL screw cap tube, and then pinacolone (0.2 mL) was added to the tube. The mixture was heated at 120 °C for 15 h. After removal of the volatile materials by rotary evaporation, the crude material was passed through a basic aluminum oxide column to remove the remaining arylboronate and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (15:1:5 hexane/EtOAc/toluene) to afford 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4phenylbenzonitrile (8) as a white solid (8.7 mg, 14% yield): mp 111− 112 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 391.8 MHz) δ 7.55−7.59 (m, 3 H), 7.64− 7.66 (m, 2 H), 8.19 (s, 2 H); 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 98.5 MHz) δ 106.3 (sep, JC−F = 2.1 Hz), 111.8, 121.8 (q, JC−F = 274.9 Hz), 127.4, 127.9 (qq, JC−F = 4.6 Hz, 0.9 Hz), 129.7, 130.3, 135.9 (q, JC−F = 32.9 Hz), 136.5, 146.7; IR (KBr) 3098 w, 3069 w, 3042 w, 2921 w, 2851 w, 2236 w, 1614 m, 1590 w, 1469 w, 1460 w, 1374 s, 1340 w, 1325 w, 1302 s, 1291 s, 1217 s, 1193 s, 1177 s, 1136 s, 1074 m, 1058 m, 1000 w, 971 w, 927 w, 908 m, 848 w, 762 m, 693 m, 675 w, 671 w cm−1; HRMS (DART-TOF) calcd for [M]− (C15H7F6N) m/z 315.0483, found 315.0493. Procedures for Syntheses of Benzonitrile-d 5 (2d-d 5). Benzonitrile-d5 was prepared using a procedure similar to the one for synthesis of various aromatic nitriles reported by Friedman and Shechter.21 A three-neck flask was charged with bromobenzene-d5 (4.86 g, 30 mmol), CuCN (3.13 g, 35 mmol), and 4.5 mL of DMF. The mixture was heated to reflux for 22 h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of NH3 aq and extracted with Et2O. The organic layer was washed with 6 M HCl and water, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated. Purification of the crude material by distillation and then by silica gel column chromatography (20:1 hexane/EtOAc) afforded 2d-d5 as a colorless oil (1.50 g, 46% yield).

■

■

X-ray crystallographic data for 5ab and NMR spectra for all new compounds (PDF) X-ray crystallographic data for 5ab (CIF)

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Fumitoshi Kakiuchi: 0000-0003-2605-4675 Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. JP15H05839 in Middle Molecular Strategy, the MEXTSupported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private University, 2009−2013, and CREST and ACT-C from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan.

■

REFERENCES

(1) Recent representative reviews: (a) De Sarkar, S.; Liu, W.; Kozhushkov, S.; Ackermann, L. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2014, 356, 1461. (b) Huang, Z.; Lim, H. N.; Mo, F.; Young, M. C.; Dong, G. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 7764. (c) Kakiuchi, F.; Kochi, T. Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokaishi 2015, 73, 1099. (d) Zhu, R.-Y.; Farmer, M. E.; Chen, Y.-Q.; Yu, J.-Q. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 10578. (2) (a) Lewis, J. C.; Bergman, R. G.; Ellman, J. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1013. (b) Ackermann, L.; Vicente, R.; Kapdi, A. R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9792. (c) Hirano, K.; Miura, M. Synlett 2011, 2011, 294. (d) Bheeter, C. B.; Chen, L.; Soule, J.-F.; Doucet, H. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2016, 6, 2005. (3) (a) Kakiuchi, F. Top. Organomet. Chem. 2007, 24, 1. (b) Lyons, T. W.; Sanford, M. S. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147. (c) Daugulis, O. Top. Curr. Chem. 2009, 292, 57. See also ref 1. (4) (a) Takeuchi, R.; Yasue, H. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 5386. (b) Minami, Y.; Kanda, M.; Hiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 2014, 43, 181. (c) Huang, Q.; Hua, R. Chem. - Eur. J. 2009, 15, 3817. (5) Kakiuchi, F.; Sonoda, M.; Tsujimoto, T.; Chatani, N.; Murai, S. Chem. Lett. 1999, 28, 1083. (6) (a) Li, W.; Xu, Z.; Sun, P.; Jiang, X.; Fang, M. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1286. (b) Li, W.; Sun, P. J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 8362. (c) Du, B.; Jiang, X.; Sun, P. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 2786. (d) Reddy, M. C.; Jeganmohan, M. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 10738. (7) Cis-selective catalytic dimerization of acrylonitrile: (a) Kashiwagi, K.; Sugise, R.; Shimakawa, T.; Matuura, T.; Shirai, M.; Kakiuchi, F.; Murai, S. Organometallics 1997, 16, 2233. (b) Kashiwagi, K.; Sugise, R.; Shimakawa, T.; Matuura, T.; Shirai, M. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2007, 264, 9. (8) (a) Bullock, R. M.; Headford, C. E. L.; Kegley, S. E.; Norton, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 727. (b) Wright, T. C.; Wilkinson, G.; Motevalli, M.; Hursthouse, M. B. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1986, 2017. (c) Chetcuti, P. A.; Knobler, C. B.; Hawthorne, M. F. Organometallics 1988, 7, 650. (d) Barrera, J.; Sabat, M.; Harman, W. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 8178. (e) Lorente, P.; Carfagna, C.; Etienne, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1090. (f) Kiplinger, J. L.; Arif, A. M.; Richmond, T. G. Organometallics 1997, 16, 246. (g) Thomas, S.; Young, C. G.; Tiekink, E. R. T. Organometallics 1998, 17, 182. (h) Etienne, M.; Carfagna, C.; Lorente, P.; Mathieu, R.; de Montauzon, D. Organometallics 1999, 18, 3075. (i) Garcia, J.; Brunkan, N. M.; Jones, W. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9547. (j) Jackson, A. B.; Schauer, C. K.; White, P. S.; Templeton, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10628. (9) (a) Kakiuchi, F.; Kan, S.; Igi, K.; Chatani, N.; Murai, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1698. (b) Kakiuchi, F.; Matsuura, Y.; Kan, S.; Chatani, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5936. (c) Kitazawa, K.; Kochi, T.; Sato, M.; Kakiuchi, F. Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 1951. (d) Hiroshima, S.;

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623. 6509

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

Featured Article

Matsumura, D.; Kochi, T.; Kakiuchi, F. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5318. (e) Kitazawa, K.; Kotani, M.; Kochi, T.; Langeloth, M.; Kakiuchi, F. J. Organomet. Chem. 2010, 695, 1163. (f) Kitazawa, K.; Kochi, T.; Nitani, M.; Ie, Y.; Aso, Y.; Kakiuchi, F. Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 300. (10) 2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (2a) was used as a substrate for reaction optimization because it showed higher reactivity than 2c during the initial screening. (11) Ogiwara, Y.; Miyake, M.; Kochi, T.; Kakiuchi, F. Organometallics 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00540. (12) Mitsudo and co-workers reported the synthesis of 1b and used it as a catalyst for [2 + 2] cross-olefin coupling. Mitsudo, T.-a.; Kokuryo, K.; Shinsugi, T.; Nakagawa, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Takegami, Y. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4492. (13) (a) Rosewall, C. F.; Sibbald, P. A.; Liskin, D. V.; Michael, F. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9488. (b) Tsai, C.-C.; Shih, W.-C.; Fang, C.-H.; Li, C.-Y.; Ong, T.-G.; Yap, G. P. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11887. (c) Nakao, Y.; Yamada, Y.; Kashihara, N.; Hiyama, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13666. (d) Wang, X.; Leow, D.; Yu, J.-Q. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 13864. (e) Karthikeyan, J.; Cheng, C.-H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9880. (f) Mizuta, Y.; Obora, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Ishii, Y. ChemCatChem 2012, 4, 187. (g) Xu, H.; Shang, M.; Dai, H.X.; Yu, J.-Q. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 3830. (14) Grinding of the KHCO3 powder lowered the yield of 4aa. (15) (a) Kakiuchi, F.; Usui, M.; Ueno, S.; Chatani, N.; Murai, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2706. (b) Ueno, S.; Mizushima, E.; Chatani, N.; Kakiuchi, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 16516. (16) See the Supporting Information for more details. (17) (a) Kakiuchi, F.; Sekine, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Kamatani, A.; Sonoda, M.; Chatani, N.; Murai, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1995, 68, 62. (b) Young, R.; Wilkinson, G. Inorg. Synth. 1977, 17, 75. (c) Sentets, S.; Martinez, C. R. M.; Vendier, L.; Donnadieu, B.; Huc, V.; Lugan, N.; Lavigne, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14554. (18) (a) Blakemore, P. R.; Marsden, S. P.; Vater, H. D. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 773. (b) Ukai, K.; Aoki, M.; Takaya, J.; Iwasawa, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8706. (c) Wilson, D. A.; Wilson, C. J.; Moldoveanu, C.; Resmerita, A.-M.; Corcoran, P.; Hoang, L. M.; Rosen, B. M.; Percec, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1800. (d) Lu, Z.; Zhou, X.; Hu, S.; Shu, X.; Tian, Y.; Zhu, J. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 13546. (e) Li, Y. Q.; Bricks, J. L.; Resch-Genger, U.; Spieles, M.; Rettig, W. J. Fluoresc. 2006, 16, 337. (f) Clary, J. W.; Rettenmaier, T. J.; Snelling, R.; Bryks, W.; Banwell, J.; Wipke, W. T.; Singaram, B. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 9602. (g) Rosen, B. M.; Huang, C.; Percec, V. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 2597. (19) Van Camp, J. A.; Hu, L.-Y.; Kostlan, C.; Lefker, B.; Li, J.; Mitchell, L.; Wang, Z.; Yue, W.-S.; Carroll, M.; Dettling, D.; Du, D.; Pocalyko, D.; Wade, K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 5529. (20) (a) Fringuelli, F.; Girotti, R.; Piermatti, O.; Pizzo, F.; Vaccaro, L. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5741. (b) Jia, Q.; Wang, J. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 2212. (21) Friedman, L.; Shechter, H. J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 2522.

6510

DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02623 J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6503−6510