INDUSTRIAL AND ENG INEERING CHEMISTRY
October, 1941
1275
(16) Schwarts, M. C., Edwards, W. R., Jr., and Boudreaux, Grace, IND. ENQ.CHEM.,32, 1462 (1940). (17) Sheen, R. T., and Kahler, H. L., IND.ENQ. CHEM.,ANAL.ED., 8, 127 (1935); Kahler, H. L., Ibid., 12, 266 (1940). (18) Tsmett, M., Ber. deut. botan. Ges., 24, 384 (1906). (19) Wilson, J. N., J. Am. Chem. SOC.,62, 1583 (1940). (20) Zechmeister, L., and Cholnoky, L. V., “Die chromatogi-aphische Adsorptionsmethode”, Berlin, Julius Springer, 1937.
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PREBENTID before the Division of Colloid Chemistry at the 10lst Meeting of the American Chemical Society, St. Louis, Mo.
B T
IO 100 RESIDUAL CONCENTRATION- my CaCO3 / 1 0 0 ~ ~ .
FIGURB6. ADSORPTION OF CALCIUM BY CATIONEXCHANCP~ ADSORBEKTS
Iodine Number of Expressed Almond Oil W. A. BUSH AND E. A. LASHER 3135 East 26th Street, Los Amgeles, Calif.
FREUNDLICH ISOTH~RM CONSTANTSO
k n
IR-1
CI
CII
GI,
GR
119 0.011
0.142 1.506
17.90 0.362
16.14 0.365
0.133 1.260
- -
a IR-I = Amberlite IR-1’ CI carbonaceous exchanger I; CII = carbonaoeoua exchaiger 11; GZ gel zeolite: G R = greensand.
observed. Certainly in the case of the cation exchangers, and probably in the case of the anion exchangers, the primary process must be chemical reaction, but this is so masked by diffusion and reaction velocity factors that the practical equilibrium values obtained simulate adsorption values. Fundamental studies have been initiated to shed more light on the variables involved in ion exchange by synthetic resins.
Summary Synthetic resin cation and anion exchangers exhibit typical Freundlich adsorption isotherms when placed in contact with solutions of acids and salts. The adsorption which occurs in exchange columns may be considered as a species of chromatographic adsorption, and the break-through capacity may be calculated from the adsorption isotherm. Synthetic resins show preferential adsorption phenomena which is accompanied in some cases by visible chromatographic banding.
Literature Cited (1) Adams, B. A,, and Holmes, E. L., J. SOC.Chem. Ind., 54, 1-6T (1935); Brit. Patents 450,308-9 (June 13, 1936), 474,361 (Nov. 25, 1937) : French Patents 796,796-7 (April 25, 1936) : U. S. Patents 2,104,501 (Jan. 4, 1938), 2,151,883 (March 28, 1938), 2,191,853 (Feb. 27, 1940). (2) Akeroyd, E. I:, and Broughton, G. J., J . Phys. Chem., 42, 343 (1938). (3) Bhatnagar, S. S., Kapur, A. N., and Bhatnagar, M. S., J. Indian Chem. SOC.,16, 249, 261 (1939). (4) Bhatnagar, 9. S., Kapur, A. N., and Puri, M. L., Ibid., 13, 679 (1936); 17, 381 (1940). (5) Broughton, G., and Lee, Y. N., J. Phys. Chem., 43, 737 (1939). (6) Flood, H., Tids. Kjemi Bergwesen, 17, 178 (1937). (7) Griessbach, R., “Uber die Herstellung und Andwendung neuer Austauschadsorbienten, inbesondere aut Harsbasis”, Berlin, Verlag Chemie, 1939. (8) I. G. Farbenindustrie, Akt.-Ges., French Patent 820,969 (Nov. 24, 1937): Brit. Patent 489,173 (July 20, 1938). (9) Koshara, W., Chem.-Ztg., 61, 185 (1937). (lo) Langelier, W.F., J . Am. Water Works Assoc., 32, 279 (1940). (11) Myers, R. J., and Eastes, J. W., IND. ENQ. CHEM.,33, 1203 (1941). (12) Myers, R. J., Eastes, J. W., and Myers, F. J., Ibid., 33, 697 I1 941 ). .----I.
(13) Schwab, G. M., and Dottler, G., Angew. Chem., 50, 691 (1937); 51. .-, 709 .. (1938). . ~. .~ , (14) Schwab, G. M., and Ghosh, A. N., Ibid., 52, 666 (1939); 53, 39 (1940). (16) Schwab, G . M., and Jockers, K., Naturwissenschuften, 25, 44 (1937); Angew. Chem., 50, 546 (1937).
E
XPRESSED almond oil is the fixed oil obtained from the kernels of cultural varieties of Amygdalus communis (Linne). According to Jamieson (1) the bulk of the oil of commerce is expressed from bitter almonds. There is apparently little difference between the oils from the bitter and sweet varieties of kernels. The iodine number is reported by Jamieson (1) as 95 to 103. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States (3) gives the iodine number (Hanus) as not less than 93 and not more than 100. The only reference we have found to an almond oil with an iodine number above 100 is that of Nilov (d), who cites variation from 63.13 to 113.68 in the case of oil of sweet almonds. During the summer of 1939 one of us supervised the pressing and Gltration of about 2500 kg. of oil from almond kernels of the California crop of 1938. The kernels were collected from various parts of the state and represented more than two varieties of sweet almonds; no bitter almonds were present. Subjected to some of the usual tests for purity, the oil was found to have the following values:
The specific gravity by a very small margin and the iodine number by a rather wide divergence were outside the limits adopted by the Pharmacopoeial Convention. During March, 1941, we supervised the pressing of another lot of sweet almond kernels from several local sources (California), the operation producing 10,850 kg. of oil. I n the early stages of the operation iodine numbers were determined, and it became clear that the oil expressed from the assortment of kernels was again beyond the prescribed limits. Samples of the various cultural varieties of kernels were then expressed by hand, using a laboratory screw press. The oils obtained in this manner were tested in the usual way, and the results are tabulated below: Cultural Variety
Drake Ne Plus Nonpareil Texas
S p Gr.. SaponificaIodine No. Rcfraotive (Hanus) Index, 20’ C. 25 /25’ C. ticn No.
102.0 105.7 102.2
104.6
1.47246 1.47‘296 1.41246 1.47279
0.9138 0.9148 0 9138 0.9142
194.8 196.6 196.6 196.0
Acid
No. 0.42 0.29 0.19 0.16
Literature Cited (1) Jamieson, G. S., “Vegetable Fats &. Oils”, p. 32, New York, Chemical Catalog Co., 1932. (2) Nilov, V. I., Bull. Applied Botany, Genetics, Plant Breeding (U. S. 8. R.),A, No. 1 1 , 2 1 4 0 (1934). (3) Pharmacopoeia of the U. S. A,, 11th Decennial Revision, Easton, Penna., Mack Printing Co., 1936.
