book reviews tures of the transport properties of molten salts with particular reference to the various mechanistic theories of transport that have heen proposed. Experimental methods are not included. As such, this text would be very useful in a special topics course on the liquid state at the undergraduate or graduate level and as a quick survey of current viewpoints in transport phenomena for those embarking upon research studies in molten salts. The hook contains a short introduction followed hy three other chapters. One chapter deals with general phenomenological concepts and definitions covering the transport properties, viscosity, diffusion, electrical conductance and transport numhers. The derivations in this chapter are clearly presented, and the concepts are well illustrated. A further chapter concentrates on general aspects of ionic melts. Some of the more salient equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of typical fused salts are presented as a guide to extending these concepts to theoretical models of transport properties. Examples of volume changes on fusion, changes in average coordination numbers, surface tensions and entropies of fusion are discussed and tabulated for several single salts. The transport properties, viscosity, specific and equivalent conductance and self-diffusion coefficients are similarly presented and comparisons are made with nonionie liquids and aqueous electrolyte solutions. The variation of transport properties with temperature is discussed in terms of Arrhenius-like hehavior with particular application of the concept of activation parameters. The treatment of transport data is also briefly discussed in terms of the Nernst-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein equation and Walden's rule. This chapter concludes with reference to several useful reviews and articles on the subject, covering both theoretical and ex~erimental aspects with an addendum ~ o i n t i n gout some valuable sources of fused salt data nublished hv the National Stendard Reference Data Series of the NBS. The final chapter which occupies ahout one half of the hook is concerned with the mechanisms and models of ionic liquid transport. The author indicates that although none of the models are as yet a m ciently refined and vigorous to interpret a large body of date, a need exists for an interim analyses of the present state of the art. The following treatments are clearly described: the hole theory, the absolute rate theory, free volume theories and the glassy state concept and remarks on the high-temperature region. The applications of the various models and theories by several investigators is discussed. A useful hihliography is also included. This hook focusses entirely on the transport properties of single salts with no attempt to include binary mixtures and the corresponding "mixture equations" that have been proposed for transport properties. A short section on the application of fused salt transport properties in certain aspects of technology would have been useful. However, despite these omissions this hook is well-written and covers an area ~~~~~
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A142 / Jourml of Chemical Education
which tends to form a significant gap in the knowledge of most students and many teachers. Reginald P. T. Tornkins Remselaer Polyt~~hnlc in~h'tute Tmy, New Yor* 12181
Science and Anll-Sclence
Morris Goran, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Michigan, 1914. xi 128 pp. 15.5 X 23.5 cm. 510.00
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By "anti-science", Dr. Goran means those intellectual and social attitudes which are perceived as in conflict with the scientific perspective. The objective is to show science as a human activity with all of the strengths and frailities endemic to human endeavors. This is an important theme which always merits recognition and emphasis. Cited are conflicts with government, with religion, and with intellectuals. For example, due to the extensive government funding of research, science is in danger of becoming a "state science". Obtaining of &sired funding too often involves political intervention. On the other hand, because of the presumed universalism of scientific concepts, science would seem to provide the ideal medium for the establishment of international cooperation. With regards ta religion the conflict has once again developed with the controversy in California about creationism as opposed to evolution. Intellectuals, by which Goran means primarily writers, such as for example, Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Wood Krutch, Roszak, e t al., are wary of science for destroying the simplicity and gentleness of life and for replacing it with a cold, impersonal, purposeless world. Many intellectuals had great expectations for science's potential to mitigate human sufferings but as Krutch remarked, "We are disillusioned . . not because we have lost faith in the truth of its [science's] findings but heeause we have lost faith in the power of these findings to help us generally as we had once hoped they might help." Beyond this indictment, is that of Roszak's that, in pursuit of ohjectivity, alienation has been raised to the apotheosis as the only legitimate means of achieving a valid relationship to reality. Intellectuals who were allies at the birth of modern science have become some of its bitterest opponents, largely attributahle to lack of understanding and no appreciation for the true nature of science. Yet Goran counters with the fact that there are scientists who are actively creative in the arts and the humanities. Here as elsewhere, it is my feeling that Goran's response is not altogether commensurate with the magnitude of the challange. Science, he shows in another chapter, is mare than facts, observations, theories, and experiments. Because of this, historically, group loyalties and even nationalism (for example, Newton's ideas vs those of Descartes and Leibnitz) have played a role. There are conflicts about subject matter-
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ranging all the way from controversies about quantum mechanics to those about eatresensory phenomena-and conflicts between personalities in science. In another section there is discussion of the myths about scientists, for example, that science is strictly objective. This distorts the true nature of science, as for instance suggested by Lawrence Durrell: "Science is the poetry of the intellect;" or Warren Weaver's characterization that "Science is an essentially artistic enterprise stimulated largely by curiosity served largely by disciplined imagination, and based largely on faith in the reasonableness, order and beauty of the universe of which man is a part." Another myth, is that scientists are exceptionally brilliant, Goran believes. Then he quotes a controversial statement of Barzun (ironically, I might add, heeause Barzun's "Science: The Glori. ous Entertainment" was criticized by man) scientists as being anti-science!): ". . . science is the democratic technique par excellence. I t calls for virtues which can be learned-patience, thoroughness, accuracy . . with care and industry a man of normal endowments can he a satisfactory scientist." Rightly so, Goran counters that science is a matter of error-correcting for science is only tentative truth, but then as elsewhere he tends to oversimplify and thereby distort the issue, for instance, by declaring: "If scientists were brilliant, they would have no difficulty with understanding new theories mistakes would he less frequent." Some of the inaccurate perception of science arises from the retrospectively logical format of the written presentation of scientific work. The distinction between pure and applied science is grossly exaggerated, is Goran's contention. When science is presented in textbooks, all concepts are presented as being valid with equal certaintv. Reductionism is a distorted view. Scient:fifie originality is still achieved by individuals and Pasteur's suggestion that "chance favors the prepared mind" iis still valid. Of course, scientists too, as other human beings, can become preoccupied with a single perspective. All true and generally acknowledged by scientists. However Goran does not really go much beyond citing these varied and counterbalancing attitudes. The index is primarily of citations of people rather than of subjects, altogether legitimate in emphasizing the humanness of science, but regrettably, there is not much developed coneeptusl elaboration be~ o n the d sort of anecdotal (in the sociological sense) account which such an index represents. So discretion is necessary in acquiring this book, particularly a t its price1 page ratio, as admirable as is the author's intention. The provocative quotations are plentiful hut for most of them, the reference is insufficiently delineated to enable one to go to the original source. The book is adequate for supplemental reading and can he recommended for those who are compsratwely slwgether uninformed ahout the nature and stat? of science today.
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