SCIENTIFIC A N D I N D U S T R I A L SOCIETIES.
485
Hotel Ponchartrazn. By 0. WALLACH. Gr. 8, x x i i t 5 i 6 S. Leipzig, n’ednesday afternoon and evening, the members, ladies 1909. Price, blk. I S ; Hihfrz., Mk. 20.50. and visitors will be entertained by Parke, Davis & Co. This Tables of Properties, of Over Fifteen Hundred Common entertainment will consist of the inspection of their laboraInorganic Substances. By \VIL€IELhf SEGERBLOX,A.B., Instructor in Chemistry at the Phillips Exeter Academy. tories in the afternoon, luncheon in the evening and moonlight ride on the river after luncheon. This should be a very 1909, Svo, x + 1 4 4 pp. Exeter, N. H.: Exeter Book instructive and enjoyable afternoon and evening for all Pub. Co. Price, cloth, $3.00. those who attend, and no one x h o has ever before enjoyed Colloids and the Ultramicroscope. B y DR. RICHARD ZSIGthe well-known hospitality of Parke, Davis & Co. will fail MONDY. Authorized translation by JEROME ALEXANDER, to take advantage of this feature. This plant, manufactur245 pp., ill. with line cuts and M.Sc. 1909, 8v0, xiii ing pharmaceutical preparations of all kinds, is one of the n-color plates. New York: John iViley & Sons, Lonlargest and most completely equipped in the world. don: Chapman & Hall. Price, cloth, $3.00. THURSDAY, JULY IST. 8.25 A.M.-Thursday morning the attending members and visitors SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES. -will leave for Ann Arbor on invitation of the Regents of the University of Michigan. The regular train leaves a t 8 . 2 5 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, DETROIT MEETING, o’clock v i a Michigan Central. If enough members signify The very successful Detroit meeting of the society will be in advance their intention of attending, a special train may fully reported in the August number of this Journal. I n be provided. The party will return to Detroit by the regular particular the secretaries of the Division of Industrial Chemtrain leaving a t 4.50 P . M . , unless a special train is obtained. ists and Chemical Engineers and the Division of Fertilizer Chemists will furnish special reports of the meetings of those The Regents of the University of Michigan will provide a noonday lunch. Divisions. I n addition many of the papers read a t Detroit 10.00 A.M.will appear in these columns during succeeding months. General Xeeting, Barbour Gymnasium. The following addresses will be given: F. K. Cameron (for Agricultural and Food Division). PROGRAM OF THE FORTIETH GENERAL MEETING O F The Dynamic View Point of Soils. THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY HELD AT H. E. Howe (for Industrial Division). Optical and DETROIT, MICHIGAN. From Tuesday J u n e zg to Friday July 2 , 1909. Quartz Glass: ‘Their Chemical and Physical Properties. MONDAY, JUNE ZSTH. IVilder D. Bancroft (for Division of Physical and Inorganic Chemists). The Chemistry of Phosphorescing boiids. 8 P.M.Hotel Ponchartrain. Alexander Smith (for Section of Chemical Education). The Place of Chemistry in the American College. MEETING O F T H E COUNCIL.
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TUESDAY, JUNE 2 9 ~ ~ . Central High School, Third Floor. I O A.M.--
Address of Welcome, Dr. F. T. F. Stephenson, President Society Detroit Chemists. Response, Dr. IV. R. \Vhitney, President American Chemical Society. 10.30 A.XMeetings of Divisions. For program see following pages. I P.M:--
Recess for lunch. 2.30 p.51.Continuation of morning meetings. 8
P.M.-
Theater party for ladies. Smoker a t Harmonic Hall, corner Wilcox and Centre streets, complimentary to the visiting chemists, by the Society of Detroit Chemists. An invitation is extended to all members of the American Chemical Society and their guests to be present. WEDNESDAY, JCNE 3 0 ~ ~ . 9.30 -4.51.-
Central High School Meetings of Divisions. I P.31.-
Recess for lunch. 2.30 P.M.--
2.00 P.M,--
General Meeting. Barbour Gymnasium. Section of Chemical Education. Papers will be presented as follows: S . Lawrence Bigelow. “Some Ideals, bonie Difficulties, and a Compromise for a First Course in Chernistry.” Arthur John Hopkins. “ A First College Course in Chemistry.” Lauder W.Jones. “College Chemistry beyond the Eienientary Course.” Harry McCormack. “Laboratory Instruction in l n dustrial Chemistry.” Norman A . Dubois. “Teaching by the Lecture System.” 8.00 P.M.-
Subscrip tion Dinner.
Hot el Ponch a rt rii i i i ,
FRID.\Y, JULYzND. 9.30 A.M.Adjourned meetings of Sections and Divisions. Excursions may also be arranged for Frid:iy niorning if divisional programs have been completed. 1.30 P.M.-Excursions to manufacturing plants. hlenihers should register their choice of excursions a t the registration desk, or with Dr. F. T. F. Stephenson, as early in the meeting as possible. List of Plants Open for Visztuiioii. Acme Lead & Color Works. Paints, White Lead by new process.
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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y .
Morgan & Wright. Auto Tires and Mechanical Rubber Detroit Salt Co. Rock Salt Mine, 800 feet deep. Murphy Ice Co. Distilled water, artificial ice. Ozonizing plant in connection. Peoples’ Ice Co. Artificial ice plant. Packard Automobile Co. “Ask the man that has one.” Detroit City Gas Co. Manufacturers Illuminating gas. Cadillac Motor Car Co. Auto Manufacturers. The Herpicide Co. “Going, Going, Gone.” Goebel Brewing Co. Annual capacity 350,000 barrels. Hiram Walker & Sons. Distillery of “Canadian Club.” American Electric Heater Co. Largest electric heating apparatus plant in America. Hoskins Mfg. Co. Pyrometers and Electric Furnaces. Sibley Quarry Co. Limestone and Sand-lime hricks. Peninsular Engraving Co. Engravers and Printers. The Clark Wireless Telegraphy Co. Manufacturers wireless equipment. Berry Brothers. Varnish manufacturers. Detroit Iron and Steel Co. Blast Furnace.
DIVISION O F AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTS. W. D. BIGELOW,Chairman. W. B. D. PENNIMAN, Secretary. PAPERS. I.
A. B. Adams.
“The Distillation of Whiskey.”
(30
niin.) 2.
L. L. Van Slyke.
“The Chemistry of Milk.”
(30
niin.) 3 . L. I,. VanSlyke and A. W. Bosworth. “Volumetric Method for Determining Casein in Milk.” 4. E. V. McCollum and W. E. Tottinghnm. “ A Chernical Study of the Interaction of Fermenting Manures and Ground Rock Phosphate. ( I O rnin.) 5 . J. Pearce Mitchell. “Determination of Nitrates in Potable Waters with High Chloride Content.” 6 . J. Pearce Mitchell. “Normal Chloride Content of Surface Waters on the San Francisco Peninsula.” 7. Hermann C. Lythgoe. “The Relation between the Calcium and the F a t Content of Cream.” ( 5 min.) 8 . Edmund Clarke. “The Determination of Benzoic Acid in Food Products.” 9. G. H. Failyer and W. H. Waggaman. “The Estimation of Organic Matter in Soils.” ( I O rnin.) IO. F. K. Cameron and W. 0. Robinson. “The Relation of the Iron Content to the Color of Soils.” ( I O min.) 11. H. E. Patten. “The Relation of Moisture Content t o the Heat Conductance of Soils.” ( 1 5 min.) 1 2 . C. G. Hopkins. “The Element System of Nomenclature in Soil Chemistry.” (20 rnin.) 1 3 . G. S. Fraps. “The Interpretation of Soil Analyses with Respect to Phosphoric Acid. ( I O min.) 14. G. S. Fraps. “The Potash of the Soil.” ( I O min.) 15. G. S. Fraps and N. C. Hamner. “The Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Soil.” ( I O min.) 16. G. S. Fraps. “The Constants of Pecan Oil.” ( I O rnin.). 17. W. D. Bigelow and M. C. Albrech. “The Determination of Sugar in Chocolate.” (IS min.) 18. S. H. Ross. “ A Modification of the Winton Lead Number in Maple Syrup.” ( I O niin.)
July, 19%
19. E. M. Chace and H. S. Bailey. “The Analysis of Lemon Oil.” ( 1 5 min.) 20. C. S. Hudson. “The Hydrolysis of Salicyn by t h e Enzyme Emulsion.” (IS rnin.) 21. F. W. Morse and B. E. Curry. “The Stimulating Effect of Calcium Salts on Clover and Wheat Seedlings.” 2 2 . A. L. Sullivan. “The Determination of Caffein in Coffee.” ( I O min.) 2 3 . B. H. Smith. “Examination of Dried Fish.” ( I O min.) 24. R. W.Balcom. “ Examination of Vinegar.” (15 min.) 25. Edward Bartow. “Composition and Treatment of Lake Michigan Water.” (5 min.)
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BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION. Chairman. SAMUEL C. PRESCOTT, PAPERS.
H. S. Grindley and H. H. Mitchell. “ A Study of the Food Requirements of Group of Twenty-four Men.” 2. H. S.Grindley. “Urinary Creatinine of Men of Health.” Lantern slides. ( I j min.) 3. F. W. Gill and H. S. Grindley. “The Determination of Urea in Urine.” Lantern slides. ( I O min.) 4. A. D. Emmett and H. S. Grindley. “Animal Nutrition. The Chemical Composition of the Wholesale Cuts of Beef from Three Animals.” Lantern slides. 5. Waldemar Koch. “ A Review of Methods for t h e Estimation of F a t in Tissues.” 6. P. F. Trowhridge. “The Determination of Phosphorus in Flesh.” 7. C. R. Moulton and P. F. Trowhridge. “The Composition of F a t of Beef Animals on Different Planes of Nutrition.” 8. P. F. Trowbridge and F. W. Woodman. “Changes. in the Composition of the Skeleton of Beef Animals.” 9. Earl B. Phelps. Title to be announced. I.
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FERTILIZER CHEMISTRY SECTION.
F. B. CARPENTER, Chairmun. J. E. BRECKENRIDGE, Secretary. PAPERS.
J. E. Breckenridge. “Potash Tests in Conimercial Fertilizer.” 2. F. B. Porter. “The Measurement of Crude Sulphuric Acid.” 3. R. H. Fash. “The Corrosive Action of Alkaline Tank Water upon an Evaporator and a Remedy.” ( I O niin.) 4. R. H. Fash. “The Use of Wood Ashes in Commercial Fertilizers.” ( j niin.) 5 . J. M. McCandless. “Preparation and Neutralization of the Ammonium Citrate Solution.” 6. G. S. Fraps. “The Needs of Texas Soils for Fertilizers.” 7. P. D. Youngblood. “The Scientific Preparation of Phosphate Samples for Chemical Analysis.” 8. G. A. Farnham. “The Effect on Insoluble Phosphoric Acid when Litmus, Corallin and Cochineal Are Used i n Preparing Solution of Animonium Citrate.” ( I O min.) 9. Burt L. Hartwell. “The Availability of CertaimNitrogenous Manures.” I.
SCIENTIFIC A N D I N D U S T R I A L SOCIETIES. IO. Carlton C. Jones. the Pacific.” ( j min.)
“Moisture in Phosphate Rock of __
DIVISION O F INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTS AND CHEMICAI, ENGINEERS. A. D. LITTLE, Chairman. B. T. B. HYDE,Secretary. PAPERS.
C. K. Francis. “Limitations of Use of Starch as a n Accelerator in the Fusion Method.” 2 . Charles P. Fox. “The Technical Determination of Caoutchouc in Guayule.” ( I O min.) 3. Clarence Riegel. “Laboratory Reagents and C. P. Chemicals.” 4. Louis A . Fischer and N. S. Osborne. “Standard Hydrometers.” ( 2 0 niin.) 5. C. W. Waidner. “The Temperature Work of the Bureau of Standards.” ( 2 0 min.) 6 . Edward DeMille Campbell. “ O n the Influence of the Temperature of Burning on the Rate of Hydration of Magnesium Oxide.” 7. H. B. Bishop. “The Electrotitrimeter.” (20 min.) 8. W.C. Geer. “ T h e Present Status of the Chemistry of India Rubber.” (By title.) 9. Arthur G. Smith. “Free Lime in Portland CenientA Mill Study.” IO. J. E. Moore. “The Inspection of Material.” 1 1 . W. C. Ebaugh. “Bag-house Treatment of Blast Furnaces and Roaster Gases.” 1 2 . F. E. Gallagher. “Hygienic Significance of Sulphur in Illuminating Gas.” 13. Alfred H. White. “The Destructive Distillation of Coals for Illuminating Gas; An Experimental Study.” 14. L. P. Kinnicutt. “The Determination of F a t and Soap in Sewage Effluents.” 15. G. W.Sargent. “Observations upon the Direct Determination of Carbon in Various Steels.” 16. Robert Spurr Weston. “ Determination of Nitrates in Potable Water.” 17. S. W. Parr and W. F. Wheeler. “The Ash of Coal and I t s Relation to Actual or Unit Coal Values.” 18. S. W. Parr, Brainerd Mears and D. L. Weatherhead. “ T h e Analysis of Asphalt and Asphaltic Compounds.” 19. S. W. Parr and W. F. Wheeler. “ A Series of Parallel Determinations with the Mahler and Parr Calorimeters.” 20. Chas. H. Herty and E. J. Newell. “Further Application of the Specific Gravity Method for Determining Fat.” 21. Chas. H. Herty. “Some New Extractives for Use in Determining Fats.” 2 2 . Isador Ladoff. “Some Technical Applications of Titanium.” 23. William Brady. “The New Brady Gas Apparatus.” 24. A. B. Davis. “ A Kew Oil Gas Producer.” note. 25. L. Auchy. “Manganese in Steel”-a 26. Roger C. Griffin. “The hnalysis of Lead Arsenate for Water-soluble Impurities.” 27. N. H. Claussen. “The Bouquet of Wine and Beer.” 1 8 . A. Nilson. “The Importance of Pedigree Cultures of Barley for Brewing Purposes.” 29. Warren K. Lewis. “The Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate by Steam.” I.
487
30. Wni. H. Walker and Warren K. Lewis. “The Structure of Tin Plate a s Determined by I t s Method of Manufacture.” 31. Wm. H. Walker and Warren K . Lewis. “ P a i n t aiid Varnish Coatings as Accelerators in the Corrosion of Metals.” 32. Wirt Tassin. “Convenient Illuminator for the Microscopic Examination of Opaque Objects.” ( 5 min.) 33. U’irt Tassin. “Copper Clad Steel-a Recent Metallurgical Product.” ( I 5 min.) 34. P. W. Shimer. “ A Simplified Combustion Crucible.” 35. David Bloom. “Note on a Convenient Condenser for Extractions.” 36. H . G. Martin. “Barium and Sulphur in Fluorspar.” 37. Theo. P. Holt. “Cyanidation of Silver Minerals.” 38. John T. Baker. “The Preparation of Sodium Oxalate for Gse in Standardizing.” 39. Charles A. Davis. “Commercial Aspects of Peat as a Source of Chemical Products.” 40. A. C. Houghton. “Estimation of Pyridine in Aqueous Ammonia.” 4 1 . G. G. Wheat. “Studies in the Solubility of Portland Cement.” 42. 0. T. Joslin. “The Twitchell Process of Glycerine Recovery as Compared with the Ordinary Soap Kettle Saponification.” PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION. A. B. STEVENS, Chairman. PAPERS.
Frank 0.Taylor. “Aconite.” 2. 1%’. A. Pearson. “Chemical Manipulations and the Valuation of Results.” 3. Charles E . Parker. “ A New Form of Separator.” 4. Charles E. Parker. “Notes on the Determination of Morphine.” 5. Azor Thurston. “Tincture of Iodine.” 6. Henry C. Fuller. “ T w o Important Alkaloidal Reactions.” j . Henry C. Fuller and Lyman F. Kebler. “The Purity of Glycerin.” 8. B. I,. Murray. “The Need of Methods of Analysis of Pharmacopoeial Articles.” 9. A. B. Stevens. “Chemical and Physiological Assay of Aconite.” IO. F‘. B. Kilmer. “The Assay of Medicated Plasters.” I I. Edward Kremers. “Pharmacopoeial Ash Standards.” 12. Edward Kremers. “Note on the Curing of Burdock Root.” 13. L. I?. Kebler and B. Herstein. “Investigation of Glacial Phosphoric Acid.” 14. B. Herstein. “The Estimation of Molybdenum.” I.
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DIVISION O F ORGANIC CHEMISTS. R. S. CCRTISS,Chairman. RALPHH. MCKEE,Secretary. PAPERS.
Wm. McPherson and Howard J. Lucas. “ A Study of Hydrazino-compounds.” ( j niin.) 2. William McPherson and Cecil Boord. “ A General Method for Preparing the Pure Sulphates of Hydroxyazo Compounds.” ( 5 min.) I.
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T H E J O U R N A L OF INDUSTRIAL. A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y .
3. Wm. L. Evans and E. J. Witzemann. “Preparation and Oxidation of m-Kitrobenzoylformaldehyde.” ( I O niin.) 4. Alfred Tingle. “Hydrogen Polysulphide as a Reducing Agent.” (5 rnin.) 5. M. T. Bogert and A. H. Kropff. “ O n Some Amino and Nitro Amino Derivatives of Benzoic, hleta Toluic and Meta Phthalic Acids.” (15 min.) 6. M. T . Bogert and R. A. Gortner. “On z-Methyl-3arnino-4-quinazolone and Certain of I t s Derivatives.” ( I O rnin.) 7. hf. T. Bogert and R. A. Gortner. “On Oxalylanthranilic Compounds and Some Quinazolines Derived Therefrom.” ( I O min.) 8. J. Bishop Tingle and B. F. Parlett Brenton. “ I n tramolecular Rearrangement of Phthalamidic Acids.” (3 min.) 9. J. Bishop Tingle and B. F. Parlett Brenton. “Action of Amines on Dicarboxylic Acids of the ~ l i ~ hand ~ t i ~ matic Series.” (3 min.) IO. J. Bishop Tingle and S.J. Bates, “Aliphatic Phenylamidic (Anilic) Acids.” (5 min.) 1 1 . J. Bishop Tingle and C. E. Burke. “Action of Nitranilines on Certain Organic Acids.” (3 min.) I 2 . Julius Stieglitz. stereoisomeric Sitrogell Derivatives -Chlorimido-ketones.” ( I O min.) 13, Oswald Schreiner and Edmund c . Sh0r-y. “ T h e Isolation of Some Further Organic Substances from Soil Humus: (I) Alpha-hydroxystearic Acid. ( 2 ) Paraffinic Acid. (3) Liquid F a t t y Acids.” 14. M. Gomberg and L. L. Van Slyke. “The Action of Molecular Silver and Silver Sulphate on Ortho-brominated Triphenylcarbinolchlorides.” (IO min.) t , ~ h Constitue 15. Irl, Gomberg and I,. p. Kyriakides. tion of the Double Salts of Triphenylcarbinolhalides with Metal Halides.” (j min.) 16. Richard s, Curtiss. ,,Condensations in the Mesoxalic Ester Series.” ( j min.) p. F. Trowbridge and c. K. Francis, “Glycogen Content of Beef Flesh.” 18. F. B. Allan. ‘,The Barium Salts of phthalic ilcid.,,
19. F. B. Allan and C. G. Allin. “ A Third Methyl Ester of Phthalic Acid.” 20. F. B. Allan and C. H. Robinson. “The Preparation and Properties of Phthalyl Cyanide.” 21. Sidney Nirdlinger. “The Rearrangement of Tautomeric Salts.” (I j min.) 22. M. T. Bogert and A. H. Kropff. “Researches on Quinazolines (24th paper). On 6-Methyl-7-aminoquinazolones, ~-Nitroquinazolone-6-carboxylicAcids, and 1,3,7,9Kaphthotetrazines.” (I j min.) 23. R. R. Renshaw. “Simple L-B Diglycerides.” 24. R. R. Renshaw. “Choline, I.” 2j. R. R. Renshaw and K . N. Atkins. “Bactericidal Properties of Lecithin.” 26. Sicholas Knight and Layton Gouldin. “ Investigation of the Fruit of the Rose.” (8 min.) 2 7 . W.A. Noyes, E. E. Gorslineand Luther Knight. “Molecular Rearrangements in the Camphor Series.” 28. Edward Kremers. “Some Effects of Solvents Containing Hydroxy Groups on True Nitroso Compounds.” 29. UT. C. Arsem “ A New Synthesis of Alkyl Halides.”
July, rgog
DIVISIOS O F PHYSICAL AND IKORGANIC CHEMISTS. CHARLES H. HERTY, Chairman. ’IT’ILDER D. BANCROFT, Secretary. PAPERS. I. Lv.R. Lvhitney, Physical Chemistry of Certain Arrowheads.” ( 1 2 min.) “The Electrical Conductivity of Con2. E. C. Franklin. centrated ~ ~ l (I ~min,) ~ i ~ ~ ~ , 3. 11’. D. Bancroft. “The Development of Positives after,Short E ~ ( 1 2 min,)~ ~ ~ 4‘, J , 1 ~ .~ ~ i ~ Electro-analysis ~ with ~ Graphite Cathode Dish.” j. F. K. Cameron. “Effects of Surfaces on Reactions.” 6, Browne and T, B, Welsh. “Behavior of
*. w.
the Higher Hydronitrides in Liquid Ammonia.”
(12
rnin.)
i. C. H. Herty. “Valence-What IS I t ? ” (12 rnin.) 8. W.Lash Miller. “The Effect of Salts on the Toxicity of Phenol Solutions.” ( I O min.) 9. R . B. Moore. “The Formation of Carbon Dioxide in Solutions of Thorium Nitrate.” IO. E. P. Schoch, Ethel Sykes, D. J. Brown and A. G. Koenig. “Observations on the Use of the Auxiliary Electrode in Rapid Electrolytic Analysis.” ( 7 min.) 11. D. M. Lichty. “Some Physical Properties O f Sulphur Trioxide.” (1s min.) 1 2 . T. W. Richards and H. H. Willard. “The Atomic Weight of Silver.” ( 1 2 min.) 13. W. 0 . Robinson and W. €3. Waggaman. “Basic Magnesium Chlorides.” (5 min.) 14.F. K. Cameron and W.0 . Robinson. “Condensation of Solvent in Dilute Solutions of Electrolytes.” (IO rnin.) I 5 . E. c . Bingham. “The between and Vapor-pressure.’’ (15 min.). 16. V. J. Skillman. “The Tensile Strength of the ZincAluminum Alloys.” ( IO rnin.) 17. E. D. Campbell and c . E. Griffin. “On the V d u metric Determination of Vanadium and Uranium.” 18. B. E. Curry. “The Zinc-antimony Alloys.” 19. R. C. Snowdon. “The Reduction of Nitrobenzene by Iron,,, 20. E. P. Schoch and C. P. Randolph. “The Behavior of the Iron Anode in Various Electrolytes,,, (7 min.) 2 1 . Charles James. “The Rare Earth Bromates.” (Secpaper,) 22. Charles L. Parsons and G. J. Sargent. “ O n Some Organic Compounds of Beryllium.” 23, H, N , McCoy. Organic Amalgams,,, ( I 2 min,) 24.
H. N. McCoy.
“The Chemical Properties of the -.
Radioactive Products of Thorium.” .1 25. Geo. E . Edelen. “ A Xew Apparatus for Regulating the Supply of Heating Mediums for Scientific and Similar Apparatus,,, 26. S. Lawrence Bigelow. branes and Osmotic
“The Size of Pores in Mem( I o nlin,)
2;. G. R. Vv‘hite. “Corrosion of Cadmium in Nitrate Solutions,,, (Io niin.) 28. H. C. Cooper. “Lead Silicates.” (IO min.) 29. Mr. C. Xrserri and Harold Rush. “The Melting Point and Volatility of Chromium.” 30. W. C. Arseni. “Electric Vacuum Furnace Installa-
~
SCIENTIFIC A N D INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES. tions in the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company.” 31. \V. C. Xrsem. “The Salts of Dichlor-tungstic Acid.” 3 2 . \V, C. Arsem. “Oxalo-molybdic Acid and its Salts.” 33. J . E. Mills, “Molecular Attraction.” ( I j min.). 34. J. E. Mills. “The Internal Heat of Vaporization.” 3j. 11, A. Rosanoff and B. S. Merigold. “ O n the Kinetics of Certain Inorganic Reactions in Heterogeneous Media.” 36. Otis D. Swett. “Solvents for Use with the Munroe Crucible.”
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS First Semi-annual Meeting, Brooklyn, J u n e 24-26, 1909.
PROGRAM.
THURSDIY, JUNE 2 4 ~ ~ . 9.30
A.M.-
Addresses of welcome. To the City of New York. Comptroller Herman A. Metz. To the Institute. Prof. Irving W.Fay.
489
5.30 P.M.--
Return trip on the steam lighter “Atlantic.” Luncheon and refreshments will be served on the boat, for which a charge of $1. jo will be necessary. A s the capacity of the boat is limited, applicatiort should be made as early as possible to the Secretary f o r tickets. RIembers purchasing tickets for friends must give name and official position of persons for whom tickets are purchased. SATURDAY, JUNE 2 6 T ~ . EXCURSIONS.
9.30 A.M.-Excursion to the Standard Oil Company’s plant a t Bay A’ay, X. J . (The refining of petroleuni and by-products.) Through the courtesy of the Standard Oil Co., the members of the Institute and their guests will be conveyed by a steamboat to Bay \Yay, N. J . The boat will leave Pier 4, S o r t h River, a t 9.30 A . M . The plant of the Consolidated Gas Co. at Astoria, I,. I., may be visited during the afternoon, the trip being made v i a the new Blackwell’s Island Bridge.
I O A.M.-
“Limits of Efficiency of the Power Gas Producer.” Prof. W. D. Ennis. “The Utilization of Low-grade Fuels in the United States.” 0. K . Zwingenberger. “Creosote Oil from n‘ater Gas Tar.” President S. P. Sadtler. I 2 A.M.--
Business Session. 12.45 P.M.Lunch a t St. George Hotel. 2 P.M,--
“Some Experiments on Case Hardening of Steel with Gases.” J . C. Olsen. “Automatic Acid Egg.” Richard K. Meade. “The Centering of Great Industries in the Xew York Metropolitan District.” Chas. F. McKenna. “Methods of Clay Control.” J . G. Dean. Adjournment. 7 P.XSubscription Dinner a t Brighton Beach Hotel, $2.00.
FRIDAY, JENE
2jTH.
EXCCRSIONS. I t is understood that Chemical Engineers who are allied with competing companies will not attend these excursions unless they declare themselves and can extend the same courtesy of inspection from their own plants. 9.30
A.hI,-
Excursion to the Atlantic White Lead and Linseed Oil Works, foot of Gold St., Brooklyn, N. Y . (The manufacture of white lead, linseed oil, lead pipe and sheet lead.) 11.30
-4.Sf.-
Through the courtesy of the National Lead Company, their steam lighter “Atlantic” will convey the members of the Institute and their guests up the Hudson River. I P.X-
Excursion through the Edgewater plant of the Corn Products Refining Company. (The manufacture of glucose, starch and corn by-products.) 3.30 p.31.-
Excursion through the Edgewater plant of the Warner Sugar Refining Company.
TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. By direction of the Executive Committee of the Association, the Twenty-sixth Annual Conveiition will be held a t Denver, Colorado, August 26--28th, inclusive, 1909. As the meeting of the Association of State and Kational Food and Dairy Departments will be held a t the same place from August ~ 4 - ~ 7 t hand , the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations meets a t Portland, Oregon, August Is-zoth, i t appears opportune to join forces with these two organizations and give to our Western members the advantage of a meeting in that section, A supplementary notice will be issued later in regard to headquarters, hotel rates, program of the meeting, etc. ; a t present the attention of the members is called to the following points: RAILWAY RATES.
Pending more definite information the following is quoted from a letter received from the secretary of the Trunk Line ilssociation, Xew York City: * * * Regular summer tourist fares will be in effect from Trunk Line territory to Denver and return a t the time of the above convention, of which your menibers can, if they so desire, avail themselves, and they can secure full information as to these fares by applying to the ticket agents of the several lines. For your information we might state t h a t a fare of $86.75 will apply from n’ashington to Portland, Seattle, and other Northern Pacific Coast points and return, account of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition ; tickets to be sold from May 20th to September 29th, and to bear return limit of October 31ct. Fare of $ r o r . j 5 will apply from \\‘lashington to San Francisco and return, one way via Portland. * * * Tickets sold a t the fares named permit of stop-over a t Denver in either direction. NEW ORDER IN REGARD TO RECOMXENDATIONS O F REFEREES.
The resolution adopted in 1908 necessitating the forwarding of the recommendations of referees to the chairmen of the appropriate subcommittees for consideration in
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T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y .
advance of the meeting is here repeated, and all referees are urged to comply therewith both to avoid confusion a t the time of the meeting and to insure that the recommendations receive a more careful consideration than is possible otherwise: Resohed further, That this committee shall organize from i t s membership three subcommittees, corresponding to the present committees A, B, and C, to whom all recommendations of new methods or of changes in methods, provisional or official, shall be submitted not later than three zeeks przor t o the date of the meeting of the association a t which i t is desired that the recommendations in question shall be considered, and said committee on recommendations shall report to the association, with its approval, disapproval, or suggestion of amendment, all recommendations submitted in due form for its consideration. The chairmen of these committees, to whom the recommendations should be sent, in triplicate if possible, and the subjects pertaining to each committee, are as follows: Committee A (nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, soils, ash, insecticides, and water) .--Chairman, J. K. Haywood, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Committee B (dairy products, foods and feeding stuffs, sugar, tannin, and medicinal plants and drugs) .-Chairman, F. W. Woll, Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, Wi s. Committee C (food adulteration, including separation of nitrogenous bodies).--Chairman, -4. L. Winton, U. S. Food and Drug Inspection Laboratory, Manhattan Building, Chicago, Ill. The return of the enclosed postal is requested. H. W. WILEY, Chief, Bureau of Chemistry, Secretary, Assocaation of Ofjicial Agracultziral Chemists.
July, 1909
and social functions lasting till midnight facilitated the meeting and acquaintance of the members, and too much credit cannot be given the English committees for the thorough accomplishment of their work for the five thousand in attendance. Possibly no problem in industrial chemistry a t the present time is more epoch-making than that of the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen. There were three papers by Prof. Bernthsen, N. Car0 and C. IVeiss. The illustration of the electric arc about 24 inches long-using a glass tube by Prof. Bernthsen was exceedingly attractive and interesting. In the start from the bottom like a fountain of fire which was quickly continuous in the upward direction, the air being drawn in and following the regular flow of the arc and subjecting the nitrogen to continuous oxidative influences. The brown color of the oxides of N quickly appeared in the glass globes about 12 inches in diameter which were placed in the air circuit. The process is now working on the large scale in Norway where arcs eight yards long are in operation and provision is being made for an ultimate development of a million horse power for this manufacture. I t is also understood that a like amount of power is desired in the United States for a similar development. The address before the whole Congress by Prof. Dr. 0. N. Witt was very brilliant, a t the conclusion of which one American arose and said he had come four thousand miles to this Congress, and if he obtained no more than this address he considered himself well repaid for his expenditure of time and money. Dr. Witt indicated the grand desirability of a knowledge of the history of industrial processes in oriental countries and the islands of the seas, as some of them were vanishing before the tread of our now rapid and commercial methods. Vanishing not because their methods were ineffective but because they could not commercially competeto quote as follows. “ I t is true that the scientific method of Washington, D. C., May 1 7 , 1909. invention is a quicker road to success. Rapidity is everything in our times. Whirling along in a motor carriage to a well-known destination is distinctly more agreeable than tramping on foot in the glaring sun of the summer’s day; SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF APPLIED but one cannot pick flowers blooming by the wayside or CHEMISTRY, LONDON, MAY 27th to JUNE stumble over hidden treasure a t the rate of sixty miles an znd, 1909. hour. * In this struggle for existence the fittest The Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry means the cheapest and quickest.” opened on May 27th with felicitations from the Prince of The methods in Germany with chimneys and coal or gasU’ales which were responded t o by representatives of several different countries in well-chosen words. The Prince showed heated furnaces are quite distinct from the development that shall come to Norway and Sweden with electrical a comprehensive grasp of the great objects of the Congress methods derived from the so-called “white coal” without as the following quotation from his admirable address clearly indicates: “Applied chemistry means a great deal more than chimneys, etc. The description of the working of the Townsend cell by chemistry whether pure or technical. It requires knowledge Dr. Baekeland revealed a solid and economical industry of materials and their supply, knowledge of mechanics that is soon to use 4,000 kw. per 24 hours, and Mr. E. A. and engineering, a keen eye for sites and advantages of transit, careful utilization of by-products, knowledge o f , Sperry’s account of the manufacture of liquid C1 and the detinning of sheet tin were of exceeding interest and commarkets and finance, and various other things not taught manded the earnest attention of all present. in universities or technical schools.” I n closing, I may say a start was made in this Congress With more than one thousand papers in the eleven secon Conservation of Natural Resources and a place has been tions of the Congress most of them had to be abbreviatedmade for its definite consideration a t the next Congress in and many only read by title. I t would seem better in this 1912 in the United States, Dr. Edward W. Morley being brief to call attention to some salient points in some inmade Honorary President and Dr. U’. H. Nichols President of teresting papers, knowing full well that many interesting EDWARD R . TAYLOR the next Congress. papers cannot be even referred to. The many receptions
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phragms into the anode and cathode compartments, and continuously leaves these by suitable (adjustable) swanneck outlet tubes. The counter-flow of the electrolyte greatly aids in diminishing the migration of the hydroxyl THELEGALSTATUSOF INDVSTRIES GIVINGRISE TO NOXIOUS ions from the cathodic to the anodic compartments, and in GASES;THESMELTER SMoKE QUESTIONI N preventing diffusion or convection of dissolved chlorine THEUNITEDSTATES in the opposite direction. I n order to reduce resistance By CHARLESBASKERVILLE, Ph.D., F.C.S.. Professor of Chemistry and the various compartments are simply thin sheets of liquid Director of the Laboratories, College of the City of New York. a few millimeters thick, and these can be built up and bolted together in a n y number, somewhat after the fashion of a This paper contains a review of the American laws regfilter-press. The inflow and outflow of liquids and gases ulating the pollution of the air with noxious or offensive gases, with a discussion of the cases in point of rule, general are provided for by a simple system of corresponding slots and holes c u t in the diaphragms, electrode frames, and decisions, and the remedies proposed for the suppression separators. Experiments made with Bernfeld asbestos of such nuisances. diaphragms 2-3 mm. thick have shown t h a t the best workIt is shown t h a t there is neither entire uniforniity nor definiteness of statement in the codes of the several States, ing conditions of the cell are a s follows: and t h a t no specific regulations obtain. After a discussion Electrolyte.-Saturated brine a t ordinary temperatures. Current Density.-About 0.02 amp. per sq. cm. of diaof the foreign laws on the subject, the solution of the “smelter smoke question” is considered. It is pointed out t h a t conphragm section. grams per Concentration o j Caurtic Soda Produced.-Eight siderable progress has been made by some manufacturers 100 cc. of cathode effluent. toward the installation of waste-recovering devices, and t h a t the enforced use of such contrivances by the eilactCathode Current Eficiency.-g6-8 per cent. Cell I’oltage.-3 volts. ment of a Federal law regulating the amounts of waste gases t o be permitted t o pass into the air will alone solve this great national industrial problem. However, the geographTHERMIC REACTION IN VACUO. ical and meteorological conditions prevailing in the various By FRANKE. WSSTON, B S C . , AND H. RUSSRLL ELLIS,B.Sc. States must be carefully considered. Since the commercial development of the Goldschmidt T h e paper is replete w i t h legal citations. reaction, namely, the reduction of Fe,O, by Al, i. e . , the “Thermite Reaction,” many reactions of a similar nature ON THE PROGRESS IN THE APPLICATION OF SYNTHETIC INDIGOhave been studied, such a s the action of A1 upon nearly all the oxides with the production of metals and alloys, t h e AND ITS DERIVATIVES IN THE TEXTILE AND reductio11 of B,O, and SiO, by A1 (Weston and Ellis), reDYEINGINDUSTRIES. duction of oxides and sulphides by Ca and of CaO by CaH, By M. LIBBERT,PH.D. (Meister Luaus & Bruning, Ltd.) (F. M. Perkin), the action of Mg, Ca and A1 upon MgO, Synthetic indigo identical chemically and in its applicaA1,0, and CaO (Weston and Ellis), action of calcium alloys tion with the natural product-Manufacture by sodium upon certain oxides, reduction of oxides by Si and B, etc., amide process i n Ellesmere Port-Chemists and colorists etc. These reactions are all accompanied with a great study the reactions, explain the process of dyeing, and imevolution of heat, and they are all similar in one very imbased on reduction to prove the application--4pplication portant respect, namely, they require a certain amount of indigo white. This is brought about by fermentation or heat energy to be imparted before reaction proceeds. The by chemical ingredients-Wool dyeing : Drawback of the initial energy can be supplied. old bi-vats and advantages of the ammonia v a t x o t t o n ( I ) Lighted match or taper starts reaction between A1 dyeing: Advantages of hydrosulphite soda vat-Printing: and Na,O,, Mg and Na,O,, etc. Glucose process ; direct printing with hydrosulphite for( 2 ) H e a t generated b y such mixtures as A1 and Xa,O, forms of indigmaldehyde ; discharge printing-I’arious or by a piece of burning Mg ribbon starts many reactions, Economic aspect brought about by the arrival of the syn- such as AI, and Fe,O,, B,O, and AI,, etc. thetic product-Indigo halogen derivatives-Thioindigo (3) Many mixtures require initially heating throughout red and its derivatives-Future of v a t colors. the whole mass and then react Kith a fuse, such a s 2 x 1 3CaO, 3Si0, and 4ill. (4) Mixture heated before reaction and external heat ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE WITH DOUBLE DIAPHRAGMAND supplied during the reaction. PERCOLATING ELECTROLYTE. In studying such thermic reactions t h e cause is not alB y R. H . F. FINLAY AND F. Q. DONNAN. ways evident, and the reaction is not always so simple a s The paper gives a short account of experiments made to in the case of the thermic reaction, i. e., the simple transfer test the electrochemical efficiency of a type of electrolytic of the oxygen. cell, designed by Messrs. A. and R. H. F. Finlay, for the I n many reactions the presence of air has a very great technical electrolysis of saturated brine solutions (production influence over the course of the reaction and on the nature of caustic soda and chlorine). The cell is characterized by of the products; many reactions can be arrested by the containing two diaphragms and three compartnients, anodic, exclusion of air and re-started by exposure t o air. An middle, and cathodic. The electrolyte solution is fed into initial high temperature is required to s t a r t all thermic rethe middle compartment, and flows continuously under a actions, and when two oxides are being studied the heats of slight pressure-head through the anode and cathode diaformation of which are close external heat must be sup-
ABSTRACTS FROM THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY, LONDON, 1909.
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492
plied to change the oxygen from one metal t o the other. This heat can be obtained from a n external source or from the combustion of the reducing agent with the oxygen or nitrogen of the air or both. I n the interaction of A1 powder and carbon, a very large amount of nitride is produced with smaller amounts of carbide (Weston and Ellis), and on the reduction of BaO, SiO, and CaCl by Mg large amounts of nitrides are also formed, similarly with many other reactions. The authors explain the formation of Al,C, from mixtures of AI and C a s follows: “Air plays a most important part, the first action being the oxidation of C to CO and CO,, producing sufficient heat to cause the oxidation of AI to A1,0,, and this latter reaction raising the temperature sufficientiy high to cause the combination of the A1 with the C, a s well as the A1 with the N, the N coming both from the atmosphere and the occluded gases.” Trans. Far. SOC., Voi. IV., p. 60. 11.ith a view to ascertaining what part the atmosphere piays attempts have been made to carry out such reactions in vacuo. Very few workers have put experiments ( J f such a nature on record. In their experiments the authors of the present paper met with difficulties in starting such reactions when air was excluded, the various reactions taking place with vigor when air was present. The various mixtures were heated in vacuo by glowing plztinurri wires up to the melting poillt of platinum, by 3Na,O,, but very iron wires and by igniting a fuse of 4A1 few reactions took place, and many which started only continued for a short while. I h e reactions between Al, and Fe,C,, 4Al 3Na,O,, zMg Ka,(;,, Mg Ka,O,, 3Mg Ka202, .41,0, 3Mg9 hlg hi()?, 2hlg S O , have all been brought about in vacuo, but CIJTW~S more quietly than in the open air and with dit,erent products. A very large number of other mixtures have been tried, but u p to the present a i t h o u t success, the difficuitv b e i n i to produce a great initi:il “ h e a t density” without which, air being excluded, action will not take place. l h e Lvork is being continued, and the various mixtures heated lsefore firing the fuse, etc. The authors would particulariy point out t h a t the contribution to the subject of “Thermic Reactions” is p u t forward in this inconiplete form in the hope that it may lead to a discussion of this highly interesting type of reaction.
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CALCIUM-CARBIDE. B Y c. A HANSEN. The equilibrium CO pressure in the reaction between CaO and C wns determined a t 1,380°, 1,530°, and 1 , 7 8 0 ~C. by sealing the reagents in a n evacuated furnace which could be kept a t constant temperature and measuring the CO pressure on a mercury manometer. The extrapolated pressure-teniperature diagram indicates reaction a t a teniperature a s low a s 1 , 2 7 5 O C. I t was shown that a t 1 , 4 5 0 ~reaction took place when the CO pressure was kept below its critical value, and t h a t a t the same temperature, in a sealed furnace, reaction ceased when the critical pressure was established. I n the paper is a short list of reduction temperatures for carbons, determined in the same furnace varinus oxides as @veri.
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RELATIVEEFFICIENCY OF THE ARCAND RESISTANCE FURNACE FOR T H E MANUFACTURE O F CALCIUM CARBIDE. By SAMUEL A TUCKER.
Calcium carbide was prepared in the two types of furnace mentioned under conditions which would give the best yield. Comparison is made of the product a s to its carbide content and its weight obtained per energy unit. The results show t h a t for the scale on which the experiments were conducted t h a t the resistance furnace is much superior t o the arc. The best results obtained with the arc furnace was 1,170 watt hours per IOO grams of pure carbide, while with the resistancg furnace the same quantity of pure carbide was obtained with 544 watt hours. Information is also given a s to the best proportions of lime and coke t o be used with the two types of electric furnaces employed.
ON JAFPS’SCOLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR CREATININE.
THE
ESTIMATION OF
BY A. CHASTONCHAPMAN.
The author has shown t h a t the red coloration on which this method is based depends, not on the formation of creatinine picrate, but is due to the reduction of the picric acid in alkaline solution to a mixture of amido-dinitrophenol (picramic acid) and diamido-nitropheiiol, the alkaline salts of which are deeply colored. The same coloration is produced by numerous reducing agents, such a s nascent hydrogen, hydroxylamine, acetone, aldehyde, ammonium sulphide, and titanium trichloride. Creatinine acts as a powerful reducing agent, and if i t is present in excess the picric acid may undergo reduction t o colorless triamidophenol. Color measurements showed the red coloration t o be due to both the monamido and the diamido-phenol, and that solutions of the sodium salt of picramic acid could not be used for matching purposes. Since the coloration is due to a somemghat complex reducing action, i t is clear t h a t the conditions under which the test is carried out must be fairly closely defined if accurate results arc to be obtained. Influence of Tem$erature.-This factor is of considerable importance, since up to a certain point the color is increased, after which there is a reduction due to the formation of triamido-phenol. Influence of Tzme.-This factor is of much less importance than the preceding, and slight differences have no appreciable influence on the results. The general effect is, however, of the same character as in the case of the temperature factor-that is to say, there is a t first a n increase and then a reduction of the color intensity. Inpuence of the Presence of Dextrose.-As in certain conimercial products, dextrose and creatinine may occur together, experiments were made t o ascertain whether the former substance exerted a n y influence on the estimation of the latter. I t was found t h a t in the cold, and under the ordinary conditions of the test, dextrose was without appreciable effect. I n conclusion, attention is called t o t h e necessity of working in sufficiently dilute solutions, in analyzing highly colored products, since the disturbing effect of t h e color may be very considerable.
S C I E N T I F I C A N D I N D U S T R I A L SOCIETIES. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE
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LABORATORIES O F THE GENERAL fluxes and granulated pig iron or cast iron horings, a com-
CHEXICALCOMPANYOF Y E W YORK.
I.-The Determination of Small Amounts of Arsenic by the Gutzeit .I1et h od. A detailed description, with diagram, of an improved apparatus and method for use in the determination of small amounts of arsenic by the Gutzeit method. The test paper used is sensitized with a 0 . j per cent. HgC1, solution. The standard stains are made from a standard arsenate solution, coated with paraffin and sealed in a glass vessel over P,O, t o prevent deterioration. Development of the stains with ",OH or HC1 is unnecessary. II.-The Determination 0) ,VIinute Qzrantities o j Arsenic i n Brimstone. Brimstone is oxidized by a mixture of three volumes of carbon tetrachloride t o two volumes of pure bromine, foilowed by nitric acid. A little water is added and the nitric acid and carbon tetrachloride removed by evaporation. Arsenic is then determined in residue by Marsh or Gutzeit method, III.-The Determination 0 ) Arsenzc in Sulfilturac Acid. Arsenic, when more than 0 . 0 0 ~per cent. is present in concentrated sulphuric acid, is reduced by tartaric acid. The excess of the latter is removed by heating, and the As,O, titrated with standard iodine solution, after neutralization with ammonia and bicarbonate of soda. IV.--Tlae I~'o1umetric Determination of Sulphur an Pyrites Cinders. Sulphur is oxidized by heating the cinders with a mixture of one part sodium carbonate and four parts zinc oxide with access of air, the resulting sulphate extracted with water and titrated with standard barium chloride solutiun i n the presence of alcohol, excess being added and titrated back with sodium carbonate solution, Method is rapid. V.-The Determination of SO, i n D r y Gases. Orsat apparatus made available for the purpose by use of chromic acid i n concentrated phosphoric or sulphuric acid solution. VI.--:Vote upon .\.larsli o r Gutzeit Tests. Presence of inipurities such as lead in the zinc used for the Marsh or Gutzeit test sometimes causes suspension of hydrogen evolution. Addition of a colloid to the acid soluLion counteracts this and facilitates even evolution of hydrogen. VII.-The Elec trotitrzmeter. Description of means and method of determining percentage concentration of acids, alkalies and salts in solution, based upon measuring their electrical resistance in comparison with a like solution of known strength. The difi'erence of electric conductivity between the standard and the material under examination is observed by means of a device similar to a Ivheatstone bridge. The efiect of variations in temperature is avoided by keeping the contents of both the standard a n d the testing tube under the same conditions.
THELASHSTEELPROCESS. By FRANCIS A. J . FITZGERALD.
The Lash steel process was worked out as a result of several years of experimenting by Mr. Horace W. Lash on the direct production of steel from iron ore. These experiments showed t h a t by using a mixture of iron ore, coke
mercially feasible process might be carried on. The Lash mixture has, approximately, the following composition: 23 per cent. 60 " ''
....I............
11 ti
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Several hundreds of tons of steel have been manufactured by this process in the open-hearth furnace, and this has shown t h a t : ( I ) -4 superior quality of steel is obtained: ( 2 ) The cost of production is in general lower than when the regular methods are employed. Experiments have also been carried on in the electric furnace, using the Lash process, Fifty tons of steel were made in this way. Tables are shown for the purpose of comparing regular steel-making practice with the use of the Lash process in the open-hearth and electric furnaces.
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABSORPTION BY I R O N O F CARBON FROM CARBONMONOXIDE.
By CHARLES F. BURGESS AND JAMES ASTON.
Doubly-refined electrolytic iron, containing 0.012 per cent. carbon or less, was placed in magnesium oxide crucibles and these in graphite crucibles, which latter were embedded in a n electric resister furnace, the resister material being granulated carbon. \Vhen the iron is melted, two to three hours are required t o attain a maximum temperature of 1,800~ C., and a period uf six hours more elapses before the iron has cooled to 600' C. A joo gram ingot, after melting, shows a carbon content of 0.047 per cent., and one of 2 , 0 0 0 grams 0.012 per cent. After forging, the carbon contents were 0.047 per cent. and 0.028 per cent. respectively, showing that there is comparatively little absorption of carbon in the rapid heating of the iron in the forge fire, preparatory to forging. When lime was added with the iron in the magnesia crucible there was a n increase in the carbon absorption, which rose to over 0.2 per cent. when nietailic calcium was introduced. Molybdenum, tungsten, chromium and silicon apparently have a marked influence upon the carbon absorption, while tin, silver, arsenic and cobait have less influence. The carbon comes from the reaction Fe CO FeO C. The carbon which is set free above 800° is taken up by the iron by cementation.
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REGARDING THE QL-ESTION OF THE 1NTERNATIONAL REGULATIJN O F THE POTASH FACTOR. By PROF.PRECHT, Seu Stassfurt.
For its quant;tat.ve determination. potash was formerly precipitated exclusively by means of platinic chloride solution as potassium platinic chloride, and weighed after washing and drying. The potash content was then calculated from the weight of the precipitate on the basis of the atomic weight of platinum a s 197.18. The results of the investigation made hy beuhert about thirty years ago, however, showed t h a t the old determination of the atomic weight of platinum was not correct and t h a t the real atomic weight was 195. Consequently, a t a meeting held on the 9th of August, 1892, iii the Potash syndicate for the purpose of discussing the uniform methods of analysis in the potash industry the
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question was raised, W h a t atomic figure should be taken a s a basis for the determination of potash? A t these negotiations the committee of the potash mines was represented by Messrs. Oberbergrat Schreiber and Kommerzieurat Dr. Borsche, while the syndicate was represented by Messrs. Director Georg, Dr. Tietjens and Lierke. Moreover, twelve representatives of the potash mines under the syndicate and of the chemical factories belonging to them took part in the discussions. As a result of these discussions i t was decided to retain the old atomic weight of platinum, viz. 197.18, and to adopt as factors for the calculation of the amounts of muriate of potash, sulphate of potash and pure potash from the potassium platinic chloride found the figures 0.30 j 6 for KCl, 0.357 for K,SO,, and 0.1928 for K,O. The reason for retaining the old atomic weight was t h a t i n the actual determination of potash cheniically pure potassium platinic chloride is never weighed b u t t h a t the result is generally too high on account of filth and a small water content. I n order t o balance this error, the correct atomic weight, viz. 195, found as the result of the new investigation, and which, of course, would give a higher result, was not taken a s a basis for calculation, b u t the old atomic weight, which is no longer recognized as being correct. As is known, i t is necessary i n the analysis of sulphate of potash t o precipitate the sulphuric acid by means of barium chloride. I n this process some potash is brought down i n a n insoluble form by the barium sulphate precipitate so t h a t the result of the potash determination falls too !ow. It was therefore decided a t t h a t time t o add 0.3 per cent. K,SO,, a s a correction for the above error in the analysis of sulphate of potash. T h e resolutions adopted a t this meeting of the 9th of August, 1892, on which there lies before you a printed report, still retain their validity in t h e methods of analysis employed a t present i n the potash industry. Besides the platinic chloride method, which was regarded a t t h a t time as the only authoritative one, the determination of potash by means of potassium perchlorate came t o be adopted later more and more generally. At the International Congress of Applied Chemistry held i n Berlin i n 1903 I brought forward the advantages of the potassium perchlorate method a t a common meeting of the Section for Agricultural Chemistry a n d the Section for Analytical Chemistry, and consequently i t passed into general practice and was introduced b y most of the agricultural experiment stations. I n the case of the potassium perchlorate method, the question of t h e international regulation of the potash factor disappears, as we have no longer to deal with the atomic weight of platinum, b u t with the exactly determined atomic weights of potassium, chlorine and oxygen. Moreover, t h e potassium perchlorate is absolutely pure and easy t o dry, so t h a t there is n o source of error with the potassium perchlorate as with the platinum method. The international regulation of the potash factor is, therefore, only important when it is desired t o check the now generally employed potassium perchlorate method by the older platinic chloride method, for example, in the case of a disputed analysis. Such check analyses should be b u t seldom necessary, a s t h e potassium perchlorate method has been so carefully elaborated t h a t a n exact and reliable result can be guaranteed if strict adherence be kept to the various rules.
July, 1909
The Potash Syndicate itself has no reason for changing the rules connected with the methods of analysis, as i t h a s been found by experience t h a t correct results are obtained by working in accordance with the present rules. If, however, the International Comniission for the analyses of artificial manures and feeding stuffs is determined t o fix internationally the potash factor in the case of t h e determination of potash by means of platinic chloride, I a m of the opinion t h a t the old rule, which cannot be kept for ever, should be allowed to drop and t h a t the newer accurately and scientifically determined atomic weight 195 o of t h e International Table of Atomic Weights of 1909 should b e adopted. The factor for muriate of potash would then be, not 0.30j6, b u t 0.30686, and the results of the potash determination consequently higher than before. At the same time, however, a correction in the form of a deduction from the result found would have to be made a s a precaution against complaints on the p a r t of purchasers t h a t they a r e being duped by too high analytical results. For high percentage muriate of potash the correction would be 0.3-0.4 per cent. I n the analysis of sulphate of potash such a deduction would not be necessary; we would require merely to neglect the usual enhancement of the result b y 0.3 per cent . I n the analysis of low percentage manure salts or crude potash salts there is only a very small correction t o be made, and i t would be expedient to determine this again by numerous tests, as the platinic chloride method will be employed in the future only i n the case of check analyses, and consequently I prefer to leave the question undecided whether or how high the correction should be made in the analysis of crude potash salts if pure platinic chloride be used. The foregoing remarks might be summarized a s follows: I n a n international regulation of the potash factor t h e proper atomic weight of platinum, 195.0, should be adopted, and those corrections prescribed which are necessary for obtaining as accurate results as possible with the different brands. For sulphate of potash the correction a t presen used would be allowed t o drop,
PERSONAL NOTES. Mr. J. H. Linton, of the Vilter Mfg. Co., of Milwaukee and Mr. A. 14'. Gregg, of the Bucyrus Co., of South Milwaukee, have formed a partnership t o be known a s T h e Pacific Coast Testing Laboratories, with headquarters i n Seattle. At the May meeting of the Utah Society of Engineers, held on the 2Ist of the month, Mr. Edward Fink gave a paper upon the Fink smelter and the experiments t h a t have been carried out with i t t h u s far. The Seniors of the Colorado School of Mines, under the direction of Dr. Traphagen and others, made a trip of inspection through Colorado, U t a h and Montana mining and smelting centers. Seniors of the Utah S t a t e School of Mines are making a three weeks' tour of Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, Arizona,
