of an aluminosilicate glass with minor amounts of a quartz, hematite (Fe 2 03), magnetite ( F e 3 0 4 ) , and mullite (3 A 1 0 2 - 2 S i 0 2 ) , together with a variety of trace metals. Surface-associated material is thought t o consist primarily of sulfates and carbonates. T h e s e examples serve t o illustrate the utility of L A M M A which, despite the several drawbacks discussed herein, is very promising for rapid semiquantitative sample characterization. References (1) R. J. Conzemius and J. M. Capellen, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 34, 197 (1980). (2) R. E. Honig and J. R. Woolston, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2,138(1963). (3) N. C. Fenner and N. R. Daly, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 37,1068 (1966). (4) F. Hillenkamp, R. Kauffmann, R. Nitsche, and E. Unsold, Appl. Phys., 8, 341 (1975). (5) R. Wechsung, F. Hillenkamp, R. Kaufmann, R. Nitsche, and H. Vogt, Micros. Acta. Suppl.2,611 (1978). (6) R. Kaufmann, F. Hillenkamp, R. Wechsung, W. J. Heinen, and M. Schiirmann, Scanning Electron Microsc, II, 279(1979). (7) R. Gijbels, unpublished work. (8) H. J. Heinen, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 38,309 (1981). (9) R. Kaufmann, P. Wieser, and R. Wurster, Scanning Electron Microsc, II, 607 (1980). (10) J. D. Ganjei, R. J. Col ton, and James S. Murray., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 34,197(1980). (11) H. J. Heinen, F. Hillenkamp, R. Kaufmann, W. Schroder, and R. Wechsung, Paper presented at the 6th International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in Biochemistry and Medicine, Venice, Italy, 1979. (12) J. F. Ready, J. Appl. Phys., 36,462 (1965). (13) C. A. Andersen and J. R. Hinthorne, Anal. Chem., 45, 1421 (1973). (14) P. Surkyn and F. A. Adams, to be published. (15) Sessions of LAMMA Symposium, held in Dûsseldorf, West Germany, Oct. 8-10,1980 (Organizers: F. Hillenkamp and R. Kaufmann), Z. Anal. Chem., 308 (3), 193-320(1981). (16) E. Unsold, F. Hillenkamp, and R. Nitsche, Analusis, 4,115 (1976). (17) R. Kaufmann, F. Hillenkamp, R. Wechsung, H. J. Heinen, and M. Schiirmann, Proceedings of Scanning Electron Microscopy Symposium, Washington, D.C. 1979. (18) Ê! Gabriel, Y. Kato, and P. J. Rech, Z. Anal. Chem., 308, 234 (1981). (19) B. Sprey and H.-P. Bochem, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,239 (1981). (20) D. W. Lorch and H. Schâfer, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,246 (1981). (21) U. Seydel and B. Lindner, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,253 (1981). (22) S. Henstra, E. B. A. Bisdom, A. Jongenius, H. J. Heinen, and S. Meier, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,280 (1981). (23) P. Klein and J. Bauch, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,283 (1981). (24) Ch. Schiller, K.-D. Kupka, and F. Hillenkamp, Z. Anal. Ch em., 308, 304 (1981). (25) J. F. Muller, C. Berthé, and J. M. Magar, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,312 (1981). (26) F. Freund, H. Kathrein, H. Wengeler, K. Knobel, and H. J. Heinen, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44,1319 (1980).
(27) J. A. Gardella, Jr., and D. M. Hercules, Spec. Lett., 13,347 (1980). (28) P. Wiesser, R. Wurster, and H. Seiler, Atmos. Environ., 14, 485 (1980). (29) P. K. Dutta and Y. Talmi, to be published. (30) A. Mathey, Z. Anal. Chem., 308,249 (1981). (31) G. L. Fisher and D. F. S. Natusch in "Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products," C. Karr, Jr., Ed., Academic Press: New York, 1979; Vol. 3, Chapter 54, pp 489-541.
"If
only I'd known about Scott!"
This work was supported by Research Grant 8085/10 from the Interministrial Commission of Science Policy, Belgium, and in part by a contract with Exxon Engineering Research Division. D.F.S.N. is the recipient of an NFWO Guest Professorship from the Nationaal Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, and E.D. is sponsored in part by the Trace Analysis Project, University of Antwerp, Belgium. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mrs. A. Matthey for her authorization to use Figure 5.
René Van Grieken {left) and Fred Adams are professors of analytical and environmental chemistry at the graduate school of the University of Antwerp. Current interests of the research group, which involves about 30 scientists, include trace element analysis with SSMS, electron and ion microprobe analysis, and X-ray fluorescence, with applications of these techniques to environmental chemistry, resource exploration, and material science.
David F. S. Natusch (left) is a professor at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. He is developing analytical methods for species identification and surface characterization in environmental systems and is investigating pollutant formation and transformation associated with energy production processes. Eric R. Denoyer is a graduate research assistant at Colorado State University studying laser microprobe mass spectrometry and its application to the characterization of environmental particulate material.
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