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FIAT Review of German Science MATTHEW W. MILLER

Downloaded by CORNELL UNIV on August 19, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 1, 1961 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1951-0004.ch020

Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn.

The FIAT Review of German Science covers the period of years 1939-46. It was compiled by German scientists with the assistance of the Military Govern ments of the British, French, and American zones of occupied Germany. A complete list of titles and authors is given, and types of references, content, and distribution are discussed.

A discussion of the Field Information Agency, Technical ( F I A T ) Review of German Science is appropriately a part of a Symposium on Searching of Chemical Literature, for the reviews cover a period of years, 1939-46, during which the normal interchange of scientific information was seriously disrupted. I n addition, i t is only recently that practically the whole series of volumes has been completed in printed form and has become available to scientific libraries. E a r l y i n the postwar investigations of German industries, it was realized that the results of many fundamental scientific researches carried out during 1939-46 i n Germany were liable to be lost, owing to the forced termination of scientific publications and dis location of personnel. E v e n those results which had been published were not of full value because of limited availability. The need for some plan to circumvent these difficulties was recognized and the proposal was made that rather comprehensive reviews in the physical and biological sciences be compiled by the German scientists themselves, because they were the most familiar with the phases which should be covered. This plan was received with great interest b y the German scientists and accordingly was carried out under the auspices of, and with the assistance of the M i l i t a r y Governments of the British, French, and American zones of occupied Germany. Direct responsibility for this program was that of the scientific branches of the Field Information Agency, Technical organizations of Great Britain, France, and the United States.

Titles and Authors The success of this undertaking exceeded expectations. I n a l l , the review series comprises 84 printed volumes of approximately 200 pages each, covering 47 separate fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, biology, and sciences of the earth. The following is a complete list of major titles with notation of the number of parts or volumes of each title. Eighty-two of the 84 volumes have been published; Volume V I of "Inorganic Chemistry'' and one other are yet to appear. Physics Nuclear Physics, Cosmic Rays (I and II). W . Bothe and S. Fluegge Physics of the Electron Shells of Atoms and Molecules. K . Kopfermann Physics of Solids (I and I I ) . G . Joos Physics of Liquids and Gases. E . Kappler H y d r o - and Aerodynamics. A . Betz Electronics Including Fundamental Emission Phenomena (I and I I ) . J . Goubau and J . Zenneck 132

SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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MILLER—FIAT REVIEW O F GERMAN SCIENCE

Geophysics and Geodesy (I and II). J . Bartels Meteorology and Physics of the Atmosphere. R . Muegge Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmogony. P . ten Bruggencate Biophysics (I and I I ) . B . Rajewsky and M . Schoen Chemistry


Inorganic Chemistry (I to V I ) . W . K l e m m Analytical Chemistry. W . K l e m m Physical Chemistry. K . Clusius Theoretical Organic Chemistry (I and II). W . Hueckel Preparative Organic Chemistry (I to III). K . Ziegler Biochemistry (I to I V ) . R . K u h n Pharmacology and Toxicology (I to III). F . Eichholtz Chemotherapeutics. F . Schoenhoefer General Metallurgy. M . Hansen Nonferrous Metallurgy (I and II). M . Hansen Mathematics Pure Mathematics (I and II). W . Suess Applied Mathematics (I to V ) . A . Walther Medicine Internal Medicine (I and II). R . Schoen Paediatrics. H . Kleinschmidt Neurology (I to III). G . Schaltenbrand Psychiatry. E . Kretschmer Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. E . G . Nauck Hygiene, Including Preventive and Industrial Medicine, Epidemiology (I to III). Rodenwaldt Surgery, General and Special. Κ. H . Bauer Obstetrics and Gynecology (I and II). H . Martius Radiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic. H . Holthusen Physiological and Pathological Chemistry Including Nutrition. E . Lehnartz Pathology (I to I V ) . F . Buechner Bacteriology and Immunology. H . Schmidt Virus Diseases of M a n . R . Bieling and H . Heinlein Physiology (I to III). H . F . Rein Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology. P . Stoehr

E.

Biology Biology (I to I V ) .

E . Buenning and A . K u e h n Sciences of the E a r t h

Geography (I to I V ) . W . Tuckermann and H . v. Wissmann Geology. L . Rueger Mineralogy. H . Steinmetz Petrography (I to II). Κ. H . Scheumann The names opposite the titles are those of the senior authors. They alone did not do the entire compilation but were free to select co-authors competent to cover more limited phases of the field. This collaboration greatly expanded the scope of the reviews, and several hundred German scientists contributed, each i n his particular specialty. Each of the senior authors is eminent i n his field, as are the co-authors, and the integrity of the reviews reflects that of the authors. T h e reviews as printed have not been rewritten, censored, or edited b y anyone but the authors themselves. I n format, the reviews follow that of already familiar publications based on senior author and co-author compilation. W i t h minor deviation, standardization similar to Gilman's "Organic C h e m i s t r y — A n Advanced Treatise," the annual reviews of the Chemical Society, and the Chemical Reviews was adopted. Each volume has a table of contents (printed i n French, English, and German, the only multilingual part—the text is i n German language) and each chapter or subdivision of a volume has its table of SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES

VITAMIN C

rung der Kapillarresistenz durch Citrin und andere Flavone (Hesperidin, Heperetin, Quercitrin, Quercetin, Eridyctol, Rhamnetin) beint. berichtet K O H L

9 4 9

ùber Erfolge mit Citrin.

» " H . J . KÔHIyER, Dtsch. zahnami. Wschr. 1989, 773. " ° A. SUSSENGUTH, Phannaz. Ind. 9, 221 [1Θ42]. h. K R O E B E R , Pharmaz. Ind. 9, 6 [1Θ42]. " E . W. L E X E R , Dtsch. Z. Chir. 858, 602 [1942]. · " O. I*UDWIG, Med. Welt 1942, 1181. F. BOCK, Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk. 109, 531 [1943]. Κ. Κ A E T H E R u. P. SI,ANY, Z. klin. Med. 187, 702 [ΙΘ40]. " * E . F. SCHABER, Munchener med. Wschr. 1941, 986. H . H U U . S T R U N G u. K. HACK, Dennatol. Wschr. 117, 447. " H . HUU«STRUNG u. K. HACK, Z. Immunitatsforsch. exp. Therap. 108, 327 [1943]. " * H . K O H L , Mschr. Kinderheilk. 86, 273 [1941]. 941

9


9 4 4

M T

e

Figure 1.

Methods of Listing References, "Pharmacology and Toxicology/' Part I, Vitamins, Page 137

contents. Depending on the desires of the senior author, a conventional decimal system was superimposed upon these sections and integrated with the text. Author and subject indexes are also included. They appear in the last volume of a given major field where multiple volumes have been printed.

References There are two methods of referencing, both of which are orthodox. Some authors chose to list the references at the bottom of each page and to number them serially through out the volume subdivision. Others collected them at the end of the subdivision after annotating them i n the text. I n this respect, the medical series deviates even further and sometimes has an entire reference list serving the added role of an author index. RAMAN S P E K T R E N U N D ORGANISCHE ANALYSE Technische Einzelheiten wie Emofrndlichkeit des Nachwelses. Zeitder RAMAN-Spektralaaalyse als ergânzende Untersuchungsmethode von Olen aller Art dùrfte durch die bisherigen Versuche erbracht sein. Die absolut notwendige Grundlage der qualitativen Analyse mit Hilfe der RAMAN-Spektren bildet die sichere Kenntnis der Spektren der Einzelsubstanzen und der GesetzmaBigkeiten der Spektren von homologen Reihen von Kohlenwasserstofiien usw. Im Rahmen dieser Unteisuchungen wurden von G O U B E A U und Mitarbeitern neben den im Teil 8.1.1 und 8.1.6 dieses Berichtes bereits mitgeteilten Kohlenwasser91

Β

· J . GOUBEAU U. E . L E L L (unveron.;.

9 0 9 1

H . LUTHEE (nnveroff.. Anorg. Chem. Inst. Universitât Gottingen). J . GOUBEAU U . E . LELL, E . TSCHKNTICHER (unveroff., Anorg. Chem. Inst. Universitàt Gôttingen).

Figure 2. Method of Referencing Unpublished Data, "Theo retical Organic Chemistry/' Part ll Raman Spectra, Page 81 #

The references give a further clue to the significance of the F I A T Reviews—for example, thoroughness is indicated by Figure 1 taken from the chapter on vitamins in "Pharmocology and T o x i c i t y . " About 940 references are listed. Another feature of note is the attempt to incorporate important unpublished results. Figure 2, chosen from the SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

MILLER—FIAT REVIEW O F GERMAN SCIENCE

135

chapter on Raman spectra, illustrates how this feature is accomplished. Follow-up on such unpublished references is of necessity b y personal communication between the reader and author when common interest exists or further details are needed.

NATURFARBSTOFFE I von HANS-JOACHIM

Kaiser-WUhelm-Infltitut


1. AUgemeines; Methodik 2. Garotinoide

BIELIG

fur Medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg INHALT

67 09

3. Flavine 4. Pterine 5. Pvronfarbetaife

80 81 86

1. AUgemeines; M e t h o d i k Uberaichteberichte: B R O C K M A N N , Neuero Methoden der praparativen Chemie. Die chromatographische Adsorption. — H E S S E , Die Adsorptionsmethode im chemischen Laboratorium. — TRENDELENBURG*, Der Gesichtesinn (Grundzuge der physiologischen Optik). — v. FRISCH , Uber nervôse und hormonale Regelung des tierischen Farbwechsels. 1

1

4

B R O C K M A N N und S C H O D D E R

5

gewinnen Aluminiumoxydsorten

mit

definiert abgestuftem Adsorptionsvermôgen durch Entwàssern von handelsublicher Ware und nachfolgendes Schûtteln an feuchter Luit Die Prûfung des Aktivitatsgrades geschieht durch Adsorption jeweiL» 1

1 3 4

4

H . B R O C K M A N N , Angew. Ghem. 53, 384 [1940].

G . H E S S E , W . de Gruyter, Berlin 1943. W . T R E N D E L E N B U R G , J . Springer, Berlin 1943. K . v. F R I S C H , Angew. Chem. 64, 193 [1941]. H . B R O C K M A N N U . H . SCHODDER, Ber. 74, 7 3 [1941].

Figure 3.

Listing of "Uebersichtsberichte," "Biochemistry/ Part I, Natural Pigments I, Page 67 1

One characteristic not usually associated with the review of a scientific topic has been inaugurated i n this work. I t is a paragraph entitled "Uebersichtsberichte" which is found i n many sections. Listed herein are pertinent books or other reviews published in Germany during the years 1939-46 which, i n the opinion of the author, constitute valuable complementary or background sources. A representative example is given i n Figure 3, taken from the biochemistry review section on natural pigments. Content No discussion of the F I A T Review of German Science would be complete without attempting to give at least an insight into the content—a difficult task because of the great scope (about 16,000 printed pages). This task can be partially accomplished by confinement to the chemical topics; however, this does not eliminate the other volumes from the interest of chemists. Subjects like biophysics, physics of solids, physiological and pathological chemistry, bacteriology, and immunology undoubtedly touch related items of use. Familiarity with the whole series is to be stressed i n spite of the emphasis of the subsequent paragraphs. No limitation was placed on a senior author's choice of content or method of presenta tion other than to exclude military topics and industrial processes which were covered extensively by allied investigation. Consequently, i n the rather classical breakdown of SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES


136

those volumes dealing with chemistry, authors varied the scope and method of presenta tion at will. "Inorganic Chemistry" is six volumes in length and brings together every thing to which K l e m m and his colleagues had access. "Theoretical and Preparative Organic Chemistry," two and three volumes, respectively, differ in that they treat special ized topics where significant advances were realized—for example, the former covers topics like constitution and physical properties, absorption spectra, Raman spectra, stereochemistry and reaction processes; the latter has sections, among others, dealing with the chemistry of acrylonitrile, copolymerization and polycondensation products, advances in synthetic dyes, reactions with molecular oxygen, automatic microanalysis of elements, organometallic compounds, and cellulose. M a n y times the point has been made that the reviews were 4 years i n being published and cover an even earlier period of the preceding 7 years. True, to be sure, but this fault is somewhat mitigated by the circumstances of the past decade. It is well to remember also that there is little or no reason for disregard of older literature, especially where fundamental study is involved. E v e n the past 10 years is a very short period to limit a literature search which, if extended, may very likely disclose information pertinent to a contemplated undertaking. I N V E R T S E I F E N

U N D

T E T R A Z O L I U M S A L Z E

von Dietrich J E R C H E L Kaiser-Wilhel m -Institut fur medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg

In normalen Seifen ist ein langer, hydrophober Alkylrest mit einei hydrophilen, negativ geladenen Carboxylgruppe verbunden (I). LangT ι

Λ-υυυ R = linger Alkylrest

R

R N N

+ / i R-Nf-R, \ R

π

R j

R

= 8 Alkylrest R — R, = Alkylreste oder Substituenten l a n

e r

x

ftndere

kettige Verbindungen, deren hydrophile Gruppen eine positive Ladung tragen, bezeichnet man als in vertierte Seifen, kurz als Invert seifen (II). Die Bedeutung der Invertseifen beruht auf ihrer vielfàltigen technischen Anwendung : Sie werden als Wasch-, Netz-, Emulgier- und Schaummittel verwendet; als Desinfektionsmittel, als Konservierungsmittel, ferner zum Mottenschutz und zur Bekâmpfung von Pilzen in den Handel gebracht. Dies hat zur Folge, daB die Technik eine groBe Zahl der verschiedensten Invertseifen in der Patentliteratur beschrieb. Im folgenden wird iiber eine Reihe von Invertseifen berichtet, die Gegenstand spezieller biochemischer Erforschung und Anwendung geworden sind. Bekannt als Desinfektionsmittel war eine 10-proz. Losung verschieden

Figure 4.

Representative Topic—"Biochemistry," Part I, Invert Soaps and Tetrazolium Salts, Page 59

Considering the reviews in this light, the biochemistry volumes are helpful. There can be found discussions containing unpublished works of Hans Fischer on chlorophyll. The subdivision on invert soaps and tetrazolium salts shown i n Figure 4 is more timely; both subjects are of current biological interest, particularly the latter, since these com pounds are of great assistance in the determination of seed germination. A n eye-catching topic is that on "Blastokoline," and very appropriately the opening paragraph starts, " W a s sind Blastokoline?" (Figure 5). These naturally occurring substances are a new class of growth inhibitors. Their presence may explain why some seeds germinate rapidly and others slowly, and how seeds can remain dormant for long periods in certain en vironments. The isolation, identification, and synthesis are included; the compounds are rather simple unsaturated lactones. SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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MILLER—FIAT REVIEW OF GERMAN SCIENCE B L A S T O K O L I N E von F R A N Z MOEWUS Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut f. Medizinische Forschung Heidelberg


(Mit 4 Abbildungen) 1. Was sind Blastokoline ?

185

2. Nachweis der Blastokoline

186

3. Vorkommen der Blastokoline im Pflanzenreich

187

4. Die Spezifitat der Blastokoline

191

5. Die chemische Natur der Blastokoline

193

6. Die Wirkung von Lactonen und anderen Verbindungen

195

7. Die Wirkung von Blastokolinen auf verschiedene Wachstumsvorgânge

196

8. Antagonismus zwischen Wuchsstofi und Hemmstofi

198

9. Das Wuchsstoffproblèm und die Blastokoline

203

1. Was sind B l a s t o k o l i n e ? Vor mehr als 50 Jahren erorterte W I E S N E R die Frage, warum die Samen in fleischigen Friichten nicht auskeimen, obwohl sie zur Zeit der Fnichtreife so wasserreich sind, daB ihrer Keimung nichts im Wege zu stehen scheint. W I E S N E R vermutete eine keimungshemmende Substanz im Fnichtfleisch oder im Schleim. Eine ausfuhrliche Darstellung des Problems verdanken wir O P P E N H E I M E R , der bei Moosen und BluteRpflanzen das Vorkommen keimungshemmender Stoffe beschrieb. Diesen Stoffengab K O C K E M A N N den Namen B l a s t o k o l i n e " (βλαστάυειυ = keimen, wachsen, χωλύειυ = hindern). Der von K O C K E M A N N in 1

2

8

Figure 5.

Representative Topic—"Biochemistry/' Part I, Blastocholines, Page 186

M a n y other topics could have been selected to call attention to other specific bio chemical researches, and just as interesting investigations are recorded i n any of the other fields given i n the title list. The need for critical, individually published, book reviews in the A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y journals is recognized; they would be helpful in further publicizing the contents. I n some instances this is being arranged and it will augment this brief, general, noncritical discussion.

Distribution The foregoing rapid trip over the F I A T Review of German Science possibly raises questions on how and where to obtain the entire series or separate sections of i t . Eleven hundred complete sets were printed i n Germany by the M i l i t a r y Governments, the dis tribution of which gave 250 copies to Great Britain, France, United States, and Germany, with the remaining 100 becoming the property of U N E S C O . W i t h i n the United States, further distribution has been made by the armed services and the Office of Technical Services, Department of Commerce. The latter has sent copies to 100 university, govern ment, and public libraries. A limited supply of the M i l i t a r y Government printing is available from the Department of Commerce, which will also furnish microfilm or photoSEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

138

A D V A N C E S IN

CHEMISTRY SERIES

stat copies. Finally, the manuscripts were given to a committee of German scientists headed b y Freudenberg of the University of Heidelberg; the intent was to print another edition to be used partially for export purposes.

Summary The F I A T Review of German Science represents a major contribution to scientific literature. A s reference works they should be of value to a research scientist whether he be associated with a university, industry, or a research institute. T h e least to be expected from their use is that disclosures and summaries of data on many researches of the period 1939-46 i n Germany save time i n literature searching as well as assist i n bridg ing a gap i n the continuity of scientific publication. RECEIVED July 6, I 9 6 0 .

P r e s e n t e d before t h e D i v i s i o n of C h e m i c a l L i t e r a t u r e , S y m p o s i u m o n S e a r c h i n g t h e of t h e AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Detroit, Mich.


C h e m i c a l Literature, at the 117th M e e t i n g

SEARCHING THE CHEMICAL LITERATURE Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1961.

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