July, 1917
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T I U A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
most exhaustive German work on bromine' states on page 3 t h a t t h e brine from Midland, Ohio, sic., contains 4 . I 8 per cent magnesium bromide which is equivalent t o 3 . 6 3 per cent bromine. or 36 times stronger t h a n those who operate on it cls.im it t o be. REPORTING RESULTS
T h e results should be reported in such a manner as t o give t h e manufacturer t h e thing w h k h he wants. The reporting of t h e constituents as ions, while strictly scientific, is of no value t o t h e manufacturer. A11 of t h e sodium and potassium should be calculated to chloride. Since t h e CaSOl separates on t h e copper tubes in t h e evaporators t h e H2S04 should be reported as calcium sulfate. The bromine should be calculated as magnesium bromide, since i t has long been so considered in t h e t r a d e ; b u t bromine as free bromine should also be reported. The residual calcium a n d all t h e magnesium are calculated t o chlorides since t h e y go on t h e market as such. Strontium and barium should be given as chlorides. The silicon should be reported as t h e oxide since t h e form in which i t is combined is not known. Iron a n d aluminum are reported together as oxides since their :separation is too time-consuming. The residue which separates on standing should also be given. Results are preferably reported in percentages though some manufacturers are accustomed t o grams per l i t e r . The specific gravity and temperature should always be reported; for this reason also, a standard temperat u r e should be used so t h a t results would be really comparable. When t h e positive and negative ions are calculated t o compounds they should nearly satisfj. each other. It should be borne in mind, however, t h a t t h e iron, aluminum and silicon are given as oxides, a n d not as salts, in which form they usually occur in t h e brine. There may also be small amounts of COZ a n d iodine which are not included. If, however, the check is not reasonably close, i t indicates a n error, or else some undetermined constituent is present. As a n illustration of t h e extremes in composition which t h e analyst must expect t o meet, t.wo examples from Ohio brines will serve. BRINESOURCE: Eastern Ohio Coal Mine Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 0 3 4 Baume equivalent.. . . . . . . . . . 4.8' Sodium chloride. 3.26 per cent Magnesium bromide 0.007 Bromine . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006 1.63 Calcium Magnesium chloride., . . . . . . . 0.05 Calcium sulfate.. . . . . . . . . . . 0.001
............
............
Southern Ohio Driven Well 1.1;o 22.2 12.08 per cent 0.124 0.1Oi 10.81 2.61 0.03 0.04 0.002 29.00
.
While this work considers primarily t h e commercial natural brines, t h e same procedure will doubtless a p ply t o t h e analysis of artificial brines, such as used in soda ash manufacture and in electrolytic cells, although t h e amounts of calcium a n d magnesium will be much less in these solutions. LABORATORY O F I I D U S T R I A L CHEMISTRS OHIO STATEUNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS 1 "Monographien u. angewandte Electrochemie. ifber d. elektrolytische C.ewionung von Brom." by Max Schlotter.
675
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOX AND FECAL STRAINS OF THE COLON-AEROGENES GROUP IN SURFACE WATERS 5 y MYRTLE GREEXPIELD AND
W. N. SKOURUP
Received April 30, 1917
When this work was started, i t was with t h e object of determining the variation of t h e organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group in t h e surface water supplies of Kansas, during wet and dry weather, and their response t o treatment. Three supplies on t h e Verdigris River were chosenCherryvale, Independence and Coffeyville, a n d two on t h e Neosho River-Humboldt and Chanute. A11 t h e towns have rapid sand filters a n d coagulate with alum. Independence uses l5me in addition, a part of t h e time. Cherryvale pumps t h e water from t h e Verdigris River into a storage basin, holding 1,288,000 gallons, which is about five days' supply. From this i t flows by gravity t o t h e city four miles distant. Table I shows t h e pollution at t h e raw water intakes of t h e cities in question. SEWAGEPOLLCTIONAT RAW WATER INTAKES WATERPOLLUTED BY SEWAGE FROMDistant PopuConSewage. CITY Town Miles lation nections Purification Cherryvale Neodesha 20 3,011 876 None Independence hleodesha 24 3,011 876 S-one Independence1 24 12,144 2600 Septic tank Sr Coffeyville Cherryvale2 30 4,235 8001 Contact bed Humboldt Iola 8 7,866 2350 Septic tank Iola & 16 7,866 2350 Septic tank Chanute 8 2,131 150 Septic tank Humboldt 1 Contact bed for one-third of the sewage. 2 €ontact bed in poor condition. T A B L EI-STATISTICS -RAW
OF
I& 1
UETHOD
O F ISOLATIOX
portable laboratory was set up a t Independence and the collection of all samples was personally supervised. Samples were iced a n d delivered t o t h e laboratory a few hours after collection. Upon receipt a t t h e laboratory, they were plated in standard agar and incubated 2 1 hrs. a t 37'. Various dilutions were planted a t t h e same time in lactose peptone bile. Streaks from t h e positive fermentation tubes were made on Endo plates. Three coli-like colonies were picked from each Endo plate and grown on a n agar slant. These slants were sent t o t h e main laboratory and purified again by streaking on Endo plates and picking a characteristic colony. From these, transfers were made t o lactose, dextrose, saccharose, and dulcite broth tubes and t o t h e di-potassium acid-phosphate media of Clark & Lubs.' The broth tubes were incubated 48 hrs. at 37' a n d t h e di-potassium-acid-phosphate tubes 7 2 hrs. at 3 7 '. One-half t h e latter was treated with methyl red t o indicate the H+ ion concentration a n d t h e other half with I O per cent KOH to obtain t h e Voges-Proskauer reaction. All cultures t h a t did not ferment lactose and dextrose were discarded. It was demonstrated by Rogers, Clark and El-ans? that organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group occurring on grains may be differentiated from those of fecal origin by t h e gas ratio. Clark & Lubs2 showed t h a t there is a complete correlation between t h e gas ratio and t h e Hf ion concentration, the fecal strains in their media being characterized by a high Hfion Infec. Dis.. 17 (1915). 13: I b i d . . p. 160.
:J . 2
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
676
TABLE11-DISTRIBUTION CITY
WATER No. of Cultures PERIOD Rain Raw 24 Drouth 8 Rain 30 Treated Drouth 25 Rain 54 Tap Drouth 47 Rain 27 Raw Drouth 23 Rain 15 Treated Drouth 24 Rain 30 Tap 58 Drouth Rain 30 Raw Drouth 21 32 Rain Treated 23 Drouth 33 Rain Tap 28 Drouth 30 Rain Raw 20 Drouth 30 Rain Treated 23 Drouth 53 Rain Tap 23 Drouth 15 Raw Rain 21 Drouth 15 Treated Rain 21 Drouth 9 Rain Tap 30 Drouth 15 Raw Drouth 15 Drouth Treated Drouth 28 Tap 117 Rain Raw 108 Drouth 116 Rain Drouth 134 Rain 193 194 Drouth
............
INDEPENDENCE.
..................
CHANUTE
.............
CHERRYVALE..
..............
HUMBOLDT...
.............
COFFEYVILLE..
.................
PARSONS..
SUMMARY Supplies Averaged
TABLE111-COR~ELATIONBETWEEN
CITY WATER CHERRYVALE.. Raw
..
Treated Tap
INDEPENDENCE.. Raw Treated ' Tap
..
COFFEYVILLE.. Raw Treated Tap
.... Raw
HUMBOLDT..
Treated Tap
....... Raw
CHANUTE
Treated Tap Raw SUMMARY Supplies Averaged
No. of Samples 10 8 11 8 12 17 8 3 10 8 21 20 5 8 5 8 8 16 10 9
10' 9 20 16 9 8 9 8 32 32 42 34 45 37 93 92
TOTAL BACILLI) B. Acidi-Lactici B . Anogencs Soil Fecal Soil Fecal Soil 12.5 20.8 12.5 12.5 11.1 5.42 11.14 14.19 19.5 16 4 8 16 2.13 8.52 10.53 8.52 12.55 14.8 25.5 12.05 50.05 4.35 i:js 34.8 13.4 li:65 37.5 4.25 14.8 4.25 12.75 18.9 6.9 34.5 9.6 9.6 16.3 12.8 4.76 23.8 5.66 13.33 3.36 30 13.1 4.35 39.1 3.3 3.3 27.3 10.7 21.4 7.14 11.55 26.8 3.8 23 11.55 10 35 6.9 20.7 8.7 8.7 30.4 4.47 14.5 18.53 12.53 38.3 13.3 20 ... 33.3 19.1 33.3 26.6 ... 26.6 20 4.16 4:i6 33.3 5.55 27.8 ... 16.7 33.3 13.3 ... 26.6 6:66 13.3 ... 13.3 10.2 39.3 0.85 9.4 12.82 6.83 25.64 8.32 0.92 29.6 5.17 5.17 7.75 4.32 22.8 11.95 0.735 5.22 29.2 3.14 9.32 8.82 2.59 18.12 14.82 4.15 2.78
OF THE iORCANISMS ISOLATED (RESULTSIN PERCENTAGES OF
B. Communior Fecal
Soil
8.34 75 11.1 32 4.26 44.8 31.8 39.1 60 29.1 14.8 34.5 29 47.7 13.3 13.1 21.2 46.4 3.8 35 10.7 17.4 16.63 61.7
54.7
...?
14.6 13.3 50 11.1 33.3 73.4 53.4 28.6 16.25 42.6 18.1 31.9 13.49 38.7
B. Communis Fecal
. . . . ... .. ... 4 ... 4.17
...
25.9 20 49.23 4.26 8.8 8.7 26.5 16.65 36.5 1.73 16.3 14.3 30 26.1 45.4 3.57 19.5 5 55.2 26.1 20.82
...
4.26 8.51 17.2 8.7
... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.75 3.46 ... 6.68 ... 9.52 ... 3.36 ... 4.35 ... ...
10.7
... 15
6.9 8.7 12.5
...
14.3 25.68 8.32 32.68 15.67 38.82 6.18
13.3 7.14 5.98 10.2 2.58 5.98 7.26 8.25
...
... ...
...
...
... ...
...
... ...
55.5 13.3
33.3 14.6 13.3
...
... ...
...
...... ... 19.1 ... ... 8.32 ... ...... 16.7
...
...
... ... ...
... ...
...
... ... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...... ...
...
... ... ... ...
...
. . . . ... ..
. . . . ... .. ...
... ... ...
...
...
...
...
Vol. 9, No. 7 TOTAL PERCENTAGES Soil Fecal
12.4 87.5 33.17 60 25.45 70.1 50 56.5 59.9 45.7 39.2 63.8 63.4 61.8 26.6 37.8 21.2 78.6 23.8 60 17.2 43.5 38.1 66.7 13.3 52.4 40.1 66.7 16.68 73.3 73.2 86.7 46.4 37.61 62 31.8 54.5 33.62 65.8
87.6 12.5 66.8 40 74.6 29.9 50 43.5 40.1 54.3 60.8 36.2 36.6 38.2 73.4 65.2 78.8 21.4 76.2 40 82.8 56.5 61.9 33.3 86.7 47.6 59.9 33.3 83.3 26.7 26.8 13.3 53.6 62.4 38 68.2 45.5 67.4 34.2
THE NUMBEROF ORGANISMS OF THE COLON-AEROGENES GROUPPER Cc. AND NUMBEROF ORGANISMS GROWNON AGARA T 37' IN 24 HOURS % POSITIVE FOR ORGAN- ORGANISMS OF THE
c.
ISMS OF THE COLONCOLON-AEROGENES AEROGENES GROUP GROUPPER Cc. PERIODAerogenes Group Max. Min. Av. Rain 100 66.0 10.0 30.1 100 66.0 1.0 26.3 Drouth Rain 100 10.0 0.4 6.8 100 6.6 0.1 2.4 Drouth Rain 100 0.6 0.1 0.4 58.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 Drouth Rain 35.0 100 66.0 10 100 100.0 1 30.0 Drouth 100 6.6 0.6 2.4 Rain 100 33.0 0.2 3.1 Drouth 0.1 0.4 90.5 0.8 Rain 75 1.0 0.1 0.2 Drouth 100 66.0 6.6 29.7 Rain 1 28.4 100 100.0 Drouth 0.4 8.1 100 33.0 Rain 100 33.0 0.2 5.2 Drouth 0.1 0.3 Rain 87.5 4.0 75 0.8 0.1 0.4 Drouth 100 100.0 6.6 37.5 Rain 1 25.4 100 66.0 Drouth 100 10.0 0.2 5.4 Rain 0.1 1.8 100 10.0 Drouth 95 1.0 0.1 0.64 Rain 6.4 0.4 0.1 0.19 Drouth 100 66.0 6.6 26.4 Rain 1 24.8 100 100.0 Drouth 0.6 0.6 77.8 0.6 Rain 0.2 0.7 100 6.6 Drouth 0.1 0.25 56.2 0.6 Rain 0.1 0.18 46.8 0.6 Drouth 6.6 31.74 100 1 00 Rain 100 100 0.1 27.48 Drouth 0.2 4.86 Rain 95.1 33 0.1 3.27 97.2 33 Drouth 1 0.1 0.39 80.7 Rain 0.1 0.21 59.5 1 Drouth
concentration, t h e cultures from grains b y a low H + ion concentration. T h e difference in H+ concentration is easily recognized with methyl red as an indicator - being bright red with a Hf ion concentration of I X IO-^ a n d changing t o clear yellow with a H+ ion concentration of I X 10-6. The work of
PERCENTOFTHE ORGANISMS AS Fecal Soil
63.4 61.8 26.6 34.8 21.2 78.6 12.4 87.5 33.17 60.0 25.45 70.0 13.3 52.4 40.1 66.7 16.68 73.3 23.8 60.0 17.2 43.5 38.1 66.7 50.0 56.5 59.9 45.7 39.2 63.8 37.61 62.0 31.8 54.5 33.6 65.8
36.6 38.2 73.4 65.2 78.8 21.4 87.6 12.5 66.83 40.0 84.6 29.9 86.7 47.6 59.9 33.3 83.3 26.7 76.2 40.0 82.8 56.5 61.9 33.3 50.0 43.5 40.1 54.3 60.8 36.2 62.39 38 68.2 45.5 67.38 34.2
BACTERIA PER Cc. ON AGAR A T 37' c . IN 24 HOURS Max. Min. Av.
80,000 3,400 2,900 340 160 140 240,000 6,000 1.800 3,900 210 250 170,000 4,100 830 1,100 140 3 10 52,000 8,600 2,700 300 140 65 30,000 3,700 410 700 95 230 240,000 15,200 2,900 4,200 210 250
6,000 34,700 1,200 2,200 230 930 160 280 40 85 9 65 9,000 91,000 3,700 4,800 260 700 260 1.280 6 55 11 95.4 60,000 88,000 1,900 2,170 370 550 140 480 25 75 9 67 8,000 24,600 700 2,400 330 1,040 85 220 35 70 5 35.3 7,000 17,000 1,200 2,300 110 240 180 540 3 22 7 36.2 6,000 50,800 700 2,460 110 260 110 470 3 61.4 5 43.4
Max Levine.' Florence Hulton,2 a n d one of US,^ indicates t h a t there is a complete correlation between t h e Voges-Proskauer reaction a n d t h e alkaline methylred reaction. T h e work on t h e 862 cultures considJ . Infcc. Dis., 18 (1916). 358. I b i d . . 19 (1916),606. a I b i d . , 19 (1916),647.
I
2
,
J u l y , 1917
T H E J O U R N A L OF I I f D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
ered in this paper confirms t h e correlation. I t is t h e opinion of t h e writers t h a t for a rapid determination, t h e Voges-Proskauer is more delicate t h a n t h e methylred determination. From this point, cultures t h a t have a high H+ ion concentration, in t h e media of Clark a n d Lubs,’ a n d are Voges-Proskauer negative will be spoken of as fecal strains and those t h a t have a low H+ion concentration a n d are Voges-Proskauer positive, as soil strains. The first set of samples was taken daily from June 16 t o June 2 7 , 1916. F r o m June j t o 2 7 , t h e rainfall m-as 9.47 inches. I n t h e tables this period is called “Rain.” The second set of samples was taken daily from Augu:;t 14 t o 2 2 , 1916. Duri.ng t h a t time t h e rainfall was 0.64 inch. I n t h e table this period is called “Drouth.” CHARACTERISTICS AND D I S T R I B U T I O N O F C U L T U R E S
T h e distribution of t h e cultures among MacConkey’sz four principal groups and their division into soil a n d fecal strains during wet a n d dry weather is shown in Table 11. T h e summary indicates t h a t , during rainy weather, a slightly higher percentage of t h e cultures from raw water were fecal strains t h a n of t h e cultures from treated or t a p water; this checks with previous work done by one of US.^ During dry weather there was a slightly higher percentage of fecal strains in t h e t a p water t h a n in t h e raw water. These differences are so slight t h a t no cognizance should be taken of either. There seems t o be no difference between soil a n d fecal strains of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group from surface water supplies i n their resistance t o treatment, nor is there a difference between cultures of t h e four principal groups of MacConkey isolated from surface water supplies, a n d their resistance t o treatment, coagulating wit’h alum a n d filtering through a rapid sand filter being t h e treatment. CORRELATION
Table I11 correlates t h e number of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group per cc. per cent of soil a n d of fecal strains, a n d t h e number of organisnis grown on agar a t 3 7 ” in 2 4 hrs. As was t o be expected, dry weather conditions decreased t h e average count on agar and t h e average number of organisms of t h e colonaerogenes group per cc. in t h e raw water. This is further shown in Table IV. During rain or high-water periods, t h e greater per cent of t h e organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group f r o m raw water belongs t o t h e soil strain. During dry weather, t h e greater per cent of t h e organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group from raw water: belongs t o t h e fecal strain: this was noticeably true if t h e raw water was subject; t o sewage pollution. T h e sanitary survey showed t h a t t h e raw water a t Humboldt had by far the more sewage pollution. T h e higher increase in t h e per cent of fecal strains of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group during dry weather correlates with this. T h e raw water a t Cherryvale shows 1 . 6 per cent 1
LOG.,:if,
8
LOC.cit.
’ Prescott and
Winslow, “Elements of Water Bact.,” 1915, 149.
677
decrease in fecal strains during dry weather. T h e raw water from which this d a t a was taken was collected a t the Cherryvale plant, t h a t is, after t h e 5 days’ storage. This would undoubtedly account for t h e slight decrease in t h e number of fecal strains during dry weather. WA7ATt-R
STRAINS
RAW
Feca/
CH€R,QYVALh
So,’/ TREATL~Feco/ Sol/
72P
Feco/
SON
RAW
Feca/
so;/
TREATEDfeco/ SO,7
TAP
Feco/
SO/Y
HuMBoLDT
Raw
CHANUTE Feco/
SO// TREATE~ Feco/ SO//
7AP
Feca/ SO//
THEF f f f C T
OF DRGUTH ON THE PERCKNTAGES OF
So/i W
~ A LSTRAiNS
The raw water a t Independence shows 7 5 . I per cent increase in fecal strains during dry weather. The sanitary survey offers no explanation for this decided increase. This per cent is not of much value, due t o t h e small number of samples collected during dry weather at Independence. T h e Cherryvale per cent increase of fecal strains during dry weather is t h a t expected from the sanitary survey.
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
678
L. A. Rogers' collected samples above and below a source of pollution on a stream. Above t h e pollution, t h e greater percentage of t h e organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group were soil strains, while below t h e pollution, t h e greater percentage were fecal strains. The variation i n per cent of soil a n d fecal strains of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group from surface water supplies is shown graphically in t h e accompanying diagram. EFFECTOF DROUTHON THE AVERAGENUMBER O F ORGANISMS OF THE COLON-AEROGENES GROUPPER Cc. IN SURFACEWATER O N THE AVERAGE NUMBER O F ORGANISMS GROWNON AGARAT 37' IN 24 HOURSA N D THE PER CENT OF FECAL STRAINS
TABLEIV-THE
Per cent Reduction in Total Count of CITY Organisms Cherryvale.. 88 89 Independence.. Coffeyville.. . 95 82 Humboldt.. . . Chanute.. . , . . . . 76 AVERAGE.. . . . . . 90.7
.... . . .. .. .. . .
Per cent Reduction in hTo.of Organism of Colon-Aerogenes Group per Cc. 6.7 7.7 2.2 19.0 0.31 7.2 ~~
Per cent Increase in No. of Fecal Strains -1.6 75.1 39.1 36.2 6.5 24.39
Vol. 9, No. 7
The samples ranged from t h e most expensive t o t h e cheapest grades on t h e market and included fortyfour different brands from twenty-six concerns. T h e samples were obtained on t h e open market and we have no knowledge of t h e method of preparation. All cans were in good condition and all held a vacuum, no swelled ends being found. All samples were offered for sale and were in a merchantable condition. The fish was firm and of good flavor and odor in all cases. I n some of t h e cheaper brands t h e meat was somewhat dry, light-colored a n d contained rather small amounts of oil, b u t these were not sold as a highgrade product. T h e following commercial grades were examined: Red and GRADE: Sockeye Red Alaska Samples.. . , 8 24
..
Chinook 2
Cohoe 2
Pink 10
Chum 6
CONCLUSIONS
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
I-There seems t o be no difference between soil and fecal strains of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group from surface water supplies in their resistance t o treatment, nor is there a difference between cultures of t h e four principal groups of MacConkey, isolated from surface water supplies in their resistance t o treatment. 2-There is a correlation between t h e increase in t h e fecal strains of organisms of t h e colon-aerogenes group during dry weather a n d t h e sanitary survey. T h e writers wish t o express their appreciation for t h e assistance and criticism of C. C. Young, Director of t h e Water and Sewage Laboratory, a n d C. A. Haskins, State Sanitary Engiaeer. The Kansas State Board of Health helped materially in t h e survey.
The tops of .the cans were carefully cleaned a n d covered with a j per cent solution of carbolic acid for about I O minutes. This was then poured off a n d denatured alcohol added for about j minutes. The excess of alcohol was removed and t h e remainder burned. T h e t o p was then thoroughly flamed with a Bunsen burner flame. T h e can was tilted several times, flamed again a n d opened with a previously boiled and flamed can opener, with as little agitation as possible. The floors, table t o p a n d hands of t h e operator were carefully washed with carbolic acid solution before t h e operation began. Standard meat juice agar plates, dextrose fermentation tubes, bile lactose fermentation tubes, deep agar shakes, milk with a n d without calcium carbonate added, Endo agar plates a n d t h e condensation water on agar slants were inoculated. The material for these inoculations was taken from as near t h e bottom of t h e can as possible. T o t h e Petri dishes were added 2 cc., I cc. a n d 0 .I cc. of salmon liquor, about 0.5 cc. was added t o t h e milk and fermentation tubes, a large loopful was added t o t h e deep agar and t o t h e condensation water of t h e agar slants. A p a r t of t h e milk was heated t o 8 j " C. for IO minutes a n d cooled quickly in cold water. The agar shakes were also cooled quickly by plunging t h e m into cold water as soon as inoculated. A large loopful of material was smeared upon a clean slide, fixed in absolute alcohol for 15 minutes a n d stained in dilute methylene blue for 30 min. All cultures were incubated at 37' C. for 48 hours a n d careful examination made. They were placed a t room temperature for j days a n d again examined. As a check upon t h e methods, t h e increase in temperature of t h e contents of t h e can due t o t h e flaming was noted b u t i t was not influenced. The media was checked against B . typhosus; B . enteritides; B. coli c o m m u n i s ; B . p a r a t y p h o s u s , A and B ; B . tetani; B. botulinus; B . arithracis s y m p t o m a t i c i ; and three cultures of B. U'elchii, all of which grew readily. As a check on t h e ability of organisms t o grow in t h e salmon, thirteen samples taken a t random were placed in test-tubes a n d inoculated with t h e first five
WATERA N D SEWAGELABORATORY STATE BOARD O F HEALTH,LAWRENCE, KAESAS
THE EXAMINATION OF CANNED SALMON FOR BACTERIA AND TIN* By L. D . BUSHNELLAND C. A. A. UTT Received April 18, 1917 INTRODUCTION
Reports from t h e Division of Vital Statistics of t h e Kansas State Board of Health show a number of deaths in this state supposed t o have been due t o t h e eating of canned salmon. D a t a other t h a n t h a t are lacking. Mr. L. A. Congdon, Assistant Chief Food and Drug Inspector of t h e Kansas State Board of Health, suggested t o us, through Dr. J. T. Willard, chief of t h e food laboratory of t h e Kansas State Agricultural College, t h e bacteriological examination of samples of canned salmon, with t h e view particularly of noting t h e presence of paratyphoid-like organisms. T h e s t a t e inspectors h a d sent in fifty-two samples of t h e various brands t o t h e food laboratory for examination for tin. These were also used for bacteriological examination. 1 "The Viability of Different Types of the Colon-Group in Water," L. A. Rogers. J. of Bact. (Abstract), 1, 83. 2 Published b y permission of W. M. Jardine, Dean of the Exp. Station, and J. T . Willard, Chief of the Food Laboratory, Kansas State Agricultural College, and S. J. Crumbine, Sec. Kansas State Board of Health.
