Books
Seeing What We Spray
Emerging Strategies for Pesticide Analysis Thomas Cairns and Joseph Sherma, Eds. CRC Press 2000 Corporate Blvd., N. W. Boca Raton, FL 33431 1992, 352 pp., $75
An international group of authors contributed to this first volume of a new series entitled "Modern Methods for Pesticide Analysis." Although the book's leanings aren't obvious from the title, the cover picture reveals the focus of most of the chapters: the analysis of pesticide residues in food. Each of the "emerging strategies" is presented as either a review of the subject technology, a specific and detailed analytical procedure that incorporates the technology, or a brief review followed by a detailed procedure. In the Extraction and Cleanup section, Chapter 1 nobly implores chemists to reduce the excessive solvent volumes used to extract samples for trace levels of pesticides. Microextraction with ternary solvents is explained using Gibbs' triangles, and the advantages of nonautomated "online" microextraction methods are presented using specific procedures that still rely on conventional glassware and traditional extraction technologies. Solid-phase partition column technologies are briefly reviewed in Chapter 2, with citations for specific applications of polymeric resins and bonded-phase silica sorbents to pesticide isolation from water, food, and serum. A multiresidue (MR) method that uses diatomaceous earth for the isolation and cleanup of 35 pesticides from nonfat foods is also detailed. 522 A
Chapter 3 is a brief, well-written description of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process. Surprisingly, it omits references to SFE theory and instrumental operation; however, the comprehensive review of SFE applications to pesticide analysis is thoroughly referenced. In the Multiresidue Approaches section, Chapter 4 addresses the impact of the regulatory environment on methods development. Basic strategies of MR methods are discussed, including aspects of extraction/partition methods, chromatographic cleanup techniques, and instrumental analysis.
An effective use of examples helps demonstrate hyphenated methods for pesticide analysis. Chapter 5 details a complex extension of US EPA Method 531.1, an HPLC method for determining ,/V-methylcarbamates in water, to the determination of these pesticides in produce. Misplaced figures here are one of the few editorial errors in the book. Approaches for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in various matrices are well reviewed in Chapter 6, and Chapter 7 describes an interesting method using a postcolumn photolysis variation of US EPA Method 531.1 for the determination of primarily JV-methylcarbamate and phenylurea pesticides. Chapter 8 presents a useful review of two-dimensional gas chromatography (2D GC) and its application to pesticide analysis in food. The 2D GC method described in this chapter incorporates three simultaneous detectors (ECD, NPD, and FPD)
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 66, No. 9, May 1, 1994
and reportedly determines more than 305 pesticides; retention time and detector response characteristics are presented for 59 pesticides. Chapter 9 presents a thorough review of the indirect determination of dithiocarbamate pesticides using headspace analysis of carbon disulfide, including advantages of the various approaches. The Emerging Technologies section begins with "Fiber-Optic Spectroscopy" (Chapter 10), which briefly covers fiberoptic, bio-, and piezoelectric sensors as well as surface acoustic wave devices and notes the limited application of these devices to pesticide analysis. Much of the discussion focuses on the importance of crystal coatings; unfortunately, it omits some basic descriptive information that would enhance recognition of the future potential of these devices. Immunoassay methods are redundantly covered in Chapters 11 and 15. The discussion in Chapter 11 may be unclear to many analytical chemists unfamiliar with the biological terms common to this technology. Chapter 15 is somewhat clearer; it contains more definitions and descriptive figures as well as a more complete review of immunoassay applications to pesticide analysis. Future trends in immunoaffinity chromatography, enzyme immunochromatography, and immunoprobes and sensors also are discussed. Chapter 12 details GC/ion trap MS methods for pesticides in nonfat foods and water, with emphasis on operation in the chemical ionization mode. Chapter 13 is an excellent, well-referenced review of numerous coupled instrumental techniques, including GC, GC/MS, MS/MS, LC/GC, on-line precolumn LC, post-LC systems, on-line SFC, LC/MS, SFC/MS, and CZE/MS. The author makes effective use of examples to demonstrate the application of these "hyphenated" methods to pesticide analysis. Chapter 14 describes two specific thermospray LC/MS methods for several sulfonylurea herbicides and addresses some important considerations for using LC/MS, but cites few
thermospray LC/MS references. representing the entire spectrum of scienIn "Future Trends" (Chapter 16), editific forces working in this area. As noted tor Thomas Cairns reviews the concepts by the editors, laser desorption and ionizaof the previous chapters and speculates tion for mass analysis is just a part of the about which technologies might be most broad area in which laser-substance interimportant in the future. action is used; this also includes, for exThe book includes a complete subject ample, such significant applications as index, and each chapter contains a table diamond synthesis and high-temperature of contents. Most chapters contain a thor- superconductor preparation. ough list of relevant references up to 1990 The similarity between physical pheor 1991. nomena observed during laser-induced Although a number of the procedures desorption and ionization and the applicadetailed in this book were developed to tion of such phenomena for mass analysis determine part-per-million to mid-part-per- unite the chapters of this monograph. billion concentrations of pesticides However, the use of lasers for mass analyin agricultural products, these same tech- sis is still too broad a topic for one book. niques may be adaptable to low- to subppb pesticide analysis in other matrices, including those relevant to aquatic environments. In this respect, the book may become an even more valuable resource. Reviewed by William T. Foreman, U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Arvada, CO
Narrow Beam, Broad Scope
Laser Ionization Mass Analysis Akos Vertes, Renaat Gijbels, and Fred Adams, Eds. John Wiley & Sons 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 10158 1993, 560 pp., $95
This monograph was written by a large group of scientists from Belgium, Germany, Russia, and the United States,
The same or similar physical phenomena have been presented from different points of view.
As Ronald MacFarlane emphasizes in the foreword, the appearance of this book was inspired by a breakthrough in the MS of large biomolecules with the development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The editors could have been more selective in their choice of specific topics and phenomena to provide a clearer focus and better support for the book's aims. One can trace at leastfivemajor directions that were followed by the chapter authors in writing the book. Instrumentation is one example; the book includes discussions of different schemes used in sector, quadrupole, time-of-flight, Fourier transform, and quadrupole ion trap instruments, as well as exotic applications such
as an on-board laser ionization mass spectrometer for space missions. Desorption and ionization methods covered in the book include direct laser desorption/ionization, MALDI, laser postionization of neutrals, laser desorption with nonlaser ionization, and the use of lasers in multistage (MS/MS) experiments. Several chapters describe the role of the laser irradiation level from the low laser irradiance used in MALDI to the high-level regime used in laser ablation and solid sampling. The book presents mechanisms and theoretical descriptions of various laser desorption/ionization processes, including the phase explosion, cool plume, desorption by electronic transition, and pressure pulse models for MALDI, and the plasma formation model for the high-irradiance case. Numerous applications are presented with a vast amount of material on biological, organic, inorganic, and elemental mass analysis as well as on structural characterization of organic and biological molecules. A discussion of the laser microprobe is also included. The enormous amount of material considered by the authors has resulted in some shortcomings that are readily apparent. One example is the incompleteness of references—the book cannot be considered a codification of the vast literature on the subject. Laser ionization mass analysis is a rapidly developing area; some recent advances such as high mass resolution biological applications were not included, and other aspects were elucidated only briefly. In particular, MALDI and its applications deserve to occupy more than the 50 pages allotted to them. Nevertheless, this attempt to reach the goals the editors have set may be considered helpful. The same or similar physical phenomena are presented from different points of view by scientists using the unique features of lasers for different mass spectrometric applications. It is very difficult to define the primary readership of this book. Everyone can find
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Books
Prediction of the Deformation Properties of Polymeric and Composite Materials
Describes principles - predicting the deformation and strength of polymeric materials and composites on the basis of intensification and acceleration of relaxation and failure processes by such factors as temperature, pressure, stress, and loading methods. Prediction of the Deformation Properties of Polymeric and Composite Materials also discusses superposition methods, methods of equivalent damage and failure, and quasi-static test methods. Examines the prediction of deformation properties under the complex stress states prevalent in real structures. Generalizes basic experimental and theoretical results for several classes of polymeric materials, as well as composites, polymer blends, and multicomponent polymeric systems. Contents: • Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymeric and Composite Materials and the Principles of Prediction • Prediction of Deformation Properties • Complex Thermorheological Behavior and the Complex Stress State • Prediction of Volumetric Creep Deformation of Polymeric Materials • Prediction of Creep Polymeric and Composite Materials in Shear and Tension Under Hydrostatic Pressure • Long-Term Strength A. Ya. Goldman Translated and Edited by M. Shelefand R. A. Dickie ACS Professional Reference Book 350 pages (1994) Clothbound ISBN 0-8412-2504-4 — $ 5 9 . 9 5
Order from: American Chemical Society Distribution Office, Dept. 74 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20036
Or CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-227-5558 (in Washington, DC, 202-872-4363) and use your credit card! FAX: 202-872-6067. ACS Publications Catalog now available on internet: gopher acsinfo.acs.org
ACS EssentialPUBLICATIONS Resources for the Chemical Sciences 524 A
something interesting and useful in it, whether it be a theoretical interpretation of the phenomenon of laser ionization, an instrument design, or a characterization of matrices for MALDI. Some readers will find this book too broad in scope. However, its goal is to accumulate the knowledge and experience obtained by scientists working with different applications of lasers to MS. The book should be of interest to instrumentalists, physicists, analytical chemists, and biochemists and should be helpful both for experienced researchers and for beginners in this fast-growing area of analytical chemistry. Reviewed by Vladimir Doroshenko, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
BOOKS RECEIVED Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Carl A. Burtis and Edward R. Ashwood, Eds. W. B. Saunders The Curtis Center Independence Square West Philadelphia, PA 19106-3399 1994, 2368 pp., $125
This second edition is named for Norbert W. Tietz, author of the classic Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and editor of the 1986 first edition of this comprehensive text. The book has been reorganized into six sections of chapters on laboratory principles, analytical techniques and instrumentation, chemometrics, laboratory management, analytes, and pathophysiology. New chapters on nucleic acid biochemistry and its diagnostic applications and on tumor markers have been included. The book contains 550 illustrations and, according to the editors, nearly twice as many references as the first edition. References are current through 1992. Chapters in the analytes and pathophysiology sections contain numerous detailed procedures for sample collection, preparation, and analysis. Chapters on analytical goals and clinical interpretation, the establishment and use of reference values, evaluation of methods, and statistical procedures appear in the chemometrics section. The laboratory management section discusses the principles of "total quality management" along with quality control and assurance procedures. The analytical techniques and instrumentation
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section covers the range from osmometers to GC/MS systems and includes a survey of current commercial automated clinical chemistry analyzers. The last chapter of the pathophysiology section is an appendix with an extensive analyte reference range table.
Physics, Chemistry, and Technology of Solid-State Gas Sensor Devices Andreas Mandelis and Constantinos Christofides John Wiley & Sons 605 Third Ave. New York, NY 10158 1993, 323 pp., $60
This text is Volume 125 in the "Chemical Analysis" series of monographs edited by J. D. Winefordner. Nine chapters include an introduction and discussions of the interactions of gases with surfaces, gassensitive solid-state semiconductor sensors, photonic and photoacoustic gas sensors, fiber-optic sensors, piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance sensors, surface acoustic wave sensors, pyroelectric and thermal sensors, and future trends. The book is illustrated with photographs, schematic diagrams, and sample spectra and includes an appendix on hydrogen gas detectors. References are current through 1991.
Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry: Methods and Techniques René Ε. Van Grieken and Andrzej A. Markowicz, Eds. Marcel Dekker 270 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10158 1993, 720 pp., $195
Volume 14 of the "Practical Spectroscopy" series, this handbook contains chapters on topics ranging from the underlying physical concepts of X-ray emission spec trometry, spectrum evaluation, and quanti fication in X-ray fluorescence analyses to wavelength- and energy-dispersive, total reflection, and polarized beam XRF meth ods. Other methods described include radioisotope X-ray analysis, synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission tech niques, and particle- and electron-induced X-ray emission. Chapter 1, on the physics of X-ray emission spectrometry, contains tables of coefficients, emission line ener gies of the elements, and experimental and theoretical fluorescence yields.
