S.&eig

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y

Aug., 19 I 8 SAMPLE No. Foreign Fat. % Tallow 5

10 15 20 25 30 Lard No. 1 10 15 20 25 30 Lard No. 2 30 Oleo. 56 20 25 30 35 40

SAMPLE No. Hyd. Fat No. 2 5

1

Tur. Res. Cc. G. 73

2 Tur. Res. Cc. G.

0.454

66

0.485

$6 i:6is

is ai

0:?46

86

o:bi7

.....

io

TABLE111-SHOWING THB EFFECTO F ADDEDFOREIGNFATS 7 8 5 6 3 4 Tur. Res. Tur. Res. Tur. Res. Tur. Res. Tur. Res. Tur. Res. Cc. G. Cc. G.. Cc. G. Cc. G. Cc G. Cc. G.

0:885

.....

64 70

0.150 0.456

64 70

0.374 0.541

64 69

0.198 0.467

62 73

$9

0:906

i5

0:9i4

Si

0:993

:: :::

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ai

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4; 0:360 io 0:&3 io o : i 9 3 i3 o:i& $4 0:400 j i o:i9o

18 Tur. Res. Cc. 0.

19 Tur. Res. Cc. G.

64 71

0.558 0.780

01846

io

o:ji4

i9

0:696

a6

1:o65

.....

..... .....

72 72

0.358 0.507

64 65

0.439 0.199

65 68

0.470 0.375

66 65

0.629 0.482

68 70

0:.?60

01636 0.497

i3 70

0:5i2 0.493

ii

0:5;2

0.280

65 72

S& .gei Hyd. Fat

71

0.280

72

0.497

70

0.497

70

0.426

17

17

Tur. Cc.

Res.

73

1.220

ai

i:3j4

G.

.

Tur. Cc.

20 Res.

G.

Tur. Cc.

Res.

is

1.’469

86

2:iis

G:

No. 1

66 77

0.350 0.638

.....

ai

53

o:i&

.....

%J

1:aao

0:6;4

.....

:: :::

73

0.584

i i 0:56s a i 0:bsl

.....

54

. . . . . . . . . . 42 42 . . . 43 . . . . . . . 40

0.434 0.663

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ... 44 ... 44 ... . . . 40 ... 42 ... 40 . . . 42 ::: 46 ... 42 ... . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................

. . . . . . . . . .

.....

62 71

0:571

. . . .. .. . . . ... 42 ..... .....

0.489 0.859

iii

.....

71

64 71

... . . . . . . . . . .

0:335 0.407

0.541

0.325 0.586

10 Tur. Res. Cc. G.

.‘.‘i

0:3j7

ii

72

9 Tur. Res. Cc. G.

j6

66

i i o:iis

o:iig

621

5 10 10 15 25

..... .....

75

1.280

. . . . .

..... ..... .....

91 Tur. cc. 34 84 83 73 86

100 per cent Oleo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lard. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tallow. . . . . . . . . . . . Hyd. Fat No. 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyd. Fat No. 2. .... *Hyd. Fat No. 3. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Coconut Oil Stearin

................. ................. ..................

however, possible t o notice the addition of this f a t i n quantities of 2 5 and 30 per cent and above with certainty. Oleomargarine, as has already been pointed out, may be of varying constitution dependent upon the source from whioh i t is derived. The results are influenced accordingly. I t was for this reason not possible t o detect the addition of another sample of oleomargarine evidently containing larger proportions of .the less soluble glycerides even in quantities of 2 5 and 30 per cent. , It will be noticed t h a t the results for the different hydrogenated fats vary considerably. The iodine numbers of these fats were determined and found t o be as follows: No. I , 73.4; No. 2 , 34.5; and No. 3, 3.4. I n No. I , having a higher iodine number, the amount of unsaturated oleates is high, while the amount of the saturated and less solubl.: glycerides is comparatively small, so t h a t these latter do not raise the turbidity point of butter f a t sufficiently t o serve for their detection. The effect of the saturated glycerides produced by t h e hydrogenation is also seen in a comparison of the results between hydrogenated fats No. 2 and 3 given in t h e table. I n the case of No. 3, having a n iodine number of 3.4, the addition of even 5 per cent can be detected with certainty, while No. 2 , which has a n iodine number of 3 4 . 5 , can be detected in quantities of I O per cent or above. Where the iodine number of a hydrogenated fat is high, as in the case of No. I , so t h a t its addition cannot be detected by the suction method, the determination of this value in a suspected sample of butter fat would in many cases give evidence of the presence of the added fat. The table also shows the effect of the addition of

3.530 Res.

70

.....

..... ... . . . ... .. 43 .....

.....

21 21 Forei n Tur. Forei n Tur. Fat, Cc. Fat, cc. Hyd. Fat Coconut Oil No. 3 Stearin 20 59 20 25 25 45 30 50 30 40

$5

$5

. . . .

..

30

..

.. ..

22 Tur. cc.

.. ..

..

.. ..

40

G.

0: ;a2 2.060

3:2i9

...

...

a sample of coconut oil stearin to butter fat. The effect of this fat also may vary with the constitution of different samples. The results for I O O per cent of the various fats used illustrate t o what extent the effect produced is due t o their insoluble glycerides. REFERENCES 1-“Oils, Fats, and Waxes,” 5th Ed., Vol. 11, p. 823. 2-“Organic Analysis,” Rev. Ed., p. 191. 3--“0ils, Fats and Waxes,” 3th Ed., Vol. 11, p. 825. 4--Ibid., p. 816. 5-J.Am. Chem. SOC.,21 (1899), 823. 6-Comfit. rend., 102 (1886), 1022. 7-Z. Nahr. Genussm., 24 (1912), 457. 8-J. Am. Chem. SOL, 29 (1907), 32. 9-J.Agr. Res., 6 (1916), No. 3, 101. 10-Z. Nahr. Genussm., 26 (1914), 2, 65. 11-”The Chemistry of Foods,” Vol. 11, 14. 12-lbid. 13--Chem.Abs., 11 (1917), 1695. 14-TH1S JOURNAL, 9 (1917), 855. 15-BulZ. SOC. chim. belg., 25 (1911), 210. 16-Ibid. CHEMICAL LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH CITY O F NEWY O R K

COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGES OF NITROGEN I N T O P S AND ROOTS OF HEAD LETTUCE PLANTS B y H. A. NOYES Received March 27, I918

I n the investigations of the growth of head lettuce in the greenhouse being conducted by the horticultural department of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, i t has been found t h a t the plants grown on different soils and on the same soil with different fertilizer treatments vary considerably in their nitrogen content. The reports of analyses of the same species of plants show t h a t the analyses of a species are not constant but the variations found

T H E J O U R X A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y

622

Bunk Sund

GRAPH I-NITROGEN

,

&n/tShdkl Mamreflk

P

CONTENT

O F TOPS AND

in the preliminary investigation here reported were so large t h a t we are endeavoring a t present t o aSCertain the optimum analysis for the head lettuce pla'nt. SOILS U S E D A N D FERTILIZER TREATMENTS G I V E N

I-Bank food.

sand containing very little available plant

2-A mixture of bank sand and partially rotted horse manure a t the rate of 3 bu. of sand t o 2 bu. of manurz. 3-A brown silt loam which produces good crops in the field. The fertilizer materials used were partially rotted horse manure, nitrate of soda (NaN03), acid phosphate, and muriate of potash (KCl). The following table gives the specific treatments given th.e individual plots :

TABLEI AABREVIATION TREATMENT Check. . . . . . . Nothing P . , . , , , . , . , Acid phosphate at rate of 400 lbs. per acre N/3, P . . . , , , , Sodium nitrate a t rate of 133 lbs. and acid phosphate at rate of 400 Ibs. per acre , ' h P/3 ... , . . , Sodium nitrate at rate of 400 lbs. and acid phosphate a t rate of 133 Ibs per acre N/3, P, K . .. . Sodium nitrate at rate of 133 lbs.. acid phosphate at rate of 400 lbs. and muriate of potash at rate of 200 Ibs. per acre N,K . . . . .: . Sodium nitrate at rate of 400 lbs and muriate of potash at rate of 200 Ibs. per acre N . . , . . . . . Sodium nitrate at rate of 400 lbs. per acre M, N / 3 , P . . . Manure at rate of 20 tons, nitrate of soda a t rate of 133 lbs , and acid phosphate at rate of 409 Ibs. per acre Manure at rate of 20 tons pel acre M . ,. ,

..

.

.. .

... .. ..

The treatments given in the table were run on all three soils, the only exception being t h a t no manure plots were run on the sand and manure mixture.

Vol.

IO,

No. 8

Brown Si/[ Laam

ROOTSOF HEADLETTUCE PLANT

VARIETY

OF LETTUCE U S E D A N D P E R I O D OF G R O W T H

The variety of lettuce grown was May King. The plants were started in flats and transferred t o the greenhouse pldts when about 3 in. in diameter. The plots were harvested I O weeks after setting in the greenhouse when i t appeared t h a t t h y had matured as much as they would under the treatments given. S E L E C T I O N O F P L A N T S FOR A N A L Y ~ I SA N D THEIR P ~ E P ARATION FOR A N A L Y S I S

Each plant was cut and weighed individually. Those two plants which weighed nearest the average weight for all the plants of each plot were selected for the moisture and nitrogen determinations. The roots of these two average plants were taken out, washed, dried, and prepared for analysis. The plants and roots were dried in bags hung just over, but not touching, steam radiators. The airdry samples were ground t o pass a sieve.having holes 0.7 5 mm. in diameter. The nitrogen determinations were made according t o the regular Kjeldahl method. The ammonia was collected in N / g acid and titrated with N / I O sodium hydroxide and methyl red as a n indicator. Table I1 gives the crop and nitrogen results, and Graph I shows the nitrogen content of the roots and tops b y soils and fertilizer treatments. Table I1 brings out the following:

(A)

I N CONNECTION WITH T H E AVERAGE WEIGHT OF

I.-The brown silt loam grew the largest plants. 2-The different fertilizer treatments gave effects varying with the soil. T H E P L A N T S G R O W N O N THE DIFFERENT P L O T S

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y

Aug., 1918

(B)

I N CONNECTION

WITH THE

MOISTURE

CONTENT

th the ,greatest variation in moisturz obtained was between 93. I per cent on the brown silt loam with the manure treatment and 8 9 . 4 per cent on the bank sand with nitrogen and potassium treatment. 2-The extreme variation in moisture on the bank sand series was approximately three times t h a t in the silt loam series which in t u r n was one-half t h a t in the sand and manure series. OF T H E P L A N T S

TABLE 11-CROP

AND NITROGEN RESULTS Average green wt. Water Nitrogen in air-dry plants Ratio of per cent N per plant in plants Tops Tops Tops Roots in roots t o p e r Treatment Grams Per cent Per c'ent Per cent cent N in tops Bank Sand 2.40 1.02 100 t o 235 56 89.5 Check, 100 t o 164 1.72 1.05 89.5 58 P 2.17 1.05 100 t o 207 64 90.6 N/3 P 1.65 0.84 100 t o 196 59 90.3 N $/3 2.25 1.06 100 t o 212 59 90.3 N73, P, K . . . . . . . 1.12 59.4 100 t o 194 2.17 63 N,K 1.10 100 t o 236 2.60 74 90.6 N 8 0.94 2.09 100 t o 222 92.4 _7. M, N/3, P.. 1.18 100 t o 203 2.39 91.8 84 M 1.04 100 t o 208 2.16 90.5 67 Average. 0.34 0.95 31 3.0 72 Variation. . . . . . . Bank Sand and Manure Mixture 100to121 3.68 3.05 89.7 Check 75 2.87 100 t o 1 2 5 90.9 3.59 P 112 2.86 100to127 91.9 3.65 N/3, P .......... 111 100to122 3.66 3.00 P N/3 75 91.4 2.72 100to132 91.1 3.58 N)/3, P , K ....... 71 3.13 100to115 90.8 3.61 N, K.. ......... 75 3.13 100to105 90.7 3.27 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.97 100to121 90.9 3.58 Average. 82 2.2 0.41 0.41 27 54 Variation. ..... Brown Silt Loam 100 t o 122 129 92.4 3.73 3.05 Check. 108 92.0 3.50 2.61 100 t o 134 P 92.2 3.77 2.70 100 t o 139 114 N/3 P 4.12 3.21 100 t o 128 112 92.5 N $/3 100 to 122 114 92.6 3.78 3.11 ~ i 3 P,, K . 92.5 3.83 3.22 100 to 119 N , K ........... 118 100 t o 141 92.6 3.46 2.46 130 N 2.06 loo t o 181 92.8 3.75 M , N/3, P . . . . . . 153 2.75 100 t o 140 146 93.1 3.85 M 100 t o 136 125 92.5 3.75 2.76 Average.. . . . 0.66 1.16 63 45 1.1 Variation.. ..

......... ............... ..........

.......... ........... .............. .... .............. .......

6 23

namely, I .04 per cent, and the highest was obtained in the sand and manure mixture series, namely, 2 . 9 7 per cent. 2-The fertilizer treatments varied the per cent nitrogen of the, roots most in the brown silt loam series and least in the bank sand series. 3-Phosphorus by itself lowered the nitrogen content of the roots in the brown silt loam and sand and manure series but raised it slightly in the bank sand series. 4-Nitrogen alone raised the nitrogen content of the roots on the bank sand and the sand and manure series but lowered it considerably on the brown silt loam series. 5-The effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus when used jointly were different for each of the three soils. 6-The soil had a greater effect on the nitrogen content of the roots than the fertilizer treatments did.

.......... ............... ..........

240

......

230

......... ............... .......... ......... ......

220

.............. ..............

2 IO

( c )I N

CONNECTION

WITH THE

NITROGEN

CONTENT

I.-The lowest average nitrogen content was obtained on the bank sand series, namely, 2 . 1 6 per cent, and the highest was obtained on the brown silt loam series, namely, 3 . 7 5 per cent. 2-The fertilizer treatments varied the nitrogen content most on the bank sand which was lowest in plant food content and least on the bank sand and manure mixture which was highest in plant food content. 3-Phosphorus by itself lowered the nitrogen content of the plants on all three soils. 4-N itrogen by itself increased the nitrogen content of the plants grown in the bank sand but decreased the nitrogen content when used on the other two soils. 5-The effects of the phosphorus and nitrogen when used jointly were different for each of the three soils. 6-The soil had a greater effect on the nitrogen content of the plants (tops) than the fertilizer treatment did. ( D ) 1s CONNECTION W I T H T H E N I T R O G E X CONTENT OF T H E R O O T S I.-The lowest average per cent nitrogen of roots was obtained in the bank sand series, O F T H E P L A N T (TOP)

2 00

/90

180 170 160

150 /40

/30 /20

/DO GRAPH2-THE NITROGENCOMPOSITION OF THE T O P S COMPARED TO NITROGENCONTENT OF THE ROOTS (NITROGEN COMPOSITION OZ ROOTS TAKEN A S 100)

TB[E

624

T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y COMPARISON OB N I T R O G E N I N T O P S A N D R O O T S

Graph 2 gives the ratio of the nitrogen in the roots t o t h a t in the tops and shows the wide variation in the nitrogen content of the tops in ralation t o t h a t in the roots. I-In the bank sand series the nitrogen in the tops averages a little over twice t h a t in the roots. On 6 out of the g plots there was over twice the per cent of nitrogen in the tops t h a t there was in the roots, The 3 plots on which the nitrogen in the tops is far removad from the average are the check plot, phosphorus plot, and the nitrogen plot. 2-In the sand and manure series the nitrogen in the tops averages approximately 1’/6 times t h a t in the roots. The only fertilizer treatment which is widely divergent from the average is the nitrogen (alone) plot.

.

3-111 the brown silt loam series the nitrogen in the tops averages a little over I ~ / S times t h a t in the roots. Only one plot is widely divergent from the rest, namely, the manure-nitrogen-phosphorus plot. 4-Leaving out the plots t h a t are widely divergent, we have the following: 2 . 0 6 times the per cent nitrogen in the tops of plants grown in bank sand as there is in the roots; I . 3 1 times the per cent nitrogen in the tops of plants grown in brown silt loam as there is in the roots; I. 2 4 times the per cent nitrogen in the tops of plants grown in brown silt loam as there is in the roots. SUMMARY

I-The nitrogen content of head lettuce plants grown in different soils varies greatly. 11-Different fertilizers affect the nitrogen content of head lettuce plants on the same soil. 111-The same fertilizer treatment affects the nitrogen content of plants grown on different soils in different ways. IV-Between the brown silt loam, which was in a good state of fertility, and the bank sand, enriched with manure, there was less difference between the ratio of the nitrogen per cent of the roots t o t h a t in the tops. V-In the bank sand and manure series where manure was used a t the rate of 2 bu. of manure to 3 bu. of sand, fertilization varied the ratio of the per cent nitrogen in the roots t o t h a t in the tops from I O O in roots to 105 in tops, t o I O O in roots t o 1 3 2 in tops. VI-The per cent nitrogen in the tops of the head lettuce plant does not tend t o bear a constant relation to t h a t in the roots. VII-With the per cent nitrogen in the roots taken as 100,the closest ratio obtained was IOO parts in roots t o I o j in the tops; the widest ratio was I O O parts in roots t o 236 in the tops.

Vol. IO, No. 8

Acknowledgments are made t o Mr. Lester Yoder and Mr. I r a Baldwin for assistance in the analytical work. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PURDUE UNIVERSITY LAFAYETTE. INDIANA

---

AN ANAEROBIC CULTURE VOLUMETER By ZAE NORTHRUP Received May 18, 1918

During the past year, in studying qualitatively and quantitatively the gas production in fruits and vegetables canned in tin and glass, several types of bacteria were isolated. It was desired not only to determine whether these organisms were gas producers and anaerobes, but also to determine with as much accuracy as possible the composition and comparative amounts of the gases evolved in pure culture for purposes of comparison with the gas in the can from which they were taken. An apparatus was needed t o fulfil these requirements which would furnish sufficient gas for analysis, simulate can conditions as nearly as possible, and enable the gas evolved t o be conducted directly t o the gas burette for analysis as had been done with the gas collected from the blown cans. After several preliminary experiments the apparatus illustrated was constructed and found t o work satisfactorily. One of the ideas in its construction was t h a t such a n apparatus, t o be of general use t o laboratories studying gas-producing organisms (in canned goods especially), should consist of stock laboratory equipment and not require the purchase of special and costly apparatus, or the use of large quantities of media. Another idea in its construction, which is mentioned abovd, was t o imitate can conditions by fostering anaerobiosis, i. e . , the organisms grow in this apparatus under anaerobic conditions and produce gas, which collects undzr pressure as in the can, and t o imitate conditions 4n a glasscovered glass can where pressure is not first evidenced by a bulging top as is usual with the tin can or Mason jar. Dr. Wm. Mansfield Clark brought forth the objection t o this apparatus t h a t i t did not give quantitative results since the gases evolved, being under enormous pressures, were partially dissolved in the liquid. However, this same contention would hold true in the study of gases direct from swells and as these gases must be studied under the conditions under which they are produced it seems as if Dr. Clark’s argument would not hold in this case. METHODS O F USE

As will be noted in the accompanying illustration, the materials necessary for the construction of the anaerobic culture volumeter are a separatory funnel with glass stopcock (Squibb’s pear-shaped funnel with graduations possesses some advantages over other shapes), one-hole rubber stopper t o fit, glass stopcock and tubing, tall wide-mouthed bottle of about 300 cc. capacity fitted with a two-hole rubber stopper, a short piece of rubber tubing, and a small Berkefeld filter.