Macromolecules 2003, 36, 7899-7902
Self-Complementary ABC Triblock Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Hassan S. Bazzi, Jean Bouffard, and Hanadi F. Sleiman* Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 Received May 22, 2003 Revised Manuscript Received September 3, 2003
One of the unique features of DNA is its ability to associate with its complementary partner into a welldefined secondary structure.1 This property, which is unrivalled by synthetic macromolecules, is derived from the placement of a well-defined sequence of hydrogenbonding units along a regioregular polymer backbone.1 While DNA has been used as a highly specific building block by a number of laboratories in materials science,2 the challenges associated with its synthesis and stability have impeded more general use of this molecule. The construction of synthetic polymers which can mimic the specificity of this biopolymer, but can be readily accessed in large quantities, is thus an especially attractive goal. One approach toward DNA-inspired synthetic polymers is through the use of living polymerization to generate block copolymers containing a well-defined sequence of molecular recognition blocks. While polymers containing molecular recognition units have been previously reported, these were typically generated using nonliving methods or by statistical attachment of these units to a polymer backbone.3,4 We have recently initiated a research program to examine the synthesis of polymers containing nucleic acid bases or their analogues by living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).5 The ROMP reaction is a highly efficient method to generate polymers and copolymers in a living fashion.6,7 We here report the synthesis of the first ABC triblock copolymers containing specific sequences of complementary molecular recognition blocks. Importantly, different sequences of these copolymers can be readily constructed by sequential polymerization of the three monomers in different order, and these polymers are nearly monodisperse. Finally, we report the first example of a dramatic change in polymer morphology which is brought about merely by changing the sequence of the molecular recognition blocks in this triblock copolymer. The ease of synthesis of the building blocks for our polymers was of great importance in our approach. Therefore, monomers 2-4 were used. exo-7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide, 28 (thymine analogue, Chart 1), was readily synthesized by the DielsAlder reaction of furan and maleimide. The second, hydrophobic monomer exo-N-butyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboximide, 3,9 was obtained by reacting 2 with 1-bromobutane and K2CO3 in DMF. Our third monomer 4 contains an acetylated diaminopyridine (DAP), which is complementary to the dicarboximide moiety in 2, through a strong, three-point hydrogenbonding interation.10 Monomer 4 was synthesized as * Corresponding author: e-mail
[email protected].
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shown in Scheme 1. 2-Acetylamino-6-aminopyridine was prepared via the reaction of 2,6-diaminopyridine and acetyl chloride11 and was then reacted with 6-bromohexanoyl chloride to give 5. Monomer 4 was obtained in good yield and high purity from the reaction of 5 with monomer 2 and K2CO3 in DMF. We have previously shown that the ROMP reaction of 2 is living and that well-defined polymers and copolymers can be readily generated.5 The ROMP reaction of monomer 4 was examined in dichloromethane at room temperature using Cl2(PCy3)2RudCHPh, 17 (Scheme 1). Fast initiation was detected,6,7 and 1H NMR showed that the monomer consumption was 95% after 30 min. The reaction was quenched with ethyl vinyl ether and precipitated in hexanes. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of polymer 6 showed a monomodal and narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index, PDI ) 1.11; see Table 1 of the Supporting Information), indicative of a living polymerization.12 Polymer 6 has a 67:33 trans:cis ratio (1H NMR)6,7 and is soluble in common organic solvents but shows some turbidity in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, such as dichloromethane, likely due to the self-association of the diacetamidopyridine units in the polymer backbone.10 The UV-vis spectrum13 of polymer 6 showed absorption peaks similar to those of monomer 4, with a slight bathochromic shift (6 nm). Having established that monomers 2 and 4 undergo well-behaved and controlled ROMP, we examined the generation of an ABC-triblock copolymer (Scheme 2) by the sequential addition of monomers 2 (block A), 3 (block B), and 4 (block C). Blocks A and C are complementary to each other through a three-point hydrogen-bonding interaction between their diacetamidopyridine and dicarboximide units (Scheme 2),10 and block B is relatively hydrophobic, due to the alkyl chains in the repeat units. The synthesis of the triblock copolymer started with the addition of the Grubbs catalyst 1 to a solution of 2 (10 equiv) in THF (5 mL). 1H NMR showed that monomer consumption was complete after 5 min. Half of the polymerization solution was taken out, quenched with ethyl vinyl ether, precipitated into hexanes, and dried (polymer 7). To the remaining half, monomer 3 (50 equiv in 2.5 mL of THF) was added.9 1H NMR analysis showed complete conversion of 3 in 20 min. Again, half of the solution was syringed out, quenched, and precipitated into hexanes (diblock copolymer 8). Finally, monomer 4 (10 equiv in 2.5 mL of CH2Cl2) was added to the polymerization solution. Monomer conversion was complete in 30 min (1H NMR), after which the reaction mixture was quenched and precipitated into hexanes and the resulting ABC triblock copolymer 9 was collected and dried. The synthesis and investigation of the rich morphological behavior of ABC triblock copolymers have been the subject of increasing recent interest.14 However, because of monomer crossover problems, there are very few examples in the literature of the synthesis of triblock copolymers containing different block sequences, merely by changing the order of addition of monomers.14 In addition, there are very few previously reported examples of the use of ROMP to access ABC triblock copolymers.15 Because of the highly controlled nature of the ROMP reaction of 2 and 4, we were thus
10.1021/ma034683p CCC: $25.00 © 2003 American Chemical Society Published on Web 09/17/2003
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Macromolecules, Vol. 36, No. 21, 2003 Chart 1
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
intrigued by the possibility of synthesizing different sequences of these triblock copolymers. Thus, we carried out the sequential addition of monomers 3, 2, and 4 to the Grubbs catalyst 1, using a similar procedure to the above synthesis of triblock 9. Again, conversion of all three monomers was quantitative (1H NMR), and BAC triblock copolymer 12 was obtained in high yield (Scheme 2). Gel permeation chromatography data of polymers 6-12 are shown in Figure 1. All GPC traces displayed monomodal molecular weight distributions with low
polydispersity indexes (PDI ) 1.08-1.14).16 Figure 1 shows well-resolved GPC traces for both the ABC triblock copolymer 9 and the BAC triblock copolymer 12. The absence of traces at higher retention time (lower molecular weight) indicates that there was essentially no chain termination during the sequential addition of the monomers to the polymerization reaction. A slight variation was detected in the observed molecular weights of triblock copolymers 9 and 12 (21.1 and 22.7 × 103), although they have the same calculated molecular weights. The different block sequence can account for
Macromolecules, Vol. 36, No. 21, 2003
Figure 1. Gel permeation chromatography traces of the triblock copolymers 9 and 12 and their precursors.
this variation, thus likely resulting in different hydrodynamic volumes for the ABC and BAC polymers. The compositions of the triblock copolymers were 10:50:10 for 9 (poly(2):poly(3):poly(4), respectively) and 50:10:10 for 12 (poly(3):poly(2):poly(4), respectively) as confirmed by both NMR and GPC data. In addition, copolymers 9 and 12 showed UV/vis spectra similar to that of the diaminopyridine monomer 4, with a slight bathochromic shift similar to that of polymer 6. Finally, we attempted the synthesis of a triblock copolymer ACB, containing a third sequence of these blocks by the sequential addition of monomers 2, 4, and 3 to catalyst 1 (Scheme 2). However, after the complete consumption of monomer 2 and addition of monomer 4, the solution became turbid, and the conversion of monomer 4 stopped at 70%. Thus, although homopolymers poly(2) and poly(4) are soluble in THF, their solubility behavior changes dramatically when they are covalently linked in copolymer 13. This is likely due to the H-bond complementarity of the two molecular recognition units in the adjacent blocks of 13. Despite the incomplete monomer conversion in the second block, monomer 3 was added to the solution. Interestingly, 1H NMR showed that the polymerization had resumed, and monomer 3 was fully consumed in 30 min. ACB triblock copolymer 1417 was thus also obtained, albeit less efficiently than polymers 9 and 12. Because of its limited solubility in THF, GPC data could not be obtained. However, 1H NMR of 14 after its isolation showed the presence of the three monomeric units (2:4:3) in a 10: 8:50 ratio. The synthesis of different sequences of the triblock copolymers allowed us to address the question of the effect of molecular recognition block sequence on selfassembly properties. Copolymers 9 and 12 are composed
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Figure 2. Transmission electron micrographs of copolymer 9 from a CHCl3 solution
of the same building blocks in different sequences. The complementary dicarboximide and diacetamidopyridine units in these copolymers can selectively associate via a hydrogen-bond-mediated interaction18 (Chart 1). Examination of the self-assembly properties of 9 and 12 revealed dramatic differences. Dynamic light scattering studies (DLS) of a solution of ABC copolymer 9 in CHCl3, taken at multiple angles, showed the presence of a bimodal distribution of small (20-40 nm) and large (200-700 nm) aggregates. A solution of 9 in CHCl3 (1% w/v) was evaporated on a carbon-coated copper grid and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Large aggregates of small spherical micelles (approximately 20 nm) were observed, in accordance with the DLS results (Figure 2). On the other hand, no aggregates were detected when solutions of BAC copolymer 12 in CHCl3 were examined by DLS and TEM. Thus, mere modification of the sequence of the blocks in copolymers 9 and 12 results in a dramatic change in polymer morphology.19 While we are examining the mechanism of this self-assembly in more detail, this preliminary study shows the potential of the ROMP reaction with monomers such as 2, 3, and 4 to yield novel triblock copolymers with deliberate variation of sequence and self-assembly properties. In summary, we have shown the synthesis of the first self-complementary triblock copolymers by controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization. These copolymers possess ordered sequences of complementary molecular recognition blocks and can be synthesized efficiently with deliberate variation of this sequence. Changing the triblock copolymer sequence results in materials with dramatically different self-assembly properties. These novel systems introduce a new pa-
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rameter to the study of the self-assembly of ABC triblock copolymers, namely molecular recognition and complementarity between the different blocks. Further studies on the interplay of molecular recognition and microphase separation in the self-assembly of these triblock copolymers are underway. Acknowledgment. We thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), FQRNT Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, the Research Corporation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), and McGill University for financial support. H. F. Sleiman is a Cottrell Scholar of the Research Corporation. Supporting Information Available: Full experimental details of the synthesis and characterization of monomers and polymers, 1H NMR monitoring of the polymerization of monomer 4, and GPC data table of the polymers. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
References and Notes (1) Bloomfield, V. A.; Crothers, D. M.; Tinoco, I. Nucleic Acids: Structures, Properties and Functions; University Science Books: Sausalito, 2000. (2) Storhoff, J. J.; Mirkin, C. A. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 18491862. (3) Frankamp, B. L.; Uzun, O.; Ilhan, F.; Boal, A. K.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 892-893. Ilhan, F.; Gray, M.; Rotello, V. M. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 25972601. Boal, A. K.; Ilhan, F.; DeRouchey, J. E.; ThurnAlbrecht, T.; Russel, T. P.; Rotello, V. M. Nature (London) 2000, 404, 746-748. Ilhan, F.; Galow, T. H.; Gray, M.; Clavier, G.; Rotello, V. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5895-5896. Brunsveld, L.; Folmer, B. J. B.; Lange, R. F. M.; Meijer, E. W. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 782-783. Inaki, Y.; Takemoto, K. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1981, 41, 1-51. Aponte, M. A.; Butler, G. B. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1984, 22, 3715-3724. Aponte, M. A.; Butler, G. B. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1984, 22, 3725-3737. Meijer, E. W.; Sijbesma, R. P. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 4071-4098. (4) Recent examples of the use of living polymerization to generate homopolymers containing molecular recognition units: Khan, A.; Haddleton, D. M.; Hannon, M. J.; Kukulj, D.; Marsh, A. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6560-6564. Stubbs, L. P.; Weck, M. Chem.sEur. J. 2003, 9, 992-999. Pollino, J. M.; Stubbs, L. P.; Weck, M. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 2230-2234. See also ref 5. (5) Bazzi, H. S.; Sleiman, H. F. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 96179620. Dalphond, J.; Bazzi, H. S.; Kahrim, K.; Sleiman, H. F. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2002, 203, 1988-1994.
Macromolecules, Vol. 36, No. 21, 2003 (6) Grubbs, R. H.; Tumas, W. Science 1989, 243, 907-915. Buchmeiser, M. R. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1565-1604. (7) Scholl, M.; Ding, S.; Lee, C. W.; Grubbs, R. H. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 953-956. Schwab, P. E.; Grubbs, R. H.; Ziller, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 100-110. Schwab, P.; France, M. B.; Ziller, J. W.; Grubbs, R. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2039-2041. (8) Kwart, H.; Burchuk, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 30943097. (9) Clevenger, R. C.; Turnbull, K. D. Synth. Commun. 2000, 30, 1379-1388. Hillmyer, M. A.; Lepetit, C.; McGrath, D. V.; Novak, B. M.; Grubbs, R. H.; Macromolecules 1992, 25, 3345-3350. (10) Beijer, F. H.; Sijbesma, R. P.; Vekemans, J.; Meijer, E. W.; Kooijman, H.; Spek, A. L. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 63716380. Sideratou, Z.; Tsiourvas, D.; Paleos, C. M.; Peppas, E.; Anastassopoulou, J.; Theophanides, T. J. Mol. Struct. 1999, 484, 91-101. (11) Bernstein, J.; Stearns, B.; Shaw, E.; Lott, W. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 1151-1158. (12) We performed a preliminary investigation of the living nature of the ROMP of 4 by monitoring this polymerization by 1H NMR (monomer:initiator 10:1). A linear dependence of the molecular weight of the polymer on the conversion of monomer 4 was observed (see Supporting Information). (13) See Supporting Information. (14) Cochran, E. W.; Morse, D. C.; Bates, F. S. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 782-792. Triftaridou, A. I.; Vamvakaki, M.; Patrickios, C. S. Polymer 2002, 43, 2921-2926 and references therein. (15) Choi, T.-L.; Grubbs, R. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1743-1746. (16) See Table 1 in the Supporting Information. (17) The ROMP of monomer 3 was complete in approximately 10 min, while the ROMP of monomer 4 took 30 min. This difference in reactivity is expected to result in a block copolymer, rather than a random copolymer in 14, even though the last polymerization step was carried out in the presence of both monomers 3 and 4. Indeed, after the polymerization was over, the 1H NMR integration of unreacted monomer 4 (olefinic peaks relative to the aromatic portion of the diaminopyridine unit) did not change significantly, indicating that 4 did not react, while monomer 3 was being consumed in the polymerization. Thus, copolymer 14 is most likely a triblock copolymer, even though we cannot exclude the possibility of some randomness in its last block. (18) The three blocks in these ABC polymers possess different solubility properties. Poly(2) is soluble in THF and insoluble in dichloromethane, poly(4) (or 6) is soluble in THF and gives slightly turbid solutions in dichloromethane, and poly(3) is soluble in both THF and dichloromethane. (19) Huckstadt, H.; Gopfert, A.; Abetz, V. Polymer 2000, 41, 9089-9094.
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