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Self-Powered, Wireless, Remote Meteorologic Monitoring Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Operated by Scavenging Wind Energy Hulin Zhang, Jie Wang, Yuhang Xie, Guang Yao, Zhuocheng Yan, Long Huang, Sihong Chen, Taisong Pan, Liping Wang, Yuanjie Su, Weiqing Yang, and Yuan Lin ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12798 • Publication Date (Web): 15 Nov 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on November 19, 2016

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

Self-Powered, Wireless, Remote Meteorologic

Monitoring

Based

on

Triboelectric Nanogenerator Operated by Scavenging Wind Energy

Hulin Zhang,†,* Jie Wang,† Yuhang Xie,† Guang Yao,† Zhuocheng Yan,† Long Huang, Sihong Chen,† Taisong Pan,† Liping Wang,† Yuanjie Su,† Weiqing Yang,‡ and Yuan Lin†,*

†

State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of

Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China ‡

Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education),

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China

*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Meteorologic Monitoring plays a key role on weather forecast and disaster warning and deeply relies on various sensor networks. It is an optimal choice that grabbing the environmental energy around sensors for driving sensor network. Here, we demonstrate a self-powered, wireless, remote meteorologic monitoring system based on an innovative TENG. The TENG has been proved capable of scavenging wind energy and can be employed for self-powered, wireless meteorologic sounding. This work not only promotes the development of renewable

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energy harvesting, but also exploits and enriches promising applications based on TENGs for self-powered, wireless, remote sensing.

KEYWORDS: triboelectric nanogenerator, wind energy, self-powered, meteorologic monitoring


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To solve the increasingly serious energy shortage and global warming, plenty of interest and efforts have been paid on the new energy scavenging technologies.1-4 Due to the universal availability and wide abundance, mechanical energy harvesting is the focus of energy recycling. Based on the piezoelectric,5 electrostatic,6 and electromagnetic effects,7,8 the mechanical energy can be effectively and sustainably grabbed. The recently emerging triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), invented by Professor Zhong Lin Wang’s group has been thoroughly proved to be an feasible and efficient route to converting ambient mechanical excitation into usable electric energy based upon triboelectric effect.9 But, till now, vertical switchover between contact and separation,10-13 and translational motion or rotation in plane,14-16 are the main operating mode of the constructed TENGs. Although some configurations of TENGs have been designed to harvest rotational energy by using planar friction-induced charge transfer and separation,17,18 it is still necessary to establish innovative TENGs for subtly and durably grabbing rotational energy from two-layer cylindrical structures. Moreover, to address the inconvenience of two electrode for rotational energy harvesting, the introduced single-electrode based TENG techniques might be feasible to grab rotational energy because the single electrode is fixed on the immobile triboelectric layer.19-21 Meteorologic

monitoring is significant to all aspects of the production and life

of human society. The ground monitoring stations is the key role played in the meterorlogic observation, especially in remote or special regions, which have several disadvantages, including high cost, huge size, low mobility and, the worst, sustainable



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power supply.22,23 In this case, an innovative self-powered technique is a possible choice. Self-energizing devices has been paid great attention to constructing self-sustained sensing systems by grabbing ambient energy without power supply provided by electric grids or batteries.1,24 Plenty of self-powered sensors, such as chemical ion,25 displacement,19 magnetic field,26 and pressure sensors,27 have been demonstrated based on TENGs. On the other hand, wind energy has the obvious merits of being widely distributed and eco-friendly, which has been proved to be converted into electric energy by wind turbines on the basis of Faraday electromagnetic induction.28 Thus, seeking a new technique for converting wind energy into electricity is imperative. In this work, we designed a single-electrode cylindrical TENG for harvesting rotational energy. By integrating with a wind sensor, a self-powered meteorologic monitoring system was invented. This work paved a new way to convert wind energy into electric energy, which could be taken instead of cumbersome external power source or batteries to power a meteorologic monitoring system in remote regions. The experimental details is narrated in Supporting Information. The diagrammatic drawing of the designed TENG is illustrated in Figure 1a. It has a structure consisted of an inner cylinder and an outer cylinder tube with PTFE and Al attached on the surfaces of the inner cylinder and outer tube. The TENG was connected with a rotational motor for measuring the performance. The surface of the PTFE thin film was etched into kelp-like nanostructures by using an ICP-based etching technique, leading to greatly improving the surface triboelectrification.11,12,29


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As is illustrated in the inserted schematic plot of Figure 1a and 1b, the average size of the nanostructures is about 200 nm. Figure 1c displays the output open-circuit voltage signal of the constructed TENG device with both triboelectric layers of semi-perimeter at the rotation rate of 300 rpm, as well as the output short-circuit current plotted in Figure 1d. The output voltage can reach 20 V with the maximal output current up to 1 µA. The insets of Figures 1c and 1d present the enlarged voltage and current peaks, respectively. It can be seen the ac output voltage and current signals generated by the TENG device. A chain of resistors are employed as certain external loads with tunable resistance to explore the output performance of the fabricated TENG with both PTFE and Al of semi-perimeter at the invariable rotation rate of 300 rpm. It is depicted in Figure 1e that the output voltage rises with the increasing load resistance. But, because of the ohmic loss, the current shows an opposite trend. As a consequence, the maximal output power can be delivered at the load resistance close to 100 MΩ, resulting in a maximal output power up to 1.5 µW, as plotted in Figure 1f. As plotted in Figure 1g, the output voltage curve of the TENG device at the load of 100 MΩ under the condition of 300 rpm, indicates that the stable output voltage more than 12 V. The rotation rate is another noteworthy parameter that has a significant impact to the electrical output performance of our TENG device. Figure 1h illustrates the clear dependence of the output voltage of the energy harvesting device upon its rotation rate ranged from 100 to 700 rpm. Clearly, a higher rotation rate can contribute to a larger output voltage. For further exploring the output performance of our designed TENG, a series of



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TENGs with both of different length of Al and PTFE were fabricated for comparing the output performances. Figure 2a shows the simple schematic diagrams of the TENGs. The length of the Al is semi-perimeter, while the PTFE layer has the varying length (1/6, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 5/6 perimeter). The output voltages of the TENGs with variable length of PTFE films were measured, respectively. A three-dimensional (3D) surface graph is presented in Figure 2b. It is illustrated how the length of PTFE and rotation rate mutually influence the output voltage of the TENG, as well as the detailed specific output voltage under various conditions presented in Figure S2, which is worth noted the output voltage improves first and then drops as the length of PTFE increases from 1/6 to 5/6 perimeter, with the maximal value achieved at the length of PTFE of 1/2 perimeter, while the voltage continues to rise with the increasing rotation rate. For more details, two 2D graphs derived from Figure 3b are depicted in Figures 2c and 2d, which intuitively reveals the voltage varies with the tunable length of PTFE under different certain rotation rate and the voltage changes with tunable rotation rate under different certain length of PTFE, respectively. To visually confirm the output power generated by the TENG, two groups of LEDs with reverse polarity can be simultaneously lighted by the TENG at the higher rotation rate, as displayed in Movie file 1 in Supporting Information. The TENGs with semi-perimeter PTFE but different length of Al were assembled and evaluated quantitatively. A series of the sketches of the TENG configurations are displayed in Figure 2e, where the Al layer ranges in length from 1/6 to 5/6 perimeter. Like above, we systematically measured and recorded the electric output performances of the


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fabricated TENG device with the variable lengths of Al electrode at different rotation rates, which is depicted in Figure S3. The corresponding 3D surface graph of the output voltage concluded from Figure S3 are plotted in Figure 2f, illuminating that the voltage goes up as the rotation rate gradually increases, while raises first with succeeding decrease with the increasing length of Al. Two 2D diagrams extracted from the 3D surface graphs by projecting are plotted in Figures 2g and 2h, respectively, showing the output voltage of the constructed TENG device at the different rotation rates and different lengths of Al. At the 1/2 perimeter Al, the TENG obtains the maximal output performance when the PTFE has the certain length of semi-perimeter. This result is surprisingly consisted with that of the TENG with semi-perimeter PTFE but varying length of Al. As for the TENGs under different configurations, a series of simulations via COMSOL are illustrated in Figures S4-S9, with the detailed discussions shown in Supporting Information. As for the TENG with several strips of both the Al and PTFE layer, the potential distribution and the amount of transferred charges are necessary to be explored. The schematic diagrams of the TENG with one, two, three, and four strips of both the Al and PTFE are sketched in Figure 3a. Figures 3b and S10 display potential distributions in the devices. The difference in the special electric potential in one rotation cycle is displayed in Figure 3c. Concomitantly, the quantity of transferred tribo-induced charges is conclusively plotted in Figure 3d. From a series of simulations, both of the two key indexes of the TENG’s output performance go down as the number of strips of both the Al and PTFE increases. However, at the same



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rotation rate, the frequency of both the potential change and charge transfer rises markedly with the increasing strips of both the two triboelectric layers, leading to the larger total amount of charges (∆Q) at the certain time interval (∆t). Hence, based on the classical current calculation equation (I=∆Q/∆t), the TENG can obtain a higher output current signal (I) when more strips are employed. In our life and industrial production, a majority of electric devices must work on the dependence of constant dc power sources and need higher power supply. Distinctly, the ac pulses generated by TENGs can not be directly used to drive electronic instruments. Therefore, the output signals of the TENG is needed to be regulated by using rectifiers, energy storage units, or transformers.30 Figure S11 illustrates the circuit diagram of the employed power module. At the standby mode, the electricity harvested by a TENG is stored in a subminiature lithium ion battery, which can be charged continuously by a TENG through a rectifier. When enough power has been stored as well as for emergency, the active mode can be started, where the battery can power the electric system through a voltage booster. In this standby mode, the battery with the original voltage of 2 V can be charged to 3.16 V by the TENG in 14.7 h, as presented in Figure 4a. In the subsequent active mode, the discharging can last for 2.4 h when the constant discharging current is selected at 2 µA. Accordingly, the total electric capacity of the charged battery is 4.8 µAh. Figure 4b exhibits the diagrammatic sketch of the developed self-powered wireless remote meteorologic monitoring system with the real photograph shown in Figure 4c, which is composed of a TENG, a transmitter and a receiver connected with a laptop. The


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TENG, integrated with a commercial wind speed sensor, can efficiently harvest wind energy for directly driving LEDs. The corresponding video is displayed in Movie file 2 in Supporting Information. Through the electric energy storage and voltage boosting, the TENG system can power the wind sensor and transmitter. The inset of Figures 4b and S12 display the schematic diagram and the real photograph of the designed TENG, respectively. The schematic circuit diagrams of the receiver and transmitter are depicted in Figures 4d and 4e, respectively. When the power module is at the active mode, the real-time wind speed signal can be received at the distance of about 1 m and is illuminated in Figure 4f. The recorded real-time video is presented in Movie file 3 in Supporting Information. As a consequence, the developed self-powered wireless wind speed sensing system can be utilized for remote meteorologic monitoring, which provides great convenience for the real-time weather and environmental monitoring. In summary, we have subtly constructed a single-electrode cylindrical TENG that has been demonstrated for wind energy harvesting and can be integrated with a wind sensor to construct a self-powered, wireless, remote meteorologic monitoring system. This work presents a new renewable energy harvesting route and demonstrates an excellent self-powered sensing based on TENGs, which can be widely adopt in environmental and ecological monitoring. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgment. This work was sponsored by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant No. 2015CB351905, National Natural



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Science Foundation of China (No. 61504019), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2015M580783), Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (Y02002010301082), the Technology Innovative Research Team of Sichuan Province of China (No. 2015TD0005), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. ZYGX2015J140). Supporting Information is Available free of charge on the http://pubs.acs.org. The electric output signals, real photographs, calculated results, and videos of driving LEDs by the TENG and demonstration of the self-powered system.


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FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1. Structural configuration and the output of the TENG with semi-perimeter of both PTFE and Al layer. (a) Schematic diagram of the TENG. Inset: the diagram of the PTFE surface. (b) SEM of the modified PTFE surface. (c, d) The output of the TENG at 300 rpm. Inset: the enlarged view of the output peaks. (e, f) The output under varied resistors. (g, h) The output voltage at 300 rpm under the loading of 100 MΩ and at different rotation rates.



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Figure 2. The output performance of the TENG with both different length of two triboelectric layers. (a, e) The diagram of the TENGs. (b) The 3D surface graph of the output voltage varied with changing both the length of PTFE and rotation rate. (c, d) Corresponding 2D graphs. (f) The 3D graph of the output voltage under the varied length of Al and rotation rate. (g, h) The extracted 2D graphs.


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Figure 3. Calculations of the TENG with different strips of both PTFE and Al. (a) The diagram of the TENGs. (b) The potential distribution in the TENG with 1, 2, 3 and 4 strips. (c) The corresponding potential difference between the PTFE and Al with increasing rotation angle. (d) The corresponding amount of transferred charges on the Al with rotation angle.



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Figure 4. Demonstration of the self-powered, wireless, remote meteorologic monitoring system. (a) Voltage curve showing the entire cycle of a lithium ion battery charged by TENG. (b) Schematic illustration of the TENG-based self-powered system. Inset: the sketch of the TENG integrated with a commercial wind sensor. (c) The real photograph of the self-powered system. (d, e) The schematic circuit diagrams of the receiver and transmitter. (f) The received data exhibited on a laptop.


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